Here you will learn about the mathematical model, kind of solar cell, solar cell VI characteristics and its simulation

1. MATHEMATICAL MODELING
AND SIMULATION OF SOLAR
PANEL
PREPARED BY:-
SOMU GUPTA
1602921157(3RD YEAR)
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

2. CONTENT
 INTRODUCTION.
 HYSTORY OF PV CELL.
 SOLAR PANEL AND PV PANEL.
 WHAT ARE PV PANELS?
 CONSTRUCTION OF PV CELL.
 LAYERS INSIDE PV CELL.
 PV ARRAY COMPONENTS.
 MATHEMATICAL MODEL.
 MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONS.
 PARAMETERS OF SOLAR CELL.
 AIR MASS.
 V-I CHARACTERSTICS OF SOLAR CELL.
 V-I CHARACTERSTICS OF SOLAR ARRAY.
 TYPES OF SOLAR CELL.
 SOLAR CELLS GENERATION.
 MATLAB SIMULATION MODEL.
 PV SYSTEM COMPONENTS.
 ADVNTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES.
 APPLICATIONS.

3. INTRODUCTION
 Sun is renewable source of energy.
 Hydrogen nuclei fuses to form one helium atom and along with
this process radiant energy is released.
 Generation of energy from sun is done by process called nuclear
fusion.
 Energy obtained from sun is called solar energy.
 Increasing demand of electricity is being fulfilled by converting
solar energy into electricity with the help of PV cell.
 PV cell works on the phenomenon called photovoltaic effect.

4. HISTORY OF PV CELL
 In 1839,”Edmond Becquerel” a French physicist first showed photovoltaic activity .
 He found that electrical current in certain materials could be increased when exposed
to light.
 in 1905, we gained an understanding of Edmonds’ work when the famous
physicist Albert Einstein described the photoelectric effect.
 In 1921 Einstein received the Nobel Prize for his theories on the photoelectric effect.
 Practical use of solar cell was started in the mid of 1950.
 1958 the Vanguard I, the first orbiting vehicle , powered by solar energy was launched
into space.
 By 1960 Hoffman Electronics increased commercial solar cell efficiency to 14% and
today we have more than 20% efficiency.

5. SOLAR PANELS AND PV PANELS
 SOLAR PANELS collect heat energy from the sun. We call this heat solar
thermal energy. A simple example of a solar panel is a closed box with a top made
of a transparent material such as glass or plastic.
 PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS are used to transform sunlight energy into
electrical energy.

6. WHAT ARE PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) PANELS
?
 Photovoltaic Panels are used to transform sunlight energy into electrical
energy.
 It is formed from photo- which means “light” and -voltaic which means
“electrical current” or “electricity.”
 PV panels are made up of smaller sections called solar or PV cells.
 Solar cells, like batteries, each have a rated value of voltage (V or volts)
and current (A or amps).
 Like batteries solar Cells or panels can be arranged in parallel or series.

7. CONSTRUCTION OF PV CELL
 Highly purified silicon (Si) from sand, quartz, etc. is “doped” with
intentional impurities at controlled concentrations to produce a p-n
junction.
 A photon incident on the p-n junction liberates an electron.
 Photon disappears, any excess energy goes into kinetic energy of
electron (heat)
 electron wanders around drunkenly, and might stumble into “depletion
region” where electric field exists (electrons, being negative, move
against field arrows)
 electric field sweeps electron across the junction, constituting a current
 more photons  more electrons  more current  more power
n-type silicon
p-type silicon
Electric field
Photon of
light
Si doped with
boron
Liberated
electron
Si doped with
phosphorous

8. LAYERS INSIDE PV CELL

9. PV ARRAY COMPONENTS
PV cells
Modules
Arrays

10. MATHEMATICAL MODEL
basic circuit diagram of PV module
 The equivalent circuit diagram of PV system is called “four parameters model”
because it consist of a current source ,a diode, a series resistance and a parallel
resistance.
 Current source light generated current.
 Diode non linear impedance of p-n junction.
 Series resistance internal electrical losses.
 Shunt resistance leakage current.

11. MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONS
 The light generated current or photo current
varies with irradiance and temperature is given
by these mathematical equations.
 These expressions depict the relation between
voltage and current of a photovoltaic module.
 Nonlinear mathematical equation’s parameters
are
Ns represent series connected cells
Iph is the light generated current
IS is the reverse saturation current
RS and Rsh represent the series and parallel inherent
resistances of the cell.
q is the electron charge 1.60217646×10−19 C
k is Boltzmann’s constant 1.3806503×10−23 J/K and
a the ideality factor Modified.

12. PARAMETERS OF SOLAR CELL
 Short Circuit current (ISC): Short Circuit Current is calculated by considering voltage equals to zero.
I (at V=0) = Isc
 Open circuit voltage (VOC ): Open Circuit voltage is calculated by considering current equals to zero.
V (at I=0) = Voc
 Maximum power point (Pm):
Pm = VmIm
Where, Vm is the maximum voltage and Im is the maximum current.
 Fill Factor (FF): It is the ratio of maximum power to the theoretical power available at it’s output terminal.
 Efficiency (η): It is the ratio of maximum power to the incident light power.

13. AIR MASS
 It quantifies the reduction in the solar power as it passes through the
atmosphere and as it is absorbed by air and dust.
The Air Mass is defined as
where θ is the angle from the vertical (zenith angle).
 When the sun is directly overhead, the Air Mass is 1 (angle=0).

14. V-I CHARACTERSTICS OF SOLAR CELL

15. V-I CHARACTERSTICS OF SOLAR CELL
 The intensity of the solar radiation (insolation) that hits the cell controls the current
( I ).
 The increases in the temperature of the solar cell reduces its voltage ( V ).
 When solar cell is open-circuited, i.e. not connected to any load, the current will be at
its minimum (zero) and the voltage across the cell is at its maximum, known as the
solar cells open circuit voltage, or Voc.
 When the solar cell is short circuited, that is the positive and negative leads connected
together, the voltage across the cell is at its minimum (zero) but the current flowing
out of the cell reaches its maximum, known as the solar cells short circuit current,
or Isc.
 The point at which the cell generates maximum electrical power, Shown at the top
right area of the green rectangle. This is the “maximum power point” or MPP.

16. V-I CHARACTERSTICS OF SOLAR ARRAY
 Photovoltaic panels can be wired or connected
together in either series or parallel combinations, or
both to increase the voltage or current capacity of
the solar array.
 If the array panels are connected together in a
series combination, then the voltage increases and
if connected together in parallel then the current
increases.

17. TYPES OF SOLAR CELL
Solar Cell Type Efficiency-Rate Advantages Disadvantages
Mono crystalline Solar cell
(Mono-Si)
~20%
High efficiency rate, optimized for
commercial use, high life-time
value
Expensive
Polycrystalline Solar cell
(p-Si)
~15% Lower price
Sensitive to high temperatures;
lower lifespan & slightly less space
efficiency
Thin-Film: Amorphous Silicon
Solar cell (A-Si)
~7-10%
Relatively low costs, easy to
produce & flexible
Shorter warranties & lifespan
Concentrated PV Cell (CVP) ~41%
Very high performance &
efficiency rate
Solar tracker & cooling system
needed (to reach high efficiency
rate)

18. SOLAR CELLS GENERATION
 First Generation
Mono crystalline (single crystal) silicon wafer (c-Si)
Polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si)
 Second Generation
Amorphous silicon (a-Si)
Cadmium telluride (CdTe)
Copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) alloy
 Third Generation
Photo electrochemical (PEC) cells
Gräetzel cells or Dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC)
Polymer solar cells
Nano crystal solar cells
 Fourth Generation
Perovskite solar cells
Hybrid - inorganic crystals within a polymer matrix
Mono C-Si
Poly C-Si
Thin film

19. MATLAB SIMULATION MODEL
photovoltaic circuit model simulated on MATLAB software taking current controlled source
where temperature and irradiance are considered as inputs.

20. PV SYSTEM COMPONENTS

21. ADVANTAGES
 Clean
 Sustainable
 Provide electricity to remote places
 Environmental friendly

22. DISADVANTAGES
 Less efficient and costly equipment.
 Part Time.
 Reliability Depends On Location.
 Environmental Impact of PV Cell Production.

23. APPLICATIONS
 Solar roads
 Satellites
 Solar car race
 Solar printer
 Solar Road Studs
 Solar Trees
 Solar cell 3D printer

24. THANK YOU!
“GO GREEN”