ITRPV and customers feedback show that there is a shift towards bifacial modules, however a concern on how to correctly test bifacial modules. Eternal Sun Group has together with research and development institutes like ECN looked at the complications and implications hereof.
Maximum Power Point Tracking Method for Single Phase Grid Connected PV System...Ali Mahmood
Ordinary technique fail to ensure successful tracking of the maximum power point under partial shading conditions (PSC). This performs in significant reduction in the power generated as well as the reliability of the photovoltaic energy production system. For the effective utilization of solar panel under partial shading condition (PSC), maximum power point tracking method (MPPT) is required.
Improving efficiency of Photovoltaic System with Neural Network Based MPPT Co...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Maximum Power Point Tracking of PV Arrays using Different TechniquesIJERA Editor
The increasing demand for electricity and depleting fossil fuels made the solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems to be a better alternative for the future power requirements. The fact that the output of the PV system is dependent upon the solar irradiance and temperature demands a means to maximize the output of the PV system by continuously tracking the maximum power point(MPP) under changing atmospheric conditions. This paper presents the design and implementation of various techniques like perturb and observe (P&O) method, incremental conductance method, constant current method and constant voltage method. The performance of the techniques have been analyzed through simulation
Partial Shade Detection for PV Solar Panels via CUSUM AlgorithmUzair Akbar
The quality of power supply from photovoltaic solar panels is very sensitive to shading effects of single or multiple cells. The energy yield of a partially shaded photovoltaic system is much lower than we could assume from the mean solar irradiance. Some of the power loss due to partial shading can however be reduced by removing any shading objects that might appear when shade is detected on the solar panels.
The present work studies a method for real-time detection of partial shade on solar panels by monitoring the output power. We use the sequential change point detection algorithm CUmulative SUM (CUSUM) to detect any sudden deviation in the output power time series, and to raise an alarm for the user.
The experimental results on the output power of real photovoltaic panels show that our proposed approach can detect partial shading with low delay and high accuracy.
Novel technique in charactarizing a pv module using pulse width modulatoreSAT Journals
Abstract The fabrication and characterization of PV modules are always done under standard test conditions (STC). However, The condition of operation are often far from thisstandard conditions. As a result, developing a characterization circuit is considered as a point of interest for researchers.This paper presents a new methodology in characterizing a PV module using an electronic load circuit. The circuit is implemented using a power MOSFET driven by a pulse width modulator (PWM) developed by LABVIEW. The system is tested and its results are validated by comparing it with simulation results performed by Comsol Multiphysics and Matlab. The system shows high accuracy with respect to the previous published work with lower cost and higher simplicity. Keywords: Photovoltaic, Characterization, Electronic load, and Pulse width modulation (PWM)…
Maximum Power Point Tracking Method for Single Phase Grid Connected PV System...Ali Mahmood
Ordinary technique fail to ensure successful tracking of the maximum power point under partial shading conditions (PSC). This performs in significant reduction in the power generated as well as the reliability of the photovoltaic energy production system. For the effective utilization of solar panel under partial shading condition (PSC), maximum power point tracking method (MPPT) is required.
Improving efficiency of Photovoltaic System with Neural Network Based MPPT Co...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Maximum Power Point Tracking of PV Arrays using Different TechniquesIJERA Editor
The increasing demand for electricity and depleting fossil fuels made the solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems to be a better alternative for the future power requirements. The fact that the output of the PV system is dependent upon the solar irradiance and temperature demands a means to maximize the output of the PV system by continuously tracking the maximum power point(MPP) under changing atmospheric conditions. This paper presents the design and implementation of various techniques like perturb and observe (P&O) method, incremental conductance method, constant current method and constant voltage method. The performance of the techniques have been analyzed through simulation
Partial Shade Detection for PV Solar Panels via CUSUM AlgorithmUzair Akbar
The quality of power supply from photovoltaic solar panels is very sensitive to shading effects of single or multiple cells. The energy yield of a partially shaded photovoltaic system is much lower than we could assume from the mean solar irradiance. Some of the power loss due to partial shading can however be reduced by removing any shading objects that might appear when shade is detected on the solar panels.
The present work studies a method for real-time detection of partial shade on solar panels by monitoring the output power. We use the sequential change point detection algorithm CUmulative SUM (CUSUM) to detect any sudden deviation in the output power time series, and to raise an alarm for the user.
The experimental results on the output power of real photovoltaic panels show that our proposed approach can detect partial shading with low delay and high accuracy.
Novel technique in charactarizing a pv module using pulse width modulatoreSAT Journals
Abstract The fabrication and characterization of PV modules are always done under standard test conditions (STC). However, The condition of operation are often far from thisstandard conditions. As a result, developing a characterization circuit is considered as a point of interest for researchers.This paper presents a new methodology in characterizing a PV module using an electronic load circuit. The circuit is implemented using a power MOSFET driven by a pulse width modulator (PWM) developed by LABVIEW. The system is tested and its results are validated by comparing it with simulation results performed by Comsol Multiphysics and Matlab. The system shows high accuracy with respect to the previous published work with lower cost and higher simplicity. Keywords: Photovoltaic, Characterization, Electronic load, and Pulse width modulation (PWM)…
Impact of solar radiation and temperature levels on the variation of the seri...eSAT Journals
Abstract It is well-known that the efficiency of silicon-based photovoltaic modules decreases with temperature. This paper discusses the
variation of series and shunt resistances of PV modules with temperature which affect their efficiencies. A tool, “MY PV TOOL”,
has been developed to help in simulating the variations of series and shunt resistances for different levels of solar radiation and
temperature using experimental measurements as well as theoretical equations of the PV module.
Keywords: Solar Radiation, Solar Temperature, Shunt Resistors, Photovoltaic Modules
Energy Harvesting Using Adaptive Duty-Cycling Algorithm - Wireless Sensor Net...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: With the wide spread use of wireless sensor network, the management of the energy resources has become a topic of reseaech. Wireless sensor nodes which harvest energy from the environment have become an to battery hooped up nodes. Requirements for economical use of the extracted energy led to development of algorithms that manage the node functions depending on the amount of collected energy. This article introduces a unique solution of adaptively setting the duty-cycle of a wireless sensor nodes so as to maximize its monitoring lifetime. The developed algorithms are particularly suited to energy harvesting wireless sensor networks situated in locations where energy is scarce or where harvested power exhibits ample diurnal or seasonal variation. The results described in this article shows that the proposed wireless sensor network architecture can represent a viable solution for monitoring indoor environments characterized by low illumination. The setup was tested and validated under various lighting conditions, using the adaptive techniques described in the paper.
A solar PV array system is comprised of the following components - solar cells, panel modules, and an array system. Thus, overall optimal design of a solar PV system involves the optimal design of the components at three levels - solar cell, panel module, and array. In the present work, a comparison between different optimization methods is applied to design optimization of single channel Photovoltaic (SCPVT) system. The purpose of these methodologies is to obtain optimum values of the design parameters of SCPVT system, such that the overall economic profit is maximized throughout the PV system lifetime operational period which is not directly calculated in our work rather energy efficiency is calculated . Out of many design parameters available for this system, in the present work only few parameters are taken. The optimal design parameters chosen here are length of channel, depth of channel, velocity of fluid in the cell, and temperature of the cell. The objective function of the proposed optimization algorithm which is Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) implemented for design optimization of the system is the energy efficiency, which has to be maximized.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Modeling and Simulation of Solar Photovoltaic module using Matlab/SimulinkIOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper presents the circuit model of photovoltaic (PV) module. Simulation and modeling is done
using MATLAB/ Simulink software package. The proposed model is user friendly and can be used as a common
platform for both applied physics scientist and power electronics engineers. A detailed modeling procedure is
presented. The designed model is verified by using STP255-20/Wd PV module. The IV and PV characteristics
are simulated at different temperature and irradiance conditions and the results are verified. The proposed
model is very simple fast and accurate. The designed model can be used for analysis of PV characteristics and
for simulation of maximum power point tracking algorithms
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms are employed in photovoltaic (PV) systems to make full utilization of PV array output power, which have a complex relationship between ambient temperature and solar irradiation. The power-voltage characteristic of PV array operating under partial shading conditions (PSC) exhibits multiple local maximum power points (LMPP). In this paper, an advanced algorithm has been presented to track the global maximum power point (GMPP) of PV. Compared with the Perturb and Observe (P&O) techniques, the algorithm proposed the advantages of determining the location of GMPP whether partial shading is present.
Modelling of fuzzy logic controller for variable step mppt in photovoltaic sy...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The output power of photovoltaic electrical systems is highly dynamic and non-linear in nature. In order to extract maximum power
from such systems, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique is required. MPPT techniques with variable step-size of
perturbation track the maximum power point (MPP) with more efficiency. In this paper, a model of a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) for
determining the step-size of perturbation in duty-cycle of a photovoltaic electrical system to track MPP is presented. The model is
simulated in MATLAB/Simulink®.
Keywords: Maximum power point tracking, perturb and observe, boost converter, fuzzy logic control, membership
function, crisp universe, centre of area, pulse width modulation
Modeling and Simulation of a Photovoltaic Field for 13 KW IJECEIAES
In the future solar energy will be very important source of energy. More than 45% of needed energy in the world will be generated by photovoltaic module. Therefore it is necessary to concentrate our efforts in order to reduce the application costs .This work investigates on the modeling of a Stand Alone Power System focusing on Photovoltaic energy systems. We introduce the models of the system components Therefore a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique is needed to track the peak power in order to make full utilization of PV array output power under varying conditions. This paper presents two widely-adopted MPPT algorithms, perturbation & observation (P&O) and incremental conductance (IC).A complete characterization and simulation model was implemented in the MatlabSimulink environment. Design complete system is done to analyze its behavior for a typical year, with the aim to evaluate their energetic effectiveness.
An Intelligent Technique By Using The Method of Constant Coefficient of Short...Ali Mahmood
Photovoltaic (PV) system is extensively increasing since it is clean,
pollution free, and inexhaustible and by consider available resource as a future
energy supply. The PV array output power is used to directly control the Pulse-width
modulation (PWM), dc/dc boost converter, thereby reducing the complexity of the
system. The resulting system has high efficiency with lower cost. This paper presents
an improved Constant Coefficient of Short Circuit Current (CCSCC) Maximum Power
Point Tracking (MPPT) technique under PWM control of photovoltaic (PV) power
generation systems to obtain the maximum output power. The solar panel is
modelled and analyzed in MATLAB/SIMULINK.
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.
When the irradiance distribution over the photovoltaic panels is uniform, the pursuit of the maximum power point is not reached, which has allowed several researchers to use traditional MPPT techniques to solve this problem Among these techniques a PSO algorithm is used to have the maximum global power point (GMPPT) under partial shading. On the other hand, this one is not reliable vis-à-vis the pursuit of the MPPT. Therefore, in this paper we have treated another technique based on a new modified PSO algorithm so that the power can reach its maximum point. The PSO algorithm is based on the heuristic method which guarantees not only the obtaining of MPPT but also the simplicity of control and less expensive of the system. The results are obtained using MATLAB show that the proposed modified PSO algorithm performs better than conventional PSO and is robust to different partial shading models.
Impact of solar radiation and temperature levels on the variation of the seri...eSAT Journals
Abstract It is well-known that the efficiency of silicon-based photovoltaic modules decreases with temperature. This paper discusses the
variation of series and shunt resistances of PV modules with temperature which affect their efficiencies. A tool, “MY PV TOOL”,
has been developed to help in simulating the variations of series and shunt resistances for different levels of solar radiation and
temperature using experimental measurements as well as theoretical equations of the PV module.
Keywords: Solar Radiation, Solar Temperature, Shunt Resistors, Photovoltaic Modules
Energy Harvesting Using Adaptive Duty-Cycling Algorithm - Wireless Sensor Net...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: With the wide spread use of wireless sensor network, the management of the energy resources has become a topic of reseaech. Wireless sensor nodes which harvest energy from the environment have become an to battery hooped up nodes. Requirements for economical use of the extracted energy led to development of algorithms that manage the node functions depending on the amount of collected energy. This article introduces a unique solution of adaptively setting the duty-cycle of a wireless sensor nodes so as to maximize its monitoring lifetime. The developed algorithms are particularly suited to energy harvesting wireless sensor networks situated in locations where energy is scarce or where harvested power exhibits ample diurnal or seasonal variation. The results described in this article shows that the proposed wireless sensor network architecture can represent a viable solution for monitoring indoor environments characterized by low illumination. The setup was tested and validated under various lighting conditions, using the adaptive techniques described in the paper.
A solar PV array system is comprised of the following components - solar cells, panel modules, and an array system. Thus, overall optimal design of a solar PV system involves the optimal design of the components at three levels - solar cell, panel module, and array. In the present work, a comparison between different optimization methods is applied to design optimization of single channel Photovoltaic (SCPVT) system. The purpose of these methodologies is to obtain optimum values of the design parameters of SCPVT system, such that the overall economic profit is maximized throughout the PV system lifetime operational period which is not directly calculated in our work rather energy efficiency is calculated . Out of many design parameters available for this system, in the present work only few parameters are taken. The optimal design parameters chosen here are length of channel, depth of channel, velocity of fluid in the cell, and temperature of the cell. The objective function of the proposed optimization algorithm which is Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) implemented for design optimization of the system is the energy efficiency, which has to be maximized.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Modeling and Simulation of Solar Photovoltaic module using Matlab/SimulinkIOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper presents the circuit model of photovoltaic (PV) module. Simulation and modeling is done
using MATLAB/ Simulink software package. The proposed model is user friendly and can be used as a common
platform for both applied physics scientist and power electronics engineers. A detailed modeling procedure is
presented. The designed model is verified by using STP255-20/Wd PV module. The IV and PV characteristics
are simulated at different temperature and irradiance conditions and the results are verified. The proposed
model is very simple fast and accurate. The designed model can be used for analysis of PV characteristics and
for simulation of maximum power point tracking algorithms
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms are employed in photovoltaic (PV) systems to make full utilization of PV array output power, which have a complex relationship between ambient temperature and solar irradiation. The power-voltage characteristic of PV array operating under partial shading conditions (PSC) exhibits multiple local maximum power points (LMPP). In this paper, an advanced algorithm has been presented to track the global maximum power point (GMPP) of PV. Compared with the Perturb and Observe (P&O) techniques, the algorithm proposed the advantages of determining the location of GMPP whether partial shading is present.
Modelling of fuzzy logic controller for variable step mppt in photovoltaic sy...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The output power of photovoltaic electrical systems is highly dynamic and non-linear in nature. In order to extract maximum power
from such systems, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique is required. MPPT techniques with variable step-size of
perturbation track the maximum power point (MPP) with more efficiency. In this paper, a model of a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) for
determining the step-size of perturbation in duty-cycle of a photovoltaic electrical system to track MPP is presented. The model is
simulated in MATLAB/Simulink®.
Keywords: Maximum power point tracking, perturb and observe, boost converter, fuzzy logic control, membership
function, crisp universe, centre of area, pulse width modulation
Modeling and Simulation of a Photovoltaic Field for 13 KW IJECEIAES
In the future solar energy will be very important source of energy. More than 45% of needed energy in the world will be generated by photovoltaic module. Therefore it is necessary to concentrate our efforts in order to reduce the application costs .This work investigates on the modeling of a Stand Alone Power System focusing on Photovoltaic energy systems. We introduce the models of the system components Therefore a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique is needed to track the peak power in order to make full utilization of PV array output power under varying conditions. This paper presents two widely-adopted MPPT algorithms, perturbation & observation (P&O) and incremental conductance (IC).A complete characterization and simulation model was implemented in the MatlabSimulink environment. Design complete system is done to analyze its behavior for a typical year, with the aim to evaluate their energetic effectiveness.
An Intelligent Technique By Using The Method of Constant Coefficient of Short...Ali Mahmood
Photovoltaic (PV) system is extensively increasing since it is clean,
pollution free, and inexhaustible and by consider available resource as a future
energy supply. The PV array output power is used to directly control the Pulse-width
modulation (PWM), dc/dc boost converter, thereby reducing the complexity of the
system. The resulting system has high efficiency with lower cost. This paper presents
an improved Constant Coefficient of Short Circuit Current (CCSCC) Maximum Power
Point Tracking (MPPT) technique under PWM control of photovoltaic (PV) power
generation systems to obtain the maximum output power. The solar panel is
modelled and analyzed in MATLAB/SIMULINK.
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.
When the irradiance distribution over the photovoltaic panels is uniform, the pursuit of the maximum power point is not reached, which has allowed several researchers to use traditional MPPT techniques to solve this problem Among these techniques a PSO algorithm is used to have the maximum global power point (GMPPT) under partial shading. On the other hand, this one is not reliable vis-à-vis the pursuit of the MPPT. Therefore, in this paper we have treated another technique based on a new modified PSO algorithm so that the power can reach its maximum point. The PSO algorithm is based on the heuristic method which guarantees not only the obtaining of MPPT but also the simplicity of control and less expensive of the system. The results are obtained using MATLAB show that the proposed modified PSO algorithm performs better than conventional PSO and is robust to different partial shading models.
This paper investigates the performances of different photovoltaic (PV) array under several shading condition. Four types of photovoltaic array configuration scheme which are ‘Series’ (S), Series-Parallel’ (SP), Total-Cross-Tied’ (TCT), and ‘Bridge-Link’ (BL) array topologies were tested by applying a 6x6 PV array under 6 different shading scenarios. The modeling is developed using Matlab/Simulink. The performances and output characteristics of photovoltaic array are compared and analyzed. System engineer can use the detailed characteristics of different array configuration to approximate the outcome power and pick the best configuration of the system by concerning the current natural condition to enhance the overall efficiency.
Development of a photovoltaic characteristics generator based on mathematical...IJECEIAES
A good study of photovoltaic system requests to have very precise current-voltage characteristic curves of photovoltaic modules for different technologies. The photovoltaic emulator provides an efficient solution to maintain the same current-voltage output of photovoltaic module. It includes three parts: the PV model, the control strategy, and the power converter. This paper provides three classes of modeling and simulation of photovoltaic arrays and presents the synthesis results of the current-voltage characteristic performances obtained by the modeling approaches. The models of the first class are based on electrical circuit model, those of the second class are based on multiple straight lines model, and for the third class, it is based on the look up table. The mathematical model is built using MATLAB/ Simulink, and an experimental bench was carried out to acquire an up-to-date and representative experimental database of four PV panels. This database is used for the validation of these models for the different PV panel technologies under Moroccan meteorological conditions. Following this comparative study, we came to a high agreement between the experimental and simulated current-voltage characteristics for the emulator under study.
Comparative analysis of evolutionary-based maximum power point tracking for ...IJECEIAES
The characteristics of the photovoltaic module are affected by the level of solar irradiation and the ambient temperature. These characteristics are depicted in a V-P curve. In the V-P curve, a line is drawn that shows the response of changes in output power to the level of solar irradiation and the response to changes in voltage to ambient temperature. Under partial shading conditions, photovoltaic (PV) modules experience non-uniform irradiation. This causes the V-P curve to have more than one maximum power point (MPP). The MPP with the highest value is called the global MPP, while the other MPP is the local MPP. The conventional MPP tracking technique cannot overcome this partial shading condition because it will be trapped in the local MPP. This article discusses the MPP tracking technique using an evolutionary algorithm (EA). The EAs analyzed in this article are genetic algorithm (GA), firefly algorithm (FA), and fruit fly optimization (FFO). The performance of MPP tracking is shown by comparing the value of the output power, accuracy, time, and tracking effectiveness. The performance analysis for the partial shading case was carried out on various populations and generations.
Valuation and Determination of Seven and Five Parameters of Photovoltaic Gene...Ah Roueiha
The mathematical modeling of solar cells is essential for any optimization operation of the efficiency or the diagnosis of photovoltaic generator. The photovoltaic module is generally represented by an equivalent circuit whose parameters are experimentally calculated by using the characteristic current-tension, I-V. The precise determination of these parameters stays a challenge for the researchers, making to a big difference in the models and the digital methods dedicated to their characterizations. In the present paper, We are interested to characterize the parameters of single diode and two diodes models, in order to plan the behavior of the photovoltaic generator under real functioning conditions. We developed an identification method of the parameters using Newton Raphson method by using the software Matlab/Simulink. This method is the faster technique which allows the identification of several parameters and can be used in real time applications. The results of the proposed method show an accordance with the experimental and simulated characteristics of photovoltaic generator.
Fuzzy Sliding Mode Control for Photovoltaic SystemIJPEDS-IAES
In this study, a fuzzy sliding mode control (FSMC) based maximum power point tracking strategy has been applied for photovoltaic (PV) system. The key idea of the proposed technique is to combine the performances of the fuzzy logic and the sliding mode control in order to improve the generated power for a given set of climatic conditions. Different from traditional sliding mode control, the developed FSMC integrates two parts. The first part uses a fuzzy logic controller with two inputs and 25 rules as an equivalent controller while the second part is designed for an online adjusting of the switching controller’s gain using a fuzzy tuner with one input and one output. Simulation results showed the effectiveness of the proposed approach achieving maximum power point. The fuzzy sliding mode (FSM) controller takes less time to track the maximum power point, reduced the oscillation around the operating point and also removed the chattering phenomena that could lead to decrease the efficiency of the photovoltaic system.
A NOVEL APPROACH TO OBTAIN MAXIMUM POWER OUTPUT FROM SOLAR PANEL USING PSOijsrd.com
The configuration of a most extreme force point following (MPPT) controller for a sun based photovoltaic force framework is proposed using a help converter topology utilizing PSO calculation. Sunlight based board voltage and current are consistently checked by a shut circle focused around PSO microcontroller control framework, and the obligation cycle of the help converter persistently changed in accordance with concentrate greatest force. Framework testing affirms crest force following under changing lighting conditions. Under particular conditions, efficiencies in overabundance of 96% are demonstrated to be conceivable.
EFFECT OF HOT-SPOTTED CELL ON PV MODULE PERFORMANCEIAEME Publication
In this paper, the effects of the hot-spotted cell on PV module were evaluated. The
experimental observation was based on 100 kW PV array composed of 20 PV modules.
It was found that an increasing number of hot-spotted solar cells in a PV module would
likely increase its output power loss. It was also noticed that most of the PV modules
affected by hot-spotted PV string are relatively affected by high-temperature levels,
dust, and Partial shading due to trees or tall vegetation. Furthermore, the average
performance ratio (PR) and degradation rate (DR) of all examined PV modules were
analyzed. PR was observed to have a higher value of 0.78 in a non-hot-spotted PV array,
whereas low PR of 0.65 was observed in a hot-spotted PV array. High DR of 3.13/year
was observed in hot-spotted PV array; while low DR of 1.48/year was found in a module
with no hot-spot. It was evident that the mean PR is significantly reduced due to the
existence of hot-spots in the PV modules. DR was also increased due to hot-spot in the
PV array. Hence, it is important to select materials that have the highest thermal
stability to avoid mild hot spot situations that will lead to immediate damage of the
panel. Hot-spot study analysis will help increase PV lifetime power output by detecting
and preventing hot spotting before it permanently damages the PV panel.
Experimental study of the effects of tilt, shading, and temperature on photov...Colin Moynihan
The effect of tilt, temperature, and shading on the performance of PV panels was investigated. Dataloggers were used for real-time collection of solar radiation, temperature and power output data. Through the analysis of the PV panel design and collected data, optimal environmental conditions were determined.
Solar Module Modeling, Simulation And Validation Under Matlab / SimulinkIJERA Editor
Solar modules are systems which convert sunlight into electricity using the physics of semiconductors. Mathematical modeling of these systems uses weather data such as irradiance and temperature as inputs. It provides the current, voltage or power as outputs, which allows plot the characteristic giving the intensity I as a function of voltage V for photovoltaic cells. In this work, we have developed a model for a diode of a Photovoltaic module under the Matlab / Simulink environment. From this model, we have plotted the characteristic curves I-V and P-V of solar cell for different values of temperature and sunlight. The validation has been done by comparing the experimental curve with power from a solar panel HORONYA 20W type with that obtained by the model.
THERMAL FAULT DETECTION SYSTEM FOR PV SOLAR MODULESelelijjournal
Photovoltaic (PV) modules used to convert sunlight into electricity. PV researches and industries are
rapidly becoming popular in the energy field since PV technologies do not harm to environment and use
sun which is unlimited energy source. Nowadays, many applications are realized with photovoltaic (PV)
modules in different areas such as buildings, aviation, solar power plants, land and sea transportations,
etc. Construction, operation and maintenance of solar PV system are not easy and complex. There are
many methods for PV plants inspection such as visual inspection, using current sensors, comparing the
input and output power units of PV modules, and thermal monitoring with infrared cameras. Monitoring
the differences on the PV module output voltage by means of sensors is the most appropriate methods but it
is very expensive solution since there are thousand PV modules in some plants. Thermal monitoring system
is more suitable method for large PV plants’ inspection. Because, it reduces the fault detection costs and
provide shorten maintenance time. The main aim of this paper is to investigate thermal monitoring of the
PV solar modules and realize image processing by thermal radiation on PV modules. For this purpose, it is
created a wireless directable robotic vehicle which has RF and thermal camera, two brushless hub motor
and X-Bee modules to send direction commands. In this way, the robot moves between the panels and sent
data for user whether there is fault on the panels or not. The test results indicate that PV module faults are
detected effectively by using thermal cameras.
A Novel Approach on Photovoltaic Technologies for Power Injection in Grid Usi...IJERA Editor
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Eternal Sun Group - Bifacial measurements, towards a new norm!
1. Towards Developing a Standard for Testing Bifacial PV Modules:
Single-Side versus Double-Side Illumination Method I-V Measurements
Under Different Irradiance and Temperature
Stefan Roest1
, Witek Nawara1
, Bas B. Van Aken2
and Elias Garcia Goma1
1
Eternal Sun Group, Den Haag, Zuid-Holland, Wolga 11 2491 BK, The Netherlands
2
ECN Solar Energy, Petten, Noord-Holland, Westerduinweg 3 1755 LE, The Netherlands
Abstract—Industrial production of bifacial photovoltaic mod-
ules is becoming more and more cost-effective in recent years.
For this reason, the development of an agreed international
standard test that provides the guidelines to measure the
current-voltage characteristics of bifacial modules, especially
under standard test conditions, is of utmost importance [1].
In order to contribute to the international norm, the goal of
this research is to compare the two main bifacial indoor testing
methods under several irradiance and temperature conditions,
combining a flash simulator and a steady-state simulator. Among
other insights, the results successfully quantify the offset in
maximum power measurements between methods.
Index Terms—bifacial, standard, characterization, single side,
double side.
I. INTRODUCTION
Due to technological advancements regarding bifacial mod-
ules, including enhanced energy output gain and reduced costs
associated with extra processing steps, it is becoming more
and more attractive for the industry to invest in this market.
Currently, some companies already manufacture and sell
commercial bifacial PV modules, with an installed capacity
of over 120 MWp by the end of 2016 [2]. Additionally,
it is expected that bifacial modules will represent 25% of
the market share in 10 years [3]. Thus, the development of
an agreed international standard test method that allows to
benchmark different bifacial cells and modules becomes more
and more demanded by the PV community.
The main goal of such standard is to describe how to
measure and report the current-voltage characteristics of a
module with both sides being illuminated simultaneously with
an irradiance GF for the front and GR for the rear. However,
if only one solar simulator is available, the front side shall
be illuminated with an equivalent irradiance, abbreviated as
GE, greater than GF and that compensates for the absence
of GR. Furthermore, any irradiance on the non-illuminated
side should be minimised, e.g. by preventing reflection on
objects behind the module by covering the rear with a non-
reflecting plate. This method is referred in this report as single
side illumination method. Finally, when a double simulator
indoor testing setup is available, the bifacial module can be
simultaneously illuminated in front and rear side with GF and
GR, respectively, and thus its current-voltage characteristics
under bifacial operation can be measured and reported. This
Fig. 1. Schematic of the two main methods for testing bifacial
PV modules.
method is referred in this report as double side illumination
method. Both methods are represented in Fig. 1.
Previous works by Deline et al., have validated single
side method current-voltage measurements, by comparing the
maximum power measurements with outdoor experimental
data [4]. The research of Deline et al. shows that maxi-
mum power measurements employing the indoor single side
method agree within 1%-2% with outdoor bifacial data, for
a GR range up to 0.3GF. However, a comparison between
current-voltage measurements employing the indoor double
side method and the indoor single side method has not yet
been assessed in literature. The goal of this paper is to perform
such comparison in order to account and quantify for any
possible divergences on the electrical parameters that both
methods might yield.
To do so, first an assessment of the basic solar sim-
ulator spectrum and sweep time requirements for testing
high efficiency modules, which involves a big share of the
current bifacial modules, is carried out. Secondly, single side
illumination IV measurements on the front and rear side
of a bifacial module at different irradiance are performed.
Then, the technical considerations surrounding the double
simulator setup are analysed. Finally, double side illumination
measurements on the same module are performed and its
output compared with the single side illumination results.
II. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
In order to analyze the effect of sweep time and direction
on high efficiency modules, a series of IV measurements
under STC conditions are performed on a monofacial n-type
2. Fig. 2. Single side illumination measurement setup.
Fig. 3. Detail of a junction box shading two cells of the bifacial
module.
heterojunction solar module using a flash solar simulator. The
sweep time is increased in steps of 10 ms from 10 to 230 ms.
Forward and reverse sweep are also considered. Regarding
spectrum, the spectral response of the front side of a n-type
PERT bifacial cell is carried out, and based on it, a suitable
simulator spectrum is discussed.
For the single side illumination measurement, a tabletop
flash simulator SPI-SUN 3500 is employed, as shown in Fig.
2. The device under test employed in the measurements is a
60 cell n-type PERT mono-crystalline bifacial PV module.
In more detail, the module is glass-glass and frameless.
Additionally, the cells are series connected and the module
has three by-pass diodes, embedded in three junction boxes,
dividing the module in three sets of two strings each. It
has to be noted, however, that the junction boxes partially
shade the cells of the short-edge from the rear side, as shown
in Fig. 3. During these measurements, the module is kept
at room temperature (25 ◦
C ± 2 ◦
C), which is measured
with a thermocouple attached on top of the glass of the non-
illuminated side, very close to a cell from the edge, but not
shading it. If the measurement is not exactly at 25 ◦
C, it is
Fig. 4. Double side illumination measurement setup.
corrected to it following the guidelines of IEC 60891 [5].
The double side illumination setup is mounted by rolling a
steady-state solar simulator LA150200 on top of the tabletop
flash simulator, as illustrated in Fig. 4. In order to analyze the
technical considerations of using two different light sources, a
series of parameters are analyzed. Firstly, a uniformity map of
the test area is carried out for both sides using a reference cell
placed in each of the sixty spots where the cells of the module
would be, forming a six per ten uniformity map. Secondly,
the spectral response of the two reference cells employed for
recording front and rear irradiance is analysed. Afterwards,
the reflections induced by the albedo of the top simulator are
analyzed by comparing single side measurements with and
without the steady state simulator on top of the setup.
Finally, the double side illumination measurements are
carried out with the same module used for single side. In order
to reproduce similar conditions to those found in real life, the
irradiance of the LA150200, which illuminates the rear side,
is set to its two lower values, 115 W/m2
and 200 W/m2
.
In order to compare the double side measurements to the
single side measurements, GE is calculated as shown in (1), by
using the lower value between the short-circuit current ISC and
the maximum power PMAX bifaciality coefficients, φIsc and
φP max, respectively. These coefficients are the ratio between
ISC or PMAX generated by the module when illuminated at
standard test conditions (STC) on the rear side compared to
the front side, as shown in (2) an (3).
GE = GF + Min(φIsc, φP M AX) ∗ GR (1)
φIsc =
ISC,rear
ISC,f ront
(2)
φP max =
PM AX,rear
PM AX,f ront
(3)
Finally, it is to be noted that when illuminating the rear
side with low irradiance from the steady state simulator,
3. Fig. 5. Relative power deviation as a function of sweep length
for a heterojunction monofacial module.
the bifacial module would raise its temperature from room
temperature to 30 ◦
C. For a better comparison of methods,
also this measurements are corrected to room temperature
following the guidelines of IEC 60891 [5].
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Technical Considerations for High Efficiency Module
Measurements
Fig. 5 shows the relative deviation in maximum power
of a high efficiency module depending on whether the IV
sweep is done forward or backwards. As it can be observed,
a greater sweep time reduces the gap and gets closer to the
true maximum power. Therefore, the upcoming single and
double side measurements will be performed at the highest
sweep time possible in the single and double side setup.
Fig. 6 presents the spectral response of a cell of the same
type as the ones used in the bifacial module under test in
this paper. It can be observed that this type of cell is able to
convert light from 300 to 1200 nm, thus a suitable simulator
with same light spectrum shall be employed for accurate
measurements, covering this entire wavelength range, as it
is shown in Fig. 7.
B. Single Side Characterization
IV curve measurements were taken for front and for rear
illumination under each irradiance setting. For all the settings
the general behaviour of the curves was the same. Therefore,
when discussing IV curves only one irradiance setting is
taken. Fig. 8 shows the IV curves of the PV module when
illuminated separately from the front and from the rear side
at the same intensity, in this case, 800 W/m2
. As it can
be observed, the front side generates higher ISC and greater
PMAX, while the VOC for both situations remains very close.
The main difference, however, comes in the FF. Looking at
the shape of the IV curves, the rear side presents a plateau
caused by the shading of the junction boxes shown in Fig.
3. In fact, a change in height in the plateau can be observed,
meaning that one of the strings is being slightly more shaded.
The reason behind this drop in ISC but not in PMAX, and
Fig. 6. Normalised spextral response of a n-type mono-
crystalline solar cell used in the bifacial module.
Fig. 7. Bins showing nominal AM 1.5 spectrum, limits of
class A (±25%) and A+ (±12.5%) spectrum, and the nominal
spectrum of a simulator that complies class A+ (PASS).
therefore change in FF, is that the ISC of each string in the
module will be limited to that of the lowest performing cell,
and so will the maximum power point current IMPP; however,
in the PMAX region the maximum power point voltage VMPP
will shift to the right and PMAX will not be greatly affected.
Besides shading, other possible causes of difference in IV
curve shape between front and rear can be, although to a lesser
extent, a higher mismatch between cells when irradiated from
the rear side, since in manufacturing they are normally only
binned according to front performance.
Fig. 9 shows ISC versus irradiance for front and rear
illumination. As it can be observed, the ISC evolution versus
irradiance is linear for both front and rear, however they
do increase at different rates, proportional to their spectral
response. As a result, φIsc remains constant as 0.785 ± 0.005
through the entire range of irradiance measurements, as shown
in Fig. 10, where it can be seen that φP max exhibits similar
4. Fig. 8. Front and rear IV measurements of a bifacial module
under 800 W/m2
.
Fig. 9. ISC versus irradiance for front and rear IV measure-
ments on a bifacial module.
behaviour, although it does slightly increase towards higher
irradiance. Logically it has a higher value than φIsc, since
the FF of the module when irradiated from the rear is higher.
Fig. 11 presents the FF evolution versus irradiance, also for
front and for rear illumination. As it is observed, an offset
occurs at all irradiance, which is in agreement with single
side measurements literature [6].
Since φIsc is lower than φP max at all irradiance levels,
it is employed in (1). However, it is to be expected that
if GE is calculated to match ISC, there will be an induced
error on PMAX when emplying the single side illumination
measurement. In a similar way, if φP max was to be employed
in (1), the methods will yield a difference in ISC.
C. Technical Considerations for Double Side Method
Fig. 12 shows the uniformity map of the front side simula-
tor for 1000 W/m2
setting. It can be observed that the test area
stays within a non-uniformity of 1.8%, thus falling in the class
A classification. Similarly, Fig. 13 shows the uniformity map
for the top simulator, which irradiates the rear side, for the
Fig. 10. Bifaciality of PMAX and ISC versus irradiance for front
and rear IV measurements on a bifacial module.
Fig. 11. FF versus irradiance for front and rear IV measure-
ments on a bifacial module.
200 W/m2
setting. The non-uniformity in this case is 4.3%,
which falls within class B classification. Previous research by
Van Aken et al. [7] has shown that this level of non-uniformity
on the rear side has little effect on PMAX determination.
Regarding the spectral differences of both light sources,
two reference cells of the same type are employed for
measuring front and rear side illumination, thus it is assumed
that no correction is required for the amount of irradiance
incident on the front side relative to the rear side.
Finally, reflections due to having a rear simulator sur-
face with higher albedo than the anti-reflective single side
background have to be taken into account. Fig. 14 compares
ISC versus irradiance for single side measurements with and
without rear simulator surface albedo. As it can be noted,
ISC is raised by the rear albedo, which is equivalent to an
increment of 2.8% of front irradiance. On the other hand, Fig.
15 compares FF under the same conditions. It is seen that FF
overlaps in both situations, therefore the effect or reflection
is little and only impacts ISC. As a consequence, while doing
5. Fig. 12. Uniformity map of the 1000 W/m2
setting of the flash
simulator. Units in W/m2
.
Fig. 13. Uniformity map of the 200 W/m2
setting of the flash
simulator. Units in W/m2
.
double side illumination measurements, this reflection can be
either corrected using an initial current offset or accounted
for by adjusting the total irradiance incident on the module.
In the present paper, the second approach is employed.
D. Double Side Characterization
Fig. 16 shows a comparison between single side measure-
ments and double side measurements with 800 W/m2
front
irradiance plus variable rear irradiance, which is converted to
single side irradiance via (1). The FF for double side illumi-
nation IV measurements is found in between the boundaries
set by the front and the rear measurements, getting closer to
the limits depending on how big the share of front or rear
irradiance is compared to the other. Fig. 17 shows how, as
it was expected, if (1) for comparing single and double side
is applied using φIsc, the PMAX of the single side method is
underestimated compared to double side illumination, which
represents the true bifacial conditions. By extrapolating the
double side measurements, under a single side irradiance of
1000 W/m2
, which is equivalent to 800 W/m2
front plus 255
Fig. 14. ISC as a function of irradiance comparing front mea-
surements with and without the albedo of the rear simulator.
Fig. 15. FF as a function of irradiance comparing front mea-
surements with and without the albedo of the rear simulator.
W/m2
rear in double side illumination, there is a difference
of 4.3 W, which represents 1.6% PMAX underestimation from
its true bifacial output.
IV. CONCLUSION
It has been shown that sweep time and extended spectrum
do play a key role to accuratelly predict the electrical pa-
rameters of high efficiency modules, such as heterojunction
and n-type mono-crystalline, including bifacial. Secondly, it
has been demonstrated that, if subjected to shading or other
causes that can induce current mismatch between cells, the
difference between φIsc and φP max will most likely increase.
It is also found that while φIsc remains constant through
irradiance, φP max slightly increases. Furthermore, a fast and
modular setup has been developed and characterized in order
to perform double side illumination measurements, employing
a steady state simulator and a long pulse flash simulator.
Finally, the double side measurements have shown that the
current approach of single side method related to double side
6. Fig. 16. FF as a function of irradiance comparing front, rear
and double, with 800 W/m2
front irradiance, measurements.
Fig. 17. PMAX as a function of irradiance comparing front, and
double, with 800 W/m2
front irradiance, measurements.
method via φIsc can yield significative differences in PMAX
prediction depending on the conditions, up to 1.6% in PMAX
for the case studied. This is due to the difference in value
between φIsc and φP max.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Thanks to ECN for their collaboration and to Tempress for
supplying the module.
REFERENCES
[1] V. Fakhfouri, ”IEC 60904: Photovoltaic Devices Part 1-2:
Measurement of current-voltage characteristics of bifacial pho-
tovoltaic (PV) devices,” Proposal 82/1044/NP, July 28, 2015.
[2] R. Kopecek and J. Libal, ”Bifaciality: still an advantage for n-
type?,” presented at the nPV workshop 2017, Freiburg, Germany,
2017.
[3] International Roadmap for Photovoltaics (ITRPV) 2015 Results,
7th Edition, March, 2016.
[4] C. Deline, S. MacAlpine, B. Marion, F. Toor, A. Asgharzadeh
and J. Stein, ”Evaluation and Field Assessment of Bifacial
Photovoltaic Module Power Rating Methodologies,” 43rd IEEE
Photovoltaics Specialists Conference, Portland, 2016
[5] International Electrotechnical Commission, ”IEC 60891: Pho-
tovoltaic Devices - procedures for temperature and irradiance
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[6] A. Schmid, D. Philipp and C. Reise, ”5BV.4.7 Characterization
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[7] B. B. Van Aken K. de Groot, ”Near-field partial shadow on
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