The document describes a software called PVSET (Photovoltaic Simulation and Evaluation Tool) developed by the Institute of Electrical Energy of the National University of San Juan in Argentina. PVSET allows researchers and designers to easily simulate and evaluate the dynamic performance of solar photovoltaic generation systems connected to the electric grid. It provides a flexible and accurate tool for modeling PV systems in detail and simulating their operation under different conditions using MATLAB/Simulink. The software models the I-V characteristics of the PV array and the power conditioning system, and can consider various factors that affect PV system performance like weather, location and module characteristics.
IRJET- Simulation and Analysis of Photovoltaic Solar System for Different Wea...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a simulation and analysis of a photovoltaic solar system for different weather conditions in Anand, India. The proposed system consists of two stages - a DC-DC boost converter to control and boost the DC output voltage of the PV array, and a full-bridge DC-AC inverter to convert the regulated DC voltage to AC voltage. The system was tested in MATLAB simulations under varying load and weather conditions. The results show the output current, voltage, and P-V and I-V curves function as expected with changes in irradiation, temperature, and load.
This document summarizes research on developing an online model-based control system for a photovoltaic (PV) converter unit to track the maximum power point under varying conditions like partial shading. It presents a new model that uses a logarithmic equation to predict the maximum power point voltage based on irradiance and temperature measurements. The model was tested in simulations where it accurately adjusted the PV voltage to match the predicted maximum power point voltage in response to changes in irradiance and temperature. This online model-based approach shows potential for improving PV power extraction under non-uniform conditions like partial shading.
Partial shading of photovoltaic cells and modules can significantly reduce their power output due to cells being wired in series. Even a small amount of shading on part of a module can decrease the output of the entire module. The use of bypass diodes can help mitigate these losses from shading by allowing current to bypass shaded cells, but shading still reduces the overall efficiency of photovoltaic systems.
Modeling and Simulation of Solar Photovoltaic module using Matlab/SimulinkIOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper presents the circuit model of photovoltaic (PV) module. Simulation and modeling is done
using MATLAB/ Simulink software package. The proposed model is user friendly and can be used as a common
platform for both applied physics scientist and power electronics engineers. A detailed modeling procedure is
presented. The designed model is verified by using STP255-20/Wd PV module. The IV and PV characteristics
are simulated at different temperature and irradiance conditions and the results are verified. The proposed
model is very simple fast and accurate. The designed model can be used for analysis of PV characteristics and
for simulation of maximum power point tracking algorithms
This document summarizes a research paper on maximizing the power output of a photovoltaic (PV) system using perturb and observe (P&O) control applied to maximum power point tracking (MPPT). It describes how PV output is affected by solar irradiance and temperature. A boost converter is used along with a P&O MPPT algorithm to continuously adjust the duty cycle and extract maximum power from the PV panel. Simulation results show that using MPPT improves efficiency from 73% without MPPT to 97.6% with MPPT by ensuring the PV operates at its maximum power point under changing conditions. The study demonstrates that MPPT effectively increases PV system performance compared to direct connection without MPPT control.
Experimental study of the effects of tilt, shading, and temperature on photov...Colin Moynihan
The effect of tilt, temperature, and shading on the performance of PV panels was investigated. Dataloggers were used for real-time collection of solar radiation, temperature and power output data. Through the analysis of the PV panel design and collected data, optimal environmental conditions were determined.
Novel technique in charactarizing a pv module using pulse width modulatoreSAT Journals
This document summarizes a novel technique for characterizing photovoltaic (PV) modules using a pulse width modulator. The technique uses an electronic load circuit with power MOSFETs controlled by a pulse width modulation signal generated using LABVIEW. Experimental results from a 150W polycrystalline PV module showed high accuracy when compared to simulations performed using COMSOL Multiphysics and MATLAB. The technique provides accurate characterization with lower cost and simplicity compared to previous methods.
Performance Investigation of Grid Connected Photovoltaic System Modelling Bas...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic (PV) systems are normally modeled by employing accurate equations dealing with a behavior the PV system. This model has Characteristic of PV array cells, which are influenced by both irradiation and temperature variations. Grid-connected PV system is considered as electricity generated solar cell system which is connected to the grid utilities. This paper characterizes an exhibiting and simulating of PV system that executed with MATLAB /Simulink. The impact of solar irradiances as well as ambient temperature performances of PV models is investigated and noted that a lower temperature provides maximum power higher so that the open circuit voltage is larger. Furthermore, if the temperature is low, then a considerably short circuit current is low too.
IRJET- Simulation and Analysis of Photovoltaic Solar System for Different Wea...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a simulation and analysis of a photovoltaic solar system for different weather conditions in Anand, India. The proposed system consists of two stages - a DC-DC boost converter to control and boost the DC output voltage of the PV array, and a full-bridge DC-AC inverter to convert the regulated DC voltage to AC voltage. The system was tested in MATLAB simulations under varying load and weather conditions. The results show the output current, voltage, and P-V and I-V curves function as expected with changes in irradiation, temperature, and load.
This document summarizes research on developing an online model-based control system for a photovoltaic (PV) converter unit to track the maximum power point under varying conditions like partial shading. It presents a new model that uses a logarithmic equation to predict the maximum power point voltage based on irradiance and temperature measurements. The model was tested in simulations where it accurately adjusted the PV voltage to match the predicted maximum power point voltage in response to changes in irradiance and temperature. This online model-based approach shows potential for improving PV power extraction under non-uniform conditions like partial shading.
Partial shading of photovoltaic cells and modules can significantly reduce their power output due to cells being wired in series. Even a small amount of shading on part of a module can decrease the output of the entire module. The use of bypass diodes can help mitigate these losses from shading by allowing current to bypass shaded cells, but shading still reduces the overall efficiency of photovoltaic systems.
Modeling and Simulation of Solar Photovoltaic module using Matlab/SimulinkIOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper presents the circuit model of photovoltaic (PV) module. Simulation and modeling is done
using MATLAB/ Simulink software package. The proposed model is user friendly and can be used as a common
platform for both applied physics scientist and power electronics engineers. A detailed modeling procedure is
presented. The designed model is verified by using STP255-20/Wd PV module. The IV and PV characteristics
are simulated at different temperature and irradiance conditions and the results are verified. The proposed
model is very simple fast and accurate. The designed model can be used for analysis of PV characteristics and
for simulation of maximum power point tracking algorithms
This document summarizes a research paper on maximizing the power output of a photovoltaic (PV) system using perturb and observe (P&O) control applied to maximum power point tracking (MPPT). It describes how PV output is affected by solar irradiance and temperature. A boost converter is used along with a P&O MPPT algorithm to continuously adjust the duty cycle and extract maximum power from the PV panel. Simulation results show that using MPPT improves efficiency from 73% without MPPT to 97.6% with MPPT by ensuring the PV operates at its maximum power point under changing conditions. The study demonstrates that MPPT effectively increases PV system performance compared to direct connection without MPPT control.
Experimental study of the effects of tilt, shading, and temperature on photov...Colin Moynihan
The effect of tilt, temperature, and shading on the performance of PV panels was investigated. Dataloggers were used for real-time collection of solar radiation, temperature and power output data. Through the analysis of the PV panel design and collected data, optimal environmental conditions were determined.
Novel technique in charactarizing a pv module using pulse width modulatoreSAT Journals
This document summarizes a novel technique for characterizing photovoltaic (PV) modules using a pulse width modulator. The technique uses an electronic load circuit with power MOSFETs controlled by a pulse width modulation signal generated using LABVIEW. Experimental results from a 150W polycrystalline PV module showed high accuracy when compared to simulations performed using COMSOL Multiphysics and MATLAB. The technique provides accurate characterization with lower cost and simplicity compared to previous methods.
Performance Investigation of Grid Connected Photovoltaic System Modelling Bas...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic (PV) systems are normally modeled by employing accurate equations dealing with a behavior the PV system. This model has Characteristic of PV array cells, which are influenced by both irradiation and temperature variations. Grid-connected PV system is considered as electricity generated solar cell system which is connected to the grid utilities. This paper characterizes an exhibiting and simulating of PV system that executed with MATLAB /Simulink. The impact of solar irradiances as well as ambient temperature performances of PV models is investigated and noted that a lower temperature provides maximum power higher so that the open circuit voltage is larger. Furthermore, if the temperature is low, then a considerably short circuit current is low too.
Maximum Power Point Tracking Method for Single Phase Grid Connected PV System...Ali Mahmood
Ordinary technique fail to ensure successful tracking of the maximum power point under partial shading conditions (PSC). This performs in significant reduction in the power generated as well as the reliability of the photovoltaic energy production system. For the effective utilization of solar panel under partial shading condition (PSC), maximum power point tracking method (MPPT) is required.
This document provides a summary of a conference paper presented at the 1st International Conference on Electrical Energy and Systems in Annaba, Algeria from October 22-24th, 2013. The paper proposes a new maximum power point tracker (MPPT) using the Perturb and Observe algorithm to improve the energy conversion efficiency of photovoltaic power systems. Simulation results show that the proposed MPPT control method can avoid tracking deviations and improve both dynamic response and steady-state performance. Key aspects of the photovoltaic system model, boost converter design, proposed MPPT control algorithm, and simulation results demonstrating tracking of maximum power points are summarized.
Partial Shade Detection for PV Solar Panels via CUSUM AlgorithmUzair Akbar
This document proposes a method to detect partial shading on solar panels in real-time by monitoring the output power using a CUSUM algorithm. The method was tested on real PV panel data and achieved a 81% detection rate with a 3.4% false alarm rate and 70% sensitivity. The system includes sensors to monitor current and voltage from the solar panels, uploads data to the cloud for CUSUM analysis, and sends real-time alerts via a mobile application. Experimental results demonstrate the method can accurately detect partial shading with low delay.
Enhanced energy output from a pv system under partial shaded conditions using...singaravelan settu
This document proposes a fuzzy logic algorithm for global maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in photovoltaic (PV) systems under partial shading conditions. Traditional MPPT methods do not always converge to the true maximum power point when partial shading causes multiple peaks in the power-voltage curve. The proposed fuzzy logic method is shown to be superior to existing MPPT methods for tracking the global maximum power point under partial shading scenarios based on numerical simulations and experimental results. Key components of PV systems and effects of partial shading are discussed to provide background on the MPPT problem.
The document presents a presentation on electric springs as a new smart grid technology. Electric springs function analogously to mechanical springs by providing voltage support, storing electric energy, and damping electric oscillations. They maintain the balance of power and demand on the grid through various compensation modes. The presentation outlines electric spring principles, types of compensation, operation and limitations. It provides results from practical evaluations showing electric springs can balance power and regulate voltage with intermittent renewable sources. Future applications include incorporating electric springs into smart loads to adapt to fluctuating renewable power.
A detailed modeling of photovoltaic module matlabNuno Dias
This document presents a detailed model of a photovoltaic module in MATLAB that accounts for the effects of irradiance and temperature. The model uses a single diode model with both series and parallel resistors for accuracy. It determines the key parameters of short circuit current, saturation current, series resistance, and parallel resistance based on manufacturer data and physical equations. The model is then simulated step-by-step in MATLAB/Simulink to generate current-voltage and power-voltage curves under varying irradiance and temperature conditions.
This project proposes a simplified PV module simulator with MPPT. The PV model is designed in Matlab/Simulink based on various mathematical equations. This paper explains the use of MPPT technique in a photovoltaic system. The MPPT is implemented by incremental conductance or perturbation and observation methods. The overall system is designed, developed and validated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the performance of single-phase photovoltaic inverter topologies and implements a controller for a bidirectional high-frequency link inverter. It presents:
1) Mathematical models of solar photovoltaic systems, boost converters, and a bidirectional high-frequency link inverter developed in MATLAB/Simulink.
2) Simulation results comparing the performance of different inverter topologies under varying conditions.
3) Design and experimental testing of a 500VA prototype photovoltaic system using a TMS320C28027 digital controller to generate pulse width modulation signals.
The document covers topics like solar tracking algorithms, inverter types, modeling approaches
Mathematical Modelling of PV Module With multilevel 3-Ø inverter using SPWM t...IOSR Journals
1. The document presents a mathematical model of a photovoltaic (PV) module and grid-connected system using a three-phase multistring inverter with sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) control scheme.
2. The PV module is modeled using equations that account for factors like photocurrent, saturation current, series and shunt resistances, and temperature. The model is implemented in Simulink.
3. A three-phase multistring five-level inverter topology is proposed consisting of three PV strings connected to a common DC bus through DC-DC converters. SPWM control is used to generate switching signals and produce a five-level output voltage to reduce harmonics.
Energy Storage Management in Grid Connected Solar Photovoltaic SystemIJERA Editor
The penetration of renewable sources in the power system network in the power system has been increasing in the recent years. One of the solutions being proposed to improve the reliability and performance of these systems is to integrate energy storage device into the power system network. This paper discusses the modeling of photo voltaic and status of the storage device such as lead acid battery for better energy management in the system. The energy management for the grid connected system was performed by the dynamic switching process.
Physical design and modeling of 25 v dc dc boost converter for stand alone so...ecij
As per the present development the shortage in powe
r all over the world seems to be abundance.
Renewable energy sources are the capable energy sou
rce along with the accessible resources of energy.
Among all the renewable resources of energy, solar
PV technology is most acceptable due to its
considerable advantage over other form of renewable
sources. Calculating the output of PV system is a
key
aspect. The main principle of this paper is to pres
ent physical modeling and simulation of solar PV sy
stem
and DC-DC boost converter in SIMSCAPE library of MA
TLAB. The benefit by SIMSCAPE library is that it
models the system physically and the outcome obtain
s from it will be considering all the physical resu
lt. In
this paper the output of solar cell has been interf
aced with the boost converter. The system model in
SIMSCAPE can be directly converted into hardware fo
r implement for actual time application
The document discusses a new maximum power point tracker (MPPT) using the Perturb & Observe algorithm to improve the energy conversion efficiency of photovoltaic systems. It presents a mathematical model of a photovoltaic module and boost converter. A simulation is conducted using Matlab/Simulink that shows the proposed MPPT control avoids tracking deviations and improves performance under changing conditions. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed power tracking strategy with quick response times and stable DC output.
Incremental Conductance MPPT Algorithm for PV System Implemented Using DC-DC ...IJERA Editor
This document discusses implementing an incremental conductance maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm for a photovoltaic (PV) system using DC-DC buck and boost converters. It provides mathematical models and analysis of the buck and boost converters. The incremental conductance MPPT algorithm is based on matching the source impedance of the PV panel to the load impedance to extract maximum power. The document compares implementing this algorithm with a buck versus boost converter for transferring power from the PV panel to the load.
Modelling of fuzzy logic controller for variable step mppt in photovoltaic sy...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The output power of photovoltaic electrical systems is highly dynamic and non-linear in nature. In order to extract maximum power
from such systems, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique is required. MPPT techniques with variable step-size of
perturbation track the maximum power point (MPP) with more efficiency. In this paper, a model of a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) for
determining the step-size of perturbation in duty-cycle of a photovoltaic electrical system to track MPP is presented. The model is
simulated in MATLAB/Simulink®.
Keywords: Maximum power point tracking, perturb and observe, boost converter, fuzzy logic control, membership
function, crisp universe, centre of area, pulse width modulation
This document summarizes a study that proposes a photovoltaic (PV) system with fuzzy logic maximum power point tracking (MPPT) applied to a boost converter and PI control applied to a buck converter to act as a battery charge controller. The fuzzy logic MPPT method is used to operate the PV panels at maximum power under varying temperature and irradiance conditions, increasing efficiency. The PI controller regulates the buck converter output to provide appropriate constant current and voltage for fast battery charging with low losses. The system was modeled and analyzed in MATLAB/Simulink.
Comparison between fuzzy and p&o control for mppt for photovoltaic system usi...Alexander Decker
The document compares two methods for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in photovoltaic systems: perturb and observe (P&O) and fuzzy logic control. P&O is one of the most widely used MPPT techniques due to its simplicity. The document simulates and analyzes both P&O and fuzzy logic control MPPT and finds that fuzzy logic control gives better and more reliable performance under varying irradiation and temperature conditions. It presents the modeling of solar panels and their current-voltage characteristics which depend on factors like irradiation level and temperature.
Eternal Sun Group - Bifacial measurements, towards a new norm!Marcello Passaro
ITRPV and customers feedback show that there is a shift towards bifacial modules, however a concern on how to correctly test bifacial modules. Eternal Sun Group has together with research and development institutes like ECN looked at the complications and implications hereof.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Benchmarking study between capacitive and electronic load technic to track I-...IJECEIAES
To detect defects of solar panel and understand the effect of external parameters such as fluctuations in illumination, temperature, and the effect of a type of dust on a photovoltaic (PV) panel, it is essential to plot the Ipv=f(Vpv) characteristic of the PV panel, and the simplest way to plot this I-V characteristic is to use a variable resistor. This paper presents a study of comparison and combination between two methods: capacitive and electronic loading to track I-V characteristic. The comparison was performed in terms of accuracy, response time and instrumentation cost used in each circuit, under standard temperature and illumination conditions by using polycrystalline solar panel type SX330J and monocrystalline solar panels type ET-M53630. The whole system is based on simple components, less expensive and especially widely used in laboratories. The results will be between the datasheet of the manufacturer with the experimental data, refinements and improvements concerning the number of points and the trace time have been made by combining these two methods.
Maximum Power Point Tracking Method for Single Phase Grid Connected PV System...Ali Mahmood
Ordinary technique fail to ensure successful tracking of the maximum power point under partial shading conditions (PSC). This performs in significant reduction in the power generated as well as the reliability of the photovoltaic energy production system. For the effective utilization of solar panel under partial shading condition (PSC), maximum power point tracking method (MPPT) is required.
This document provides a summary of a conference paper presented at the 1st International Conference on Electrical Energy and Systems in Annaba, Algeria from October 22-24th, 2013. The paper proposes a new maximum power point tracker (MPPT) using the Perturb and Observe algorithm to improve the energy conversion efficiency of photovoltaic power systems. Simulation results show that the proposed MPPT control method can avoid tracking deviations and improve both dynamic response and steady-state performance. Key aspects of the photovoltaic system model, boost converter design, proposed MPPT control algorithm, and simulation results demonstrating tracking of maximum power points are summarized.
Partial Shade Detection for PV Solar Panels via CUSUM AlgorithmUzair Akbar
This document proposes a method to detect partial shading on solar panels in real-time by monitoring the output power using a CUSUM algorithm. The method was tested on real PV panel data and achieved a 81% detection rate with a 3.4% false alarm rate and 70% sensitivity. The system includes sensors to monitor current and voltage from the solar panels, uploads data to the cloud for CUSUM analysis, and sends real-time alerts via a mobile application. Experimental results demonstrate the method can accurately detect partial shading with low delay.
Enhanced energy output from a pv system under partial shaded conditions using...singaravelan settu
This document proposes a fuzzy logic algorithm for global maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in photovoltaic (PV) systems under partial shading conditions. Traditional MPPT methods do not always converge to the true maximum power point when partial shading causes multiple peaks in the power-voltage curve. The proposed fuzzy logic method is shown to be superior to existing MPPT methods for tracking the global maximum power point under partial shading scenarios based on numerical simulations and experimental results. Key components of PV systems and effects of partial shading are discussed to provide background on the MPPT problem.
The document presents a presentation on electric springs as a new smart grid technology. Electric springs function analogously to mechanical springs by providing voltage support, storing electric energy, and damping electric oscillations. They maintain the balance of power and demand on the grid through various compensation modes. The presentation outlines electric spring principles, types of compensation, operation and limitations. It provides results from practical evaluations showing electric springs can balance power and regulate voltage with intermittent renewable sources. Future applications include incorporating electric springs into smart loads to adapt to fluctuating renewable power.
A detailed modeling of photovoltaic module matlabNuno Dias
This document presents a detailed model of a photovoltaic module in MATLAB that accounts for the effects of irradiance and temperature. The model uses a single diode model with both series and parallel resistors for accuracy. It determines the key parameters of short circuit current, saturation current, series resistance, and parallel resistance based on manufacturer data and physical equations. The model is then simulated step-by-step in MATLAB/Simulink to generate current-voltage and power-voltage curves under varying irradiance and temperature conditions.
This project proposes a simplified PV module simulator with MPPT. The PV model is designed in Matlab/Simulink based on various mathematical equations. This paper explains the use of MPPT technique in a photovoltaic system. The MPPT is implemented by incremental conductance or perturbation and observation methods. The overall system is designed, developed and validated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the performance of single-phase photovoltaic inverter topologies and implements a controller for a bidirectional high-frequency link inverter. It presents:
1) Mathematical models of solar photovoltaic systems, boost converters, and a bidirectional high-frequency link inverter developed in MATLAB/Simulink.
2) Simulation results comparing the performance of different inverter topologies under varying conditions.
3) Design and experimental testing of a 500VA prototype photovoltaic system using a TMS320C28027 digital controller to generate pulse width modulation signals.
The document covers topics like solar tracking algorithms, inverter types, modeling approaches
Mathematical Modelling of PV Module With multilevel 3-Ø inverter using SPWM t...IOSR Journals
1. The document presents a mathematical model of a photovoltaic (PV) module and grid-connected system using a three-phase multistring inverter with sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) control scheme.
2. The PV module is modeled using equations that account for factors like photocurrent, saturation current, series and shunt resistances, and temperature. The model is implemented in Simulink.
3. A three-phase multistring five-level inverter topology is proposed consisting of three PV strings connected to a common DC bus through DC-DC converters. SPWM control is used to generate switching signals and produce a five-level output voltage to reduce harmonics.
Energy Storage Management in Grid Connected Solar Photovoltaic SystemIJERA Editor
The penetration of renewable sources in the power system network in the power system has been increasing in the recent years. One of the solutions being proposed to improve the reliability and performance of these systems is to integrate energy storage device into the power system network. This paper discusses the modeling of photo voltaic and status of the storage device such as lead acid battery for better energy management in the system. The energy management for the grid connected system was performed by the dynamic switching process.
Physical design and modeling of 25 v dc dc boost converter for stand alone so...ecij
As per the present development the shortage in powe
r all over the world seems to be abundance.
Renewable energy sources are the capable energy sou
rce along with the accessible resources of energy.
Among all the renewable resources of energy, solar
PV technology is most acceptable due to its
considerable advantage over other form of renewable
sources. Calculating the output of PV system is a
key
aspect. The main principle of this paper is to pres
ent physical modeling and simulation of solar PV sy
stem
and DC-DC boost converter in SIMSCAPE library of MA
TLAB. The benefit by SIMSCAPE library is that it
models the system physically and the outcome obtain
s from it will be considering all the physical resu
lt. In
this paper the output of solar cell has been interf
aced with the boost converter. The system model in
SIMSCAPE can be directly converted into hardware fo
r implement for actual time application
The document discusses a new maximum power point tracker (MPPT) using the Perturb & Observe algorithm to improve the energy conversion efficiency of photovoltaic systems. It presents a mathematical model of a photovoltaic module and boost converter. A simulation is conducted using Matlab/Simulink that shows the proposed MPPT control avoids tracking deviations and improves performance under changing conditions. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed power tracking strategy with quick response times and stable DC output.
Incremental Conductance MPPT Algorithm for PV System Implemented Using DC-DC ...IJERA Editor
This document discusses implementing an incremental conductance maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm for a photovoltaic (PV) system using DC-DC buck and boost converters. It provides mathematical models and analysis of the buck and boost converters. The incremental conductance MPPT algorithm is based on matching the source impedance of the PV panel to the load impedance to extract maximum power. The document compares implementing this algorithm with a buck versus boost converter for transferring power from the PV panel to the load.
Modelling of fuzzy logic controller for variable step mppt in photovoltaic sy...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The output power of photovoltaic electrical systems is highly dynamic and non-linear in nature. In order to extract maximum power
from such systems, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique is required. MPPT techniques with variable step-size of
perturbation track the maximum power point (MPP) with more efficiency. In this paper, a model of a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) for
determining the step-size of perturbation in duty-cycle of a photovoltaic electrical system to track MPP is presented. The model is
simulated in MATLAB/Simulink®.
Keywords: Maximum power point tracking, perturb and observe, boost converter, fuzzy logic control, membership
function, crisp universe, centre of area, pulse width modulation
This document summarizes a study that proposes a photovoltaic (PV) system with fuzzy logic maximum power point tracking (MPPT) applied to a boost converter and PI control applied to a buck converter to act as a battery charge controller. The fuzzy logic MPPT method is used to operate the PV panels at maximum power under varying temperature and irradiance conditions, increasing efficiency. The PI controller regulates the buck converter output to provide appropriate constant current and voltage for fast battery charging with low losses. The system was modeled and analyzed in MATLAB/Simulink.
Comparison between fuzzy and p&o control for mppt for photovoltaic system usi...Alexander Decker
The document compares two methods for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in photovoltaic systems: perturb and observe (P&O) and fuzzy logic control. P&O is one of the most widely used MPPT techniques due to its simplicity. The document simulates and analyzes both P&O and fuzzy logic control MPPT and finds that fuzzy logic control gives better and more reliable performance under varying irradiation and temperature conditions. It presents the modeling of solar panels and their current-voltage characteristics which depend on factors like irradiation level and temperature.
Eternal Sun Group - Bifacial measurements, towards a new norm!Marcello Passaro
ITRPV and customers feedback show that there is a shift towards bifacial modules, however a concern on how to correctly test bifacial modules. Eternal Sun Group has together with research and development institutes like ECN looked at the complications and implications hereof.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Benchmarking study between capacitive and electronic load technic to track I-...IJECEIAES
To detect defects of solar panel and understand the effect of external parameters such as fluctuations in illumination, temperature, and the effect of a type of dust on a photovoltaic (PV) panel, it is essential to plot the Ipv=f(Vpv) characteristic of the PV panel, and the simplest way to plot this I-V characteristic is to use a variable resistor. This paper presents a study of comparison and combination between two methods: capacitive and electronic loading to track I-V characteristic. The comparison was performed in terms of accuracy, response time and instrumentation cost used in each circuit, under standard temperature and illumination conditions by using polycrystalline solar panel type SX330J and monocrystalline solar panels type ET-M53630. The whole system is based on simple components, less expensive and especially widely used in laboratories. The results will be between the datasheet of the manufacturer with the experimental data, refinements and improvements concerning the number of points and the trace time have been made by combining these two methods.
An Intelligent Technique By Using The Method of Constant Coefficient of Short...Ali Mahmood
Photovoltaic (PV) system is extensively increasing since it is clean,
pollution free, and inexhaustible and by consider available resource as a future
energy supply. The PV array output power is used to directly control the Pulse-width
modulation (PWM), dc/dc boost converter, thereby reducing the complexity of the
system. The resulting system has high efficiency with lower cost. This paper presents
an improved Constant Coefficient of Short Circuit Current (CCSCC) Maximum Power
Point Tracking (MPPT) technique under PWM control of photovoltaic (PV) power
generation systems to obtain the maximum output power. The solar panel is
modelled and analyzed in MATLAB/SIMULINK.
Harmonic assessment on two photovoltaic inverter modes and mathematical model...IJECEIAES
Power quality is a crucial aspect of designing a large-scale photovoltaic power plant, particularly regarding harmonics caused by inverter switching. This research aimed to analyze harmonics in a system using electrical transient analyzer program (ETAP) Power Station 20.5.0 to uncover the effect of irradiance on the inverters’ power quality running at 85% and 100% power factors. We analyzed both voltage and current total harmonic distortion (THDi and THDv) from the simulation and compared them with the mathematical model. Moreover, we analyzed the effect of changes in irradiance level on harmonics and reactive power penetration, which influenced power losses in transformers and cables. Inverters at 85% power factor experienced an increase in THDi, whereas those at 100% power factor decreased. Inverters with 85% power factor experienced more frequent switching, causing more prominent distortion. The magnitude of THDv increased proportionally with the rise of irradiance level. Inverters at 85% had a higher THDv value because of the excessive reactive power compensation when irradiance rose. Irradiance level had an inverse relationship with system losses since high irradiance levels led to lower losses as less power was required through transmission lines and transformers. Moreover, losses at 85% power factor were higher since the high harmonics caused additional losses.
Simulation Model for PV Array & Its CharacteristicsIJEEE
This paper presents the implementation of a photovoltaic model using Matlab software, which can be representative of PV cell module, and array for easy use on simulation. The proposed model is designed with a user-friendly icon and a dialog box like Simulink block libraries. This makes the PV model easily simulated and analyzed in conjunction with power electronics for a maximum power point tracker.
Solar Module Modeling, Simulation And Validation Under Matlab / SimulinkIJERA Editor
Solar modules are systems which convert sunlight into electricity using the physics of semiconductors. Mathematical modeling of these systems uses weather data such as irradiance and temperature as inputs. It provides the current, voltage or power as outputs, which allows plot the characteristic giving the intensity I as a function of voltage V for photovoltaic cells. In this work, we have developed a model for a diode of a Photovoltaic module under the Matlab / Simulink environment. From this model, we have plotted the characteristic curves I-V and P-V of solar cell for different values of temperature and sunlight. The validation has been done by comparing the experimental curve with power from a solar panel HORONYA 20W type with that obtained by the model.
A Novel Approach on Photovoltaic Technologies for Power Injection in Grid Usi...IJERA Editor
The paper presents the simulation of the Solar Photovoltaic module using Matlab Simulink. This model is based on mathematical equations and is described through an equivalent circuit including a photocurrent source, a diode, a series resistor and a shunt resistor. This paper presents integration of the grid distribution network in Indian scenario with solar power technology to meet the additional electrical energy demand of urban as well as rural sectors which are both rapidly expanding. First of all the data of a real life power plant having 24V, 230W Power PV module has been compared and analyzed with that of matlab program output for identical module and it has been find out that a variation in temperature affects the parameters values as well as the performance of the solar module. After the above analysis the design and Simulink implementation for single phase power grid connected PV system has been done. The system includes the PV array model, the integration of the MPPT with boost dc converter , dc to ac inverter, single phase series load connected to ac grid. It is demonstrated that the model works well at different temperature conditions and predicting the General behavior of single-phase grid- connected PV systems .
The main factors affecting on value of maximum power point photovoltaic model...Ali Mahmood
A Matlab-Simulink based simulation study of photovoltaic (PV) cells
is carried out and presented in this paper. The study is helpful in results showed that
Maximum Power Point (MPP) strongly depends on sun irradiance, shunt resistance,
series resistance, temperature and ideal factor. These results might be used as a
guide for PV system users.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
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Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
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Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Filter Based Solar Power Generation System with a Seven Level InverterIJMTST Journal
This paper proposes a new solar power generation system, which is composed of a DC/DC power converter and a new seven-level inverter. The DC/DC power converter integrates a DC-DC boost converter and a transformer to convert the output voltage of the solar cell array into two independent voltage sources with multiple relationships. This new seven-level inverter is configured using a capacitor selection circuit and a full-bridge power converter, connected in cascade. The capacitor selection circuit converts the two output voltage sources of DC-DC power converter into a three-level DC voltage and the full- bridge power converter further converts this three- level DC voltage into a seven-level AC voltage. In this way, the proposed solar power generation system generates a sinusoidal output current that is in phase with the utility voltage and is fed into the utility. The salient features of the proposed seven-level inverter are that only six power electronic switches are used and only one power electronic switch is switched at high frequency at any time. A prototype is developed and tested to verify the performance of this proposed solar power generation system.
Z - Source Multi Level Inverter Based PV Generation SystemIJERA Editor
This document summarizes a research paper on a Z-source multi-level inverter based PV generation system. The paper proposes using a Z-source multi-level inverter instead of a conventional voltage source inverter to improve system performance. It presents mathematical models of the PV panel, Z-source inverter, and MPPT technique. Simulation results show that the Z-source multi-level inverter provides boosting capability, reduces harmonics, and improves efficiency compared to a conventional voltage source inverter for solar energy conversion. The system is able to efficiently supply both linear and non-linear loads.
IRJET- Power Quality Improvement in Solar by using Fuzzy Logic ControllerIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed system for improving power quality in solar photovoltaic systems using a fuzzy logic controller. The system uses a single-phase inverter controlled by a predictive control algorithm to perform maximum power point tracking from the PV array and deliver power to the grid, while also compensating for current harmonics and reactive power from nonlinear loads. A fuzzy logic control method is applied for maximum power point tracking to handle model uncertainties and nonlinearity. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated using MATLAB simulation.
A single stage photo voltaic grid-connected inverter using spwmSHAIK AMANULLA
A Single-stage PhotoVoltaic Grid-Connected Inverter using SPWM. It was simulated and modeled with MATLAB/SIMULINK. It was simulated with constant and variable irradiation profiles. I got the results with variations in PV characteristics with different irradiation with SPWM technique.
Valuation and Determination of Seven and Five Parameters of Photovoltaic Gene...Ah Roueiha
The mathematical modeling of solar cells is essential for any optimization operation of the efficiency or the diagnosis of photovoltaic generator. The photovoltaic module is generally represented by an equivalent circuit whose parameters are experimentally calculated by using the characteristic current-tension, I-V. The precise determination of these parameters stays a challenge for the researchers, making to a big difference in the models and the digital methods dedicated to their characterizations. In the present paper, We are interested to characterize the parameters of single diode and two diodes models, in order to plan the behavior of the photovoltaic generator under real functioning conditions. We developed an identification method of the parameters using Newton Raphson method by using the software Matlab/Simulink. This method is the faster technique which allows the identification of several parameters and can be used in real time applications. The results of the proposed method show an accordance with the experimental and simulated characteristics of photovoltaic generator.
Modeling and Simulation of Fuzzy Logic based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MP...IJECEIAES
This paper presents modeling and simulation of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) used in solar PV power systems. The Fuzzy logic algorithm is used to minimize the error between the actual power and the estimated maximum power. The simulation model was developed and tested to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed MPPT controller. MATLAB Simulink was employed for simulation studies. The proposed system was simulated and tested successfully on a photovoltaic solar panel model. The Fuzzy logic algorithm succesfully tracking the MPPs and performs precise control under rapidly changing atmospheric conditions. Simulation results indicate the feasibility and improved functionality of the system.
This document summarizes a paper on renewable energy sources with a flyback converter for DC applications. It discusses using a solar panel and fuel cell as renewable energy sources to provide input power to a three-level phase-shift forward flyback converter. It models the photovoltaic array and fuel cell to simulate their output. It then describes the operating principle and key waveforms of the proposed flyback converter. Simulation results show the output voltage from the solar panel, input voltage to the converter, and speed of a DC motor driven by the converter. The study demonstrates using solar and fuel cell sources with a flyback converter to provide stable power for DC applications like motor drives.
This document describes a study that uses artificial neural networks (ANN) and genetic algorithms (GA) to model and control a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system. 390 sets of temperature and irradiance data were optimized using GA to obtain corresponding maximum power point (MPP) voltages. These optimized data were then used to train an ANN for MPPT control. Simulation results in Matlab/Simulink showed that the ANN-GA controller had less fluctuation around the MPP and faster convergence than conventional methods. A P-Q controller was also used to control grid voltage/current and allow both active and reactive power exchange.
Real Time Implementation of Variable Step Size Based P&O MPPT for PV Systems ...IJPEDS-IAES
Nowadays Solar energy is an important energy source due to the energy crisis and environment pollution. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm improves the utilization efficiency of a photovoltaic systems. In this paper an improved P&O MPPT algorithm is developed and simulated using MATLAB / SIMULINK to control the DC/DC buck converter. The obtained simulink model is also verified using dspace tool. Both the simulated and experimental results are validated by also comparing them with conventional MPPT methods. The performance measures show the increase in the efficiency of PV system by the proposed model.
Modeling and Simulation of a Photovoltaic Field for 13 KW IJECEIAES
In the future solar energy will be very important source of energy. More than 45% of needed energy in the world will be generated by photovoltaic module. Therefore it is necessary to concentrate our efforts in order to reduce the application costs .This work investigates on the modeling of a Stand Alone Power System focusing on Photovoltaic energy systems. We introduce the models of the system components Therefore a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique is needed to track the peak power in order to make full utilization of PV array output power under varying conditions. This paper presents two widely-adopted MPPT algorithms, perturbation & observation (P&O) and incremental conductance (IC).A complete characterization and simulation model was implemented in the MatlabSimulink environment. Design complete system is done to analyze its behavior for a typical year, with the aim to evaluate their energetic effectiveness.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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Desarrollo de software pvset para simulacion
1. Desarrollo de Software PVSET para
Evaluación y Simulación de Sistemas de
Generación de Energía Solar Fotovoltaica
Emmanuel J. Espejo #1
, Marcelo G. Molina*2
#
Instituto de Energía Eléctrica, Universidad Nacional de San Juan
Av. Libertador San Martín Oeste, 1109, J5400ARL San Juan, Argentina
1
eespejo@iee.unsj.edu.ar
*
CONICET, Instituto de Energía Eléctrica, Universidad Nacional de San Juan
Av. Libertador San Martín Oeste, 1109, J5400ARL San Juan, Argentina
2
mgmolina@iee.unsj.edu.ar
Abstract— This paper presents the main features of the
PVSET software (Photovoltaic Simulation and Evaluation
Tool) developed by the Institute of Electrical Energy of the
National University of San Juan-Argentina. This tool enables
researchers and designers to interact friendly and easily
understandable with proposed detailed models and control
algorithms for solar photovoltaic (PV) generation systems.
Thus, it is possible to have an accurate and reliable tool to
evaluate the dynamic performance of the grid-connected PV
systems. To this aim, the PV system is modeled, simulated and
validated using the MATLAB/Simulink environment.
Resumen— Este documento presenta las características
principales del software PVSET (Photovoltaic Simulation and
Evaluation Tool) desarrollado por el Instituto de Energía
Eléctrica de la Universidad Nacional de San Juan-Argentina.
Esta herramienta permite a investigadores y diseñadores
interactuar de forma amigable y fácilmente entendible con los
modelos detallados y algoritmos de control propuestos para
sistemas de generación de energía solar fotovoltaica (FV). De
esta forma, es posible contar con una herramienta precisa y
confiable para evaluar el desempeño dinámico de sistemas FV
conectados a la red eléctrica. Para ello, el sistema FV se
modela, simula y valida utilizando el ambiente de
MATLAB/Simulink.
Palabras Clave— Sistema de generación de energía solar
fotovoltaica (FV), Modelado, Sistema de control, Simulación,
Software PVSET, MATLAB/Simulink. SimPowerSystem,
Energía Renovable.
I. INTRODUCCIÓN
Entre los años 2001 y 2012 se produjo un crecimiento
exponencial de la producción de energía solar fotovoltaica
(FV) en el mundo, duplicándose aproximadamente cada dos
años [1]. La potencia fotovoltaica instalada total conectada a
la red eléctrica alcanzó 140 GW en 2013. Esta capacidad
permite producir el equivalente de energía correspondiente a
16 plantas de energía a base de carbón y evitar la emisión de
más de 53 millones de toneladas de CO2.
Este crecimiento de la tecnología FV debe ser
acompañado por técnicas y herramientas que permitan
evaluar el desempeño dinámico de sistemas de generación
de energía solar fotovoltaica conectados a la red eléctrica.
Para esto, es necesario determinar previamente el
comportamiento de estos sistemas bajo distintas condiciones
de operación, tales como aquellas condiciones en las que
varían ciertas variables como por ejemplo, variables
geográficas (latitud, longitud y altura sobre el nivel del mar
del emplazamiento FV), variables referidas a datos
astronómicos (día, mes, año y hora que afectan la posición
del sol), variables ambientales tales como la temperatura,
velocidad del viento, superficie (relacionado directamente
con el factor de reflexión) y demás variables propias del
módulo FV utilizado en el arreglo del parque FV.
Si bien existe un cierto número de herramientas que
permiten realizar estas tareas, ninguno de estos programas
posee la flexibilidad requerida para incorporar los modelos
y estructuras de control desarrollados por el usuario para
aplicaciones específicas de investigación. Por otra parte,
siempre se depende de las actualizaciones de estas
herramientas para sumar nuevas capacidades a los
programas.
Estas razones han conducido al Instituto de Energía
Eléctrica de la Universidad Nacional de San Juan-Argentina
al desarrollo de una herramienta precisa, confiable y flexible
para evaluar el desempeño dinámico de sistemas FV
conectados a la red eléctrica. El software denominado
PVSET (Photovoltaic Simulation and Evaluation Tool) ha
sido realizado en el ambiente de MATLAB/Simulink [2], lo
cual le brinda la flexibilidad requerida para modelar en
forma detallada un arreglo FV junto con su respectiva
interfaz de electrónica de potencia para la vinculación
eficiente a la red eléctrica y su sistema de control para
aplicaciones específicas de investigación.
Este trabajo presenta las características principales del
software PVSET 1.1 para evaluación y simulación de
sistemas de generación de energía solar fotovoltaica. El
modelo del sistema FV propuesto utiliza ecuaciones, tanto
teóricas como empíricas, junto con datos proporcionados
por el fabricante, y datos meteorológicos (radiación solar y
temperatura de celda, entre otros) con el fin de predecir con
precisión la característica I-V del arreglo FV. El Sistema de
Acondicionamiento de Potencia (SAP) desarrollado en este
trabajo utiliza una topología del sistema de conversión de
energía de dos etapas que cumple con todos los
requerimientos de energía eléctrica en alta calidad,
flexibilidad y fiabilidad impuesta para aplicaciones de
recursos energéticos modernos.
2014 IEEE Biennial Congress of Argentina (ARGENCON)
978−1−4799−4269−5/14/$31.00 c
2014 IEEE 669
2. II. MODELADO MATEMÁTICO DEL SISTEMA FV
Antes de describir la estructura general de
funcionamiento del software es necesario detallar los
modelos matemáticos que describen el comportamiento
dinámico del arreglo FV y del sistema de control junto al
SAP.
A. Circuito Equivalente
El circuito equivalente de un módulo compuesto por
celdas solares dispuestas en paralelo (NP) y en serie (NS) se
representa en la Fig.1.
Fig. 1. Circuito equivalente de un módulo fotovoltaico.
La ecuación característica corriente-tensión I−V que
describe el comportamiento eléctrico de este generador FV
se muestra a continuación [3 - 5]:
𝐼𝐴 = 𝑁𝑃𝐼𝑃ℎ − 𝑁𝑃𝐼𝑆 𝑒
𝑞
𝐴𝐾 𝑇𝐶
𝑉𝐴
𝑁𝑆
+
𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝑆
𝑁𝑃 − 1 −
𝑁𝑃
𝑅𝑃
𝑉𝐴
𝑁𝑆
+
𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝑆
𝑁𝑃
, (1)
donde, IA es la corriente de salida del módulo FV (A), VA es
la tensión de salida del módulo FV (V), IS es la corriente de
saturación inversa del diodo (A), IPh es la corriente
fotogenerada o fotocorriente (A), q es la carga de un
electrón (1.602x10-19
C), A es el factor de idealidad de la
juntura p-n, k es la constante de Boltzmann (1.3806x10-23
J/K), TC es la temperatura absoluta de la celda (K), RS es la
resistencia intrínseca en serie de la celda (ohm) y RP es la
resistencia intrínseca en paralelo de la celda (ohm).
A su vez la corriente fotogenerada o fotocorriente (IPh)
puede definirse según la Eq. (2).
IPh= ISC 1+αIsc TC-TR
S
SR
, (2)
donde, ISC es la corriente de cortocircuito de la celda en
condiciones estándar de ensayo (STC), αISC es el coeficiente
de temperatura de la corriente de cortocircuito de la celda
solar en STC (1/K), TR es la temperatura absoluta de
referencia de la celda solar en STC (298.15 K), S es la
irradiancia total absorbida por la celda [W/m2
] y SR es la
irradiancia total de referencia en STC, 1000 W/m2
.
Por otro lado, la corriente de saturación inversa IS varía
con la temperatura de la celda, según la expresión:
IS=𝐼𝑆𝑅
𝑇𝐶
𝑇𝑅
3
𝑒
𝑞𝐸𝐺
𝑘𝐴
1
𝑇𝑅
−
1
𝑇𝐶 , (3)
donde, EG es el ancho de la banda prohibida del
semiconductor utilizado en la celda [eV] e ISR es la corriente
de saturación inversa de la celda [A], a la temperatura de
referencia que se determina según la Eq. (4).
ISR=
𝐼𝑆𝐶
𝑒
𝑞𝑉𝑂𝐶
𝑘𝐴 𝑇𝑅 −1
, (4)
con ISC y VOC en STC.
El ancho de la banda prohibida del semiconductor (EG) y
el factor de idealidad de la juntura p-n (A) son generalmente
considerados constantes e independientes de la temperatura.
Sin embargo, se ha reportado en la bibliografía [6] que EG
varía con la temperatura según la siguiente relación:
EG=𝐸𝐺0 −
𝛼𝑇2
𝑇+𝛽
, (5)
donde, EG es el ancho de la banda prohibida a la
temperatura T [eV], EGO es el ancho de la banda prohibida a
0 K [eV] y α es una constante al igual que β.
Se ha encontrado que A varía linealmente con la
temperatura, siguiendo una relación general del tipo:
A=𝐴0 −
𝛼′𝑇2
𝑇+𝛽
, (6)
donde, A es el factor de idealidad de la juntura p-n a la
temperatura T, AO es el factor de idealidad de la juntura a 0
K y α’ es una constante al igual que β’.
B. Influencia de la Temperatura
Como todos los dispositivos semiconductores, las celdas
solares son sensibles a la temperatura. El aumento de la
temperatura reduce la banda prohibida del semiconductor,
afectando así la mayoría de los parámetros característicos.
La disminución de la banda prohibida de un semiconductor
al aumentar la temperatura puede entenderse como el
aumento de la energía de los electrones en el material, por
lo que se necesitará menos energía para romper el enlace.
En una celda solar, el parámetro más afectado por un
aumento en la temperatura es la tensión de circuito abierto
VOC, debido a la dependencia de la corriente de saturación
inversa de la juntura p-n con la temperatura.
La tensión de circuito abierto en función de la
temperatura de la celda viene dada por:
VOC (𝑇𝐶)=
𝐸𝐺0
𝑘𝑇𝐶
−
𝑘𝑇𝐶
𝑞
ln
𝑘𝑇𝐶
3
𝐼𝐿
, (7)
La variación de VOC con la temperatura se aprecia mejor
en la siguiente ecuación:
𝑑𝑉𝑂𝐶
𝑑𝑇
=
1
𝑇𝐶
𝐸𝐺0
𝑞
− 𝑉𝑂𝐶(𝑇𝐶) , (8)
C. Influencia de la Intensidad de la Iluminación
El cambio de la intensidad de la luz incidente sobre una
celda solar produce variaciones en todos sus parámetros,
incluyendo la corriente de cortocircuito, la tensión de
circuito abierto, el factor de forma, la eficiencia y la
influencia de las resistencias serie y paralelo.
Dentro de un amplio rango de funcionamiento, la
fotocorriente de las celdas FV es directamente proporcional
a la intensidad de la radiación incidente. Luego, si la
corriente fotogenerada al nivel de iluminación definido
como unidad (1 Sol AM1=100mW/cm2
) es IPh1, a un nivel
de iluminación X (factor de concentración) veces superior
(X soles) es:
𝐼𝑃ℎ =X𝐼𝑃ℎ1, (9)
670
3. Y si VOC es la tensión de circuito abierto a 1 Sol, la
tensión a X soles viene dada por:
𝑉𝑂𝐶=𝑉𝑂𝐶1 + 𝐴
𝑘𝑇𝐶
𝑞
ln 𝑋, (10)
III. DESCRIPCIÓN GENERAL DEL SOFTWARE
La estructura general del software está compuesta
básicamente por tres módulos interrelacionados como se
muestra en la Fig. 2. En ella, se ve la relación que existe
entre la interfaz gráfica, la base de datos y el modelo de
simulación, los cuales se describen en las secciones
siguientes.
Fig. 2. Estructura general de la herramienta PVSET 1.1.
A. Base de Datos
La base de datos está compuesta por dos tipos de
archivos. Uno de ellos se ha implementado en el entorno de
MS Excel, donde en cada celda del archivo se define un
parámetro el cual es posible llevarlo al workspace de
MATLAB a través del comando xlsread, y se utiliza para
almacenar datos de paneles FV y datos de simulaciones
anteriores que fueron generados por el usuario. El otro tipo
de archivo utilizado en la base de datos se ha implementado
sobre el mismo archivo que se utiliza para implementar la
interfaz gráfica el cual consiste en un fichero ejecutable *.m
que es propio del entorno de programación de MATLAB.
En este tipo de fichero se establecen unas líneas de
comando que especifican los valores de algunos parámetros
y luego son llevados al workspace una vez que se ejecuta el
mencionado archivo *.m. En la Fig. 3, se muestran los
elementos que componen esta base de datos y el formato de
archivo al cual pertenecen.
Fig. 3. Elementos de la base de datos y el tipo de archivo utilizado.
B. Modelo de Simulación
El modelo de simulación del sistema de conversión de
energía FV conectado a la red trifásica utilizado para el
análisis en la herramienta PVSET 1.1 se realiza en el
entorno Simulink de MATLAB [7] y utiliza la librería
SimPowerSystems (SPS) como puede apreciarse en la Fig. 4.
En el mismo, se tienen en cuenta todas las ecuaciones que
describen el comportamiento dinámico y estacionario del
arreglo FV y del modelo de control y acoplamiento a la red
eléctrica. Como se puede observar en la Fig. 4, dentro de
este sistema se ha modelado de manera detallada el SAP
que incluye todos los dispositivos necesarios para
interconectar el arreglo FV con la red de energía eléctrica.
Estos dispositivos incluyen:
el conversor o inversor estático de potencia,
transformadores de acoplamiento,
filtros de armónicos y llaves electrónicas e
interruptores de protección,
conversor de CC o troceador.
En el presente trabajo se utiliza un Inversor Fuente de
Tensión (en inglés, VSI) del tipo auto-conmutado, con
dispositivos IGBT como llaves conmutadoras principales,
controladas mediante la técnica de Modulación por Ancho
de Pulsos (PWM) sinusoidal. La conexión a la red de
suministro se lleva a cabo por medio de un transformador
elevador Δ-Y, y un filtro de onda senoidal pasa bajo, a fin
de reducir la perturbación en el sistema de distribución al
que se conecta el parque solar FV, por los armónicos de alta
frecuencia generados por la modulación PWM del VSI.
El VSI propuesto es diseñado utilizando una estructura
de tres niveles [8], que genera una forma de onda senoidal
mas suavizada que la estructura convencional de dos niveles,
sin incrementar la frecuencia de conmutación y duplicando
el rango de potencia para un dispositivo semiconductor
dado.
En cuanto al conversor CC-CC, se elige un conversor
CC-CC elevador con llaves auto-conmutadas tipo IGBT.
Este conversor intermedio CC-CC genera una tensión de
salida “choppeada” a través de un control PWM, para
controlar la relación de tensión continua media entre la
entrada y la salida. Así, se fija la característica del
generador fotovoltaico con la impedancia equivalente
presentada por el bus de CC del inversor, y de esta forma, al
variar el ciclo de trabajo del conversor CC-CC, es posible
controlar en todo momento el funcionamiento del sistema
fotovoltaico cerca de su Punto de Máxima Potencia (PMP).
Este PMP es alcanzado mediante la operación del Seguidor
de Punto de Máxima Potencia (MPPT) [9 - 11], el cual se
lleva a cabo a través de un bloque que posee una serie de
procedimientos matemáticos que determinan, a partir de la
irradiancia y de la temperatura, el ciclo de trabajo del
troceador de manera tal que el arreglo FV vea en todo
instante la impedancia óptima que permite entregar la
máxima potencia.
Interfaz
Gráfica
Base de
Datos
Modelo de
Simulación
Base de Datos de
PVSET 1.0
En Formato MS
Excel:
*Parámetros de
Módulos
Fotovoltaicos.
*Casos de estudio
generados por el
usuario.
En Formato *.m:
*Variables
Geográficas.
*Variables
Astronómicas.
*Variables
Ambientales.
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4. Fig. 4. Modelo detallado y esquema de control del sistema FV conectado a la red en el ambiente de MATLAB/Simulink
C. Interfaz Gráfica
El modelo implementado en Simulink demuestra ser
altamente eficiente y la simulación resulta tener buen
desempeño con respecto a los requerimientos
computacionales. Sin embargo, la visualización de las
variables de interés como ser la potencia generada, la
tensión y corriente de salida o la temperatura operativa del
arreglo no son de acceso práctico ya que algunos de los
bloques dedicados a visualizar estas variables se encuentran
en niveles jerárquicos distintos. Además, el ingreso de las
variables se torna desprolijo y no muy intuitivo para el
usuario que no está familiarizado con el modelo detallado
visto en la Fig. 4.
Es por esto, que se crea una interfaz la cual se muestra en
la Fig. 5 que relaciona al usuario con el modelo de Simulink
junto con la base de datos explicada anteriormente,
haciendo uso de la herramienta GUIDE contenida en el
entorno de programación de MATLAB [12 - 14]. Estos tres
módulos explicados en la Fig. 2 se interrelacionan entre
ellas como muestra el diagrama de flujo visto en la Fig. 6.
Primeramente, el software proporciona la opción de
cargar un caso de estudio a partir de una base de datos en
formato MS Excel la cual fue detallada en la sección III-A.
Si se opta por utilizar un caso guardado anteriormente por el
usuario, se procede a ejecutar la simulación desde la interfaz
gráfica. Internamente, el software envía una señal al modelo
detallado implementado en Simulink para que comience la
simulación con los datos contenidos en el caso seleccionado
y una vez finalizada dicha simulación, el usuario puede
escoger entre observar variables de interés tales como la
potencia generada (kW), tensión de salida del arreglo FV
(V), corriente de salida del arreglo FV (A), radiación directa
(W/m2
), radiación difusa (W/m2
), radiación reflejada
(W/m2
), radiación efectiva (W/m2
) y temperatura operativa
del arreglo FV (ºC) o también puede escoger la opción de
mostrar diagramas de operación (curvas I-V y curvas P-V).
Si el usuario opta por no utilizar un caso previamente
guardado y desea realizar un nuevo estudio, se deben
ingresar las variables geográficas, astronómicas,
ambientales y las propias del módulo FV de manera manual
o a partir de las bases de datos correspondientes.
Para ingresar los datos geográficos del emplazamiento
FV, se puede optar por utilizar datos de una base de datos o
se pueden cargar de forma manual. Una vez que se han
ingresado los datos geográficos los mismos pueden ser
graficados en un mapa de potencial solar extraído de la
referencia [15] a través de la herramienta “Plot”.
A continuación, se deben ingresar los datos astronómicos
de manera similar a la explicada para el caso de las
variables geográficas. Es decir, los mismos pueden ser
ingresados de forma manual o mediante parámetros
preestablecidos.
Siguiendo el diagrama de flujo de la Fig. 6, una vez
ingresados los datos astronómicos, se deben ingresar las
variables ambientales (irradiancia, temperatura ambiente,
albedo, velocidad del viento y condiciones meteorológicas
del cielo que influye en la emisividad del mismo).
Para completar la etapa de ingreso de datos, se deben
establecer los parámetros del módulo FV (corriente de
cortocircuito, tensión a circuito abierto, corriente a máxima
potencia, tensión a máxima potencia, temperatura operativa
a STC, coeficiente de temperatura de ISC y coeficiente de
temperatura de VOC).
Una vez que se tienen todos los parámetros cargados en
la interfaz principal se da inicio a la simulación mediante el
botón “RUN”, el cual envía una señal al modelo detallado
en Simulink. Finalizado el proceso de simulación, el usuario
tiene la opción de visualizar dos grupos de resultados en el
cual en el primero de ellos se muestran la variables de
interés (potencia generada, tensión y corriente de salida del
arreglo FV, radiación directa, difusa, reflejada y total que
incide en el arreglo y temperatura de operación) y en el otro
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5. grupo de resultados se muestran los diagramas de operación
(curvas I-V y curvas P-V).
Fig. 6. Diagrama de funcionamiento de PVSET 1.1.
Por último, el usuario tiene la alternativa de guardar el
actual caso de estudio en la correspondiente base de datos
para ser utilizado en otra ocasión.
IV.EJEMPLO DE APLICACIÓN
Para ilustrar el funcionamiento del PVSET 1.1 se han
realizado simulaciones a través de un periodo de tiempo y
se las han validado mediante mediciones llevadas a cabo en
el laboratorio de Sistemas Eléctricos de Potencia y Energías
Alternativas (SEPEA) del IEE sobre un módulo FV de 250
Wp. En la Fig. 7, se presenta la comparación entre la
trayectoria de la potencia de salida generada que se obtuvo
con la herramienta de simulación y la trayectoria obtenida
mediante mediciones.
Como puede observarse, existe una buena correlación
entre los resultados obtenidos mediante simulación y los
resultados obtenidos a través de mediciones llevadas a cabo
en el mismo periodo de tiempo considerado. Estos
resultados validan el funcionamiento y la precisión de la
herramienta presentada en el presente documento.
Fig. 7. Comparación entre la potencia de salida medida y la potencia de
salida obtenida de la herramienta PVSET 1.1.
Como resultado complementario también se puede
observar la trayectoria de la incidencia solar sobre el
emplazamiento fotovoltaico para distintos periodos del día
para una fecha y ubicación geográfica dada. En la Fig. 8 se
ve un gráfico tridimensional que permite observar la
inclinación del panel FV y la incidencia del sol que también
depende, como se dijo anteriormente, de la hora del día,
fecha del año y lugar geográfico.
Fig. 8. Incidencia sobre el módulo FV
Inicio
¿Utilizar casos
guardados?
¿Utilizar datos
geográficos desde
base de datos?
No
Si
Cargar datos
geográficos desde
base de datos
Si
Base de datos
geográficos
Cargar datos
manualmente
No
¿Utilizar datos
astronómicos por
defecto?
Si
Cargar datos
manualmente
No
Cargar datos
por defecto
¿Utilizar datos
ambientales por
defecto?
Si
Cargar datos
por defecto
Cargar datos
manualmente
¿Utilizar módulos
FV de base de
datos?
No
Seleccionar módulo
FV desde BD
Base de datos
en MS Excel
Si
Introducir
parámetros FV
manualmente
No
¿Utilizar parámetros
FV por defecto?
No
Iniciar
Simulación
Mostrar variables de
interés:
•Potencia Generada (kW).
•Tensióndel arreglo (V).
•Corriente de salida del
arreglo (A).
•Radiación directa
(W/m2).
•Radiación difusa (W/m2).
•Radiación reflejada
(W/m2).
•Radiación Efectiva
(W/m2).
•Temperatura del módulo
(ºC).
Mostrar diagramas de
operación:
•Curva Potencia-
Tensión(P-V).
•Curva Corriente-
Tensión(I-V).
Fin
Cargar
caso
guardado
Base de datos
en MS Excel
¿Graficar datos
geográficos?
No
Utilizar
herramienta “Plot”
Si
¿Graficar datos
astronómicos?
Utilizar
herramienta “Plot”
No
Si
Si
Cargar datos
por defecto
¿Guardarcaso
de estudio?
No
Si
Utilizar
herramienta
“Save”
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
07:51
08:36
09:21
10:06
10:51
11:36
12:21
13:06
13:51
14:36
15:21
16:06
16:51
17:36
18:21
Potencia
de
salida
generada
(W)
Tiempo
Simulación Medición
673
6. Fig. 5. Interfaz principal del software PVSET 1.1
V. CONCLUSIONES
La implementación de la Herramienta para Evaluación y
Simulación de Sistemas de Generación de Energía Solar
Fotovoltaica conectados a la red eléctrica denominada
PVSET en su versión 1.1 introduce un aporte muy
importante para el estudio tanto a nivel de investigación
como a nivel pedagógico. Esta ventaja se ve reflejada en el
hecho de que no es necesario que el usuario conozca
íntegramente el modelo detallado implementado en
Matlab/Simulink para realizar simulaciones en un
determinado caso de estudio. Además, la visualización en la
misma interfaz gráfica de los resultados obtenidos
simplifica considerablemente el análisis del caso,
permitiendo a su vez observar simultáneamente estos
resultados con los valores de las variables de entrada en una
misma pantalla optimizada para tal fin. También, es posible
definir diferentes dimensiones del arreglo FV mediante la
inserción del número de módulos por string y la cantidad de
strings en paralelo como puede verse en la Fig. (5).
Finalmente, la simulación llevada a cabo con el software
PVSET 1.1 arroja resultados que concuerdan con lo
estudiado en el estado del arte de los sistemas de conversión
de energía FV. También, mediante simulaciones y ensayos
de laboratorio se ha podido realizar una validación de
dichos resultados.
AGRADECIMIENTOS
Este trabajo fue realizado gracias al aporte del Instituto
de Energía Eléctrica de la Universidad Nacional de San
Juan y CONICET.
Se agradece a la Fundación Banco San Juan.
REFERENCIAS
[1] G. Massonet et al, Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics 2013-
2017. s.l.: European Photovoltaic Industrial Association, 2013.
[2] (2012) Mathworks. Matlab website. [En línea]. Disponible:
http://www.mathworks.com/products/matlab/.
[3] J. Duffie & W. Beckman, Solar Engineering of Thermal Process
(2nd ed.). s.l.: John Wiley & Sons, INC., 1980.
[4] S. Angrist. Direct energy conversion (2nd ed.). s.l.: Allyn and
Bacon (Boston), 1971
[5] J. Nelson. The Physics of Solar Cell. s.l.: Imperial College Press,
2003.
[6] Y. P. Varshni, Physica. s.l.: Utrecht, 1967.
[7] E. Espejo, Desarrollo de Software para Análisis, Diseño y
Evaluación de Parque Solar Fotovoltaico Conectado a la Red
Eléctrica, Instituto de Energía Eléctrica, Universidad Nacional de
San Juan, Argentina, Dic. 2012.
[8] M. Molina & P. Mercado. A New Control Strategy of Variable
Speed Wind Turbine Generator for Three-Phase Grid-Connected
Applications. s.l. : Transmission and Distribution Conference and
Exposition: Latin America, 2008 IEEE/PES.
[9] E. Lorenzo, Electricidad Solar. Ingeniería de los Sistemas
Fotovoltaicos. Progensa 1994.
[10] M. Molina, D. Pontoriero & P. Mercado. An efficient maximum-
power-point-tracking controller for grid connected phtovoltaic
energy conversion system. s.l. : Brazilian Journal of Power
Electronics, 2007.
[11] H. Johan Integrated Photovoltaic Maximum Power Point Tracking
Converter. s.l. : IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 1997.
[12] D. Barragán, Manual de interfaz gráfica de usuario en Matlab. 2007.
[13] G. Fernández, Creación de Interfaces Gráficas de Usuario (GUI)
con Matlab. s.l.: Córdoba Martos Salamanca, 2007
[14] (2012) Mathworks website. Open GUI Layout Editor. [En línea].
Disponible: http://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/ref/guide.html.
[15] K. Kawajiri, T. Oozeki & Y. Genchi. Effect of Temperature on PV
Potential in the World. s.l. : Environmental Science & Technology,
2011, 45 (20), pp 9030–9035.
Emmanuel J. Espejo nació en la Capital de San Juan, Argentina en
1986. En 2012, obtuvo el título de Ingeniero Eléctrico en la Universidad
Nacional de San Juan (UNSJ). Desde Diciembre de 2010 hasta Marzo de
2013 fue auxiliar de investigación en el proyecto “Estimación del costo
de la energía no suministrada en usuarios residenciales” en el Instituto de
Energía Eléctrica (IEE) donde actualmente realiza estudios de maestría
en ingeniería eléctrica. Su campo de investigación actual incluye
modelado y simulación de sistemas de conversión fotovoltaicos,
desarrollo de técnicas de control en energías renovables y análisis de
sistemas de suministro de energía eléctrica.
Marcelo G. Molina nació en San Juan, Argentina. Se graduó
summa cum laude como Ingeniero Electrónico en la UNSJ, Argentina, en
1997 y recibió el doctorado egresando de la UNSJ en 2004. De 2005 a
2007 trabajó como Investigador Post-Doctoral del Consejo Nacional de
Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) en el IEE de la UNSJ.
En 2009 fue Profesor visitante en la Universidad de Siegen, Alemania,
financiado por el Servicio Alemán de Intercambio Académico (DAAD).
En 2004, se convirtió en Profesor Asistente en la UNSJ y fue promovido
a Profesor Asociado en 2011. Desde 2008, el Dr. Molina es Investigador
del CONICET y en 2011 fue nombrado Sub-Director del IEE en la UNSJ.
Sus intereses de Investigación incluyen modelado, análisis y control de
sistemas eléctricos de potencia, electrónica de potencia y accionamientos
eléctricos, tecnologías de microrredes y redes inteligentes, recursos de
energía distribuida con énfasis en generación distribuida y renovable, y
la aplicación de almacenamiento de energía en sistemas de potencia.
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