Dementia is a chronic progressive cognitive impairment affecting memory, intelligence and personality. It represents a decline from a previous level of functioning and does not refer to developmental conditions. Causes include Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and others. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause and risk increases significantly after age 65. Pathology involves neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and behaviors.
The document provides an overview of the approach to dementia. It discusses the diagnostic criteria for dementia, epidemiology, etiology including neurodegenerative, vascular, neurological and other causes. It describes cortical vs subcortical dementia and reversible vs irreversible dementias. The document also provides details on how to diagnose a case of dementia including history, examination, investigations and differential diagnosis. Specific subtypes like Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia, Lewy body dementia, Parkinson's disease, normal pressure hydrocephalus and CJD are also discussed.
Dementia is a progressive deterioration of intellect, behavior and personality caused by diseases of the brain. The most common causes are Alzheimer's disease (~60% of cases) and cerebrovascular disease (~20% of cases). Dementia is not a single disease but an overall term for loss of brain function. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but currently available medications can only temporarily improve symptoms and do not cure or slow progression. Lifestyle factors may help reduce risk of conditions that can lead to dementia like stroke.
This document provides information about dementia, including:
1. Dementia is characterized by progressive deterioration of intellect, behavior, and personality due to diffuse brain disease, especially affecting the cortex and hippocampus. Memory impairment is required for diagnosis.
2. Symptoms include memory loss, abnormal behavior, intellectual decline, mood changes, and difficulty with daily tasks. Insight is initially retained but lost over time.
3. Causes of dementia include Alzheimer's disease (60% of cases), cerebrovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases, infections, head injuries, and tumors. Dementia must be distinguished from delirium and depression.
This document provides an overview of geriatric psychiatry, focusing on dementia. It defines dementia and its differential diagnosis, describing the top 10 causes. Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia are discussed in depth, including their diagnostic criteria, causes, and factors. Other topics summarized include delirium, the effects of ethanol, medical/endocrine influences, and how sensory deficits can impact cognition.
The document discusses dementia, amnesia, and delirium. It defines dementia as a global impairment of cognitive function affecting memory, visuospatial skills, language, concentration and attention. The most common causes of dementia are Alzheimer's disease and cerebral vascular disease. Delirium is distinguished from dementia by its acute onset, fluctuating course, and clouded consciousness.
The document provides an overview of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. It defines dementia and its main components. It describes the most common types of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, frontotemporal dementia, and others. It covers the pathology, risk factors, stages, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and workup for Alzheimer's disease.
1. Dementia is defined as a progressive impairment of cognitive functions occurring in clear consciousness. The most common causes are Alzheimer's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, frontotemporal dementia, and vascular dementia.
2. Neuroimaging and neuropathological findings help characterize different dementias. Alzheimer's disease shows hippocampal and temporal lobe atrophy on MRI and beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles microscopically. Frontotemporal dementia presents with frontal and anterior temporal lobe atrophy.
3. Treatment involves pharmacological interventions like cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine for Alzheimer's, as well as non-pharmacological approaches like cognitive stimulation, environmental modifications, and
topic on dementia covering all aspects regarding classification,pathophysiology and treatment .Difference between MCI and DEMENTIA .best for post graduates ,house officers and medical students
The document provides an overview of the approach to dementia. It discusses the diagnostic criteria for dementia, epidemiology, etiology including neurodegenerative, vascular, neurological and other causes. It describes cortical vs subcortical dementia and reversible vs irreversible dementias. The document also provides details on how to diagnose a case of dementia including history, examination, investigations and differential diagnosis. Specific subtypes like Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia, Lewy body dementia, Parkinson's disease, normal pressure hydrocephalus and CJD are also discussed.
Dementia is a progressive deterioration of intellect, behavior and personality caused by diseases of the brain. The most common causes are Alzheimer's disease (~60% of cases) and cerebrovascular disease (~20% of cases). Dementia is not a single disease but an overall term for loss of brain function. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but currently available medications can only temporarily improve symptoms and do not cure or slow progression. Lifestyle factors may help reduce risk of conditions that can lead to dementia like stroke.
This document provides information about dementia, including:
1. Dementia is characterized by progressive deterioration of intellect, behavior, and personality due to diffuse brain disease, especially affecting the cortex and hippocampus. Memory impairment is required for diagnosis.
2. Symptoms include memory loss, abnormal behavior, intellectual decline, mood changes, and difficulty with daily tasks. Insight is initially retained but lost over time.
3. Causes of dementia include Alzheimer's disease (60% of cases), cerebrovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases, infections, head injuries, and tumors. Dementia must be distinguished from delirium and depression.
This document provides an overview of geriatric psychiatry, focusing on dementia. It defines dementia and its differential diagnosis, describing the top 10 causes. Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia are discussed in depth, including their diagnostic criteria, causes, and factors. Other topics summarized include delirium, the effects of ethanol, medical/endocrine influences, and how sensory deficits can impact cognition.
The document discusses dementia, amnesia, and delirium. It defines dementia as a global impairment of cognitive function affecting memory, visuospatial skills, language, concentration and attention. The most common causes of dementia are Alzheimer's disease and cerebral vascular disease. Delirium is distinguished from dementia by its acute onset, fluctuating course, and clouded consciousness.
The document provides an overview of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. It defines dementia and its main components. It describes the most common types of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, frontotemporal dementia, and others. It covers the pathology, risk factors, stages, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and workup for Alzheimer's disease.
1. Dementia is defined as a progressive impairment of cognitive functions occurring in clear consciousness. The most common causes are Alzheimer's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, frontotemporal dementia, and vascular dementia.
2. Neuroimaging and neuropathological findings help characterize different dementias. Alzheimer's disease shows hippocampal and temporal lobe atrophy on MRI and beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles microscopically. Frontotemporal dementia presents with frontal and anterior temporal lobe atrophy.
3. Treatment involves pharmacological interventions like cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine for Alzheimer's, as well as non-pharmacological approaches like cognitive stimulation, environmental modifications, and
topic on dementia covering all aspects regarding classification,pathophysiology and treatment .Difference between MCI and DEMENTIA .best for post graduates ,house officers and medical students
1. Dementia is defined by multiple cognitive deficits such as memory loss, language problems, and impaired executive function, leading to functional decline. The most common causes are Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and Lewy body disease.
2. Alzheimer's disease accounts for over 50% of dementia cases. Its prevalence doubles every 5 years after age 60. The clinical features include loss of cognition and daily functioning as well as abnormal behaviors.
3. In Alzheimer's disease, there is cholinergic dysfunction and neurodegeneration in the brain, likely caused by beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles due to genetic and environmental risk factors.
The document discusses confusion and dementia. It defines confusion and distinguishes it from dementia. Dementia is a decline in functioning that affects areas like memory, decision-making, and language. Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia. The document outlines signs and symptoms of dementia and how it progresses from mild to moderate stages. Potential causes of confusion are also discussed, including physiological factors like brain changes due to aging as well as situational factors like moving to a new environment.
Dementia consists of verity of symptoms that suggest chronic dysfunction. Global impairment of intellect is the essential feature, manifested as difficulty with memory, attention, thinking, and comprehension
Approximately 15% of people with dementia have reversible illness if treatment is initiated before irreversible damage takes place.
This document summarizes different types of dementia and how nuclear medicine can help distinguish between them. It discusses 7 common types of dementia, but focuses on Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body dementia, and Parkinson's disease. For each, it describes the clinical symptoms and affected brain areas, and how nuclear imaging techniques like PET scans using FDG or DaTSCAN can detect decreased activity in those regions, aiding diagnosis. New radiopharmaceuticals hold promise for more accurately distinguishing between dementias which have overlapping symptoms.
This document is a presentation on dementia given by Dr Devavrat Harshe from the Department of Psychiatry at D.Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre. The presentation covers topics such as the difference between normal aging and dementia, common causes and risk factors for dementia, how dementia progresses, diagnostic evaluation, and management strategies which include pharmacological treatments to improve cognition as well as supportive measures for patients and caregivers.
An overview of dementia gives an introduction to epidemiology, causes, clinical features, investigations, diagnosis, and management of dementia. Also a short description of related topics like difference between cortical and sub cortical dementia, psuedo dementia, mild cognitive impairment and reversible causes of dementia is also included.
This document discusses different types and causes of dementia. It outlines cortical versus sub-cortical dementia and lists common clinical subtypes including Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Dementia can be degenerative or non-degenerative with examples provided of vascular, infectious, demyelinating, and other causes. Biomarkers and assessment tools like the MMSE are mentioned. Management of dementia focuses on activities, behaviors, cognition, medications, and environment.
The document discusses various types of dementia, their causes and symptoms. It describes Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, dementia caused by Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Pick's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, normal pressure hydrocephalus, mixed dementia, and dementia not otherwise specified. Symptoms include memory loss, confusion, problems with language and motor skills. Causes include neurological disorders, traumatic brain injuries, infections, substance abuse, and unknown etiologies.
Short presentation about dementia, its types, etiologies, pathophysiologies, treatment, and management. It includes information about vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, frontotemporal dementia, and Alzheimer's Disease.
The document discusses psychiatric manifestations that commonly occur in dementia such as Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. It describes symptoms such as apathy, anxiety, agitation, and depression. Psychotic symptoms like hallucinations and delusions are also addressed. The prevalence of various neuropsychiatric symptoms is provided for mild cognitive impairment and different stages of Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Factors that influence the risk of developing certain psychiatric symptoms are also outlined.
Dementia can sometimes be caused by reversible conditions. This document discusses several potential reversible causes of dementia, including thyroid disorders, vitamin deficiencies, infections, and side effects of medications like steroids. It provides details on specific disorders and how treatment of the underlying condition may resolve cognitive and behavioral symptoms. Reversible dementias are estimated to account for 18% of cases under 65 but only 5% of those over 65. While treatment can sometimes improve symptoms, complete reversion of cognitive impairment is unclear for certain conditions like Cushing's syndrome.
The document discusses cognitive disorders and different types and stages of dementia. It defines cognition and lists different cognitive domains. It then summarizes classification systems for cognitive disorders from DSM-IV, DSM-5, and ICD-10. The stages of cognitive decline are discussed, from subjective cognitive impairment to mild cognitive impairment to dementia. The main types and causes of dementia are outlined. Assessment, risk factors, features and differentiation of different dementias like Alzheimer's and vascular dementia are summarized.
Dementia is characterized by progressive loss of intellectual function, especially memory loss. Cortical dementia affects areas like the temporal cortex and causes major changes in memory and language, while subcortical dementia affects areas like the thalamus and causes behavioral changes and motor slowing. Common causes of dementia include Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body disease, vascular dementia, and frontotemporal dementias. Tests can help determine if dementia has an underlying neurodegenerative, structural, infectious, or metabolic cause. Treatment depends on the specific cause but may include cholinesterase inhibitors or management of behavioral symptoms.
The world’s population is ageing rapidly, and with it is coming to a significant increase in the number of
older people with dementia. This increase presents major challenges for the provision of healthcare
generally and for dementia care in particular, for as more people have dementia, there will be more
people exhibiting behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD).
BPSD exact a high price from both the patient and the caregiver in terms of the distress and disability
they cause if left untreated. BPSD is recognisable, understandable and treatable. The recognition and
appropriate management of BPSD are important factors in improving our care of dementia patients
and their caregivers,
Pick's disease is a rare form of dementia that affects the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. It causes symptoms like abnormal behavior, thinking, judgment, and memory loss. The disease is caused by abnormal tau proteins that clump together to form Pick bodies, which damage brain cells. Currently there is no cure for Pick's disease, which progressively worsens over 8-10 years as it shuts down more brain functions. Though terrifying, it remains an extremely uncommon condition.
This document discusses reversible causes of dementia and delirium. It begins by defining major neurocognitive disorder and reversible dementias. Common reversible causes of dementia include central nervous system infections, normal pressure hydrocephalus, nutritional deficiencies, drugs, endocrine disorders, depression, and sleep apnea. Delirium is then discussed, including risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical subtypes, DSM-5 criteria, assessment scales, differential diagnosis, course, prevention, and management. Reversible dementias are estimated to account for 8-40% of dementia cases. Early diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cause can improve cognitive functioning.
This document provides information on dementia and various types of dementia such as Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. It discusses symptoms, brain changes, risk factors and diagnostic approaches for different dementias. Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia, accounting for 60-80% of cases. Vascular dementia is the second most common, making up 20% of cases. Symptoms of Alzheimer's include memory loss and impaired judgment, while vascular dementia symptoms include impaired planning and reasoning abilities. Brain imaging can detect abnormalities associated with different dementias. A thorough diagnostic evaluation includes history, physical exam, neuropsychological testing, lab tests and brain imaging.
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive brain disorder that causes memory loss and cognitive decline. It was first described by Alois Alzheimer in 1906 after examining brain tissue from a deceased patient. The disease results from the buildup of beta-amyloid plaques and tau protein tangles in the brain, which damage and kill neurons. Risk factors include age, family history, and genetic factors. There is no cure for Alzheimer's, but medications and caregiving can temporarily ease symptoms.
Case 1 involves a 67-year-old man with a 6-year history of progressive memory and language problems. His MMSE score was 20/30. Case 2 is a 63-year-old man with an abnormal gait, poor judgment, planning issues, and urinary urgency. Both underwent imaging and clinical exams.
The document then discusses the definition, criteria, causes, goals, and approach to assessing and diagnosing different types of dementia, including tools for evaluation of cognition, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and functional status. Specific dementia types - such as Alzheimer's, vascular, frontotemporal, Parkinson's, and Lewy body - are outlined based on symptoms, imaging, and pathology.
The document discusses dementia and Alzheimer's disease. It defines dementia as acquired intellectual impairment affecting social and vocational function. Alzheimer's disease and vascular disease are the most common causes. A clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's requires cognitive impairment in at least two areas along with progressive worsening of memory and cognition. Pathologically, Alzheimer's is characterized by neuronal loss, neurofibrillary tangles, and senile plaques composed of amyloid beta protein. Treatment focuses on symptom management with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors or NMDA receptor antagonists.
Vascular (Multi-infarct) dementia (MID) is the second most common cause of dementia, accounting for 30% of cases. It is more common in older adults and may coexist with Alzheimer's disease. MRI scans demonstrate focal strokes (lacunes) in subcortical and cortical brain regions. MID is caused by atherosclerosis reducing blood flow to the brain, resulting in repeated mini-strokes that cause brain cell death (infarcts) in areas and lead to cognitive impairment if they continue accumulating. Risk factors include high cholesterol, triglycerides, homocysteine, C-reactive protein, smoking, and long-term high levels of fibrinogen. Symptom onset is often relatively sudden
1. Dementia is defined by multiple cognitive deficits such as memory loss, language problems, and impaired executive function, leading to functional decline. The most common causes are Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and Lewy body disease.
2. Alzheimer's disease accounts for over 50% of dementia cases. Its prevalence doubles every 5 years after age 60. The clinical features include loss of cognition and daily functioning as well as abnormal behaviors.
3. In Alzheimer's disease, there is cholinergic dysfunction and neurodegeneration in the brain, likely caused by beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles due to genetic and environmental risk factors.
The document discusses confusion and dementia. It defines confusion and distinguishes it from dementia. Dementia is a decline in functioning that affects areas like memory, decision-making, and language. Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia. The document outlines signs and symptoms of dementia and how it progresses from mild to moderate stages. Potential causes of confusion are also discussed, including physiological factors like brain changes due to aging as well as situational factors like moving to a new environment.
Dementia consists of verity of symptoms that suggest chronic dysfunction. Global impairment of intellect is the essential feature, manifested as difficulty with memory, attention, thinking, and comprehension
Approximately 15% of people with dementia have reversible illness if treatment is initiated before irreversible damage takes place.
This document summarizes different types of dementia and how nuclear medicine can help distinguish between them. It discusses 7 common types of dementia, but focuses on Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body dementia, and Parkinson's disease. For each, it describes the clinical symptoms and affected brain areas, and how nuclear imaging techniques like PET scans using FDG or DaTSCAN can detect decreased activity in those regions, aiding diagnosis. New radiopharmaceuticals hold promise for more accurately distinguishing between dementias which have overlapping symptoms.
This document is a presentation on dementia given by Dr Devavrat Harshe from the Department of Psychiatry at D.Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre. The presentation covers topics such as the difference between normal aging and dementia, common causes and risk factors for dementia, how dementia progresses, diagnostic evaluation, and management strategies which include pharmacological treatments to improve cognition as well as supportive measures for patients and caregivers.
An overview of dementia gives an introduction to epidemiology, causes, clinical features, investigations, diagnosis, and management of dementia. Also a short description of related topics like difference between cortical and sub cortical dementia, psuedo dementia, mild cognitive impairment and reversible causes of dementia is also included.
This document discusses different types and causes of dementia. It outlines cortical versus sub-cortical dementia and lists common clinical subtypes including Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Dementia can be degenerative or non-degenerative with examples provided of vascular, infectious, demyelinating, and other causes. Biomarkers and assessment tools like the MMSE are mentioned. Management of dementia focuses on activities, behaviors, cognition, medications, and environment.
The document discusses various types of dementia, their causes and symptoms. It describes Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, dementia caused by Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Pick's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, normal pressure hydrocephalus, mixed dementia, and dementia not otherwise specified. Symptoms include memory loss, confusion, problems with language and motor skills. Causes include neurological disorders, traumatic brain injuries, infections, substance abuse, and unknown etiologies.
Short presentation about dementia, its types, etiologies, pathophysiologies, treatment, and management. It includes information about vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, frontotemporal dementia, and Alzheimer's Disease.
The document discusses psychiatric manifestations that commonly occur in dementia such as Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. It describes symptoms such as apathy, anxiety, agitation, and depression. Psychotic symptoms like hallucinations and delusions are also addressed. The prevalence of various neuropsychiatric symptoms is provided for mild cognitive impairment and different stages of Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Factors that influence the risk of developing certain psychiatric symptoms are also outlined.
Dementia can sometimes be caused by reversible conditions. This document discusses several potential reversible causes of dementia, including thyroid disorders, vitamin deficiencies, infections, and side effects of medications like steroids. It provides details on specific disorders and how treatment of the underlying condition may resolve cognitive and behavioral symptoms. Reversible dementias are estimated to account for 18% of cases under 65 but only 5% of those over 65. While treatment can sometimes improve symptoms, complete reversion of cognitive impairment is unclear for certain conditions like Cushing's syndrome.
The document discusses cognitive disorders and different types and stages of dementia. It defines cognition and lists different cognitive domains. It then summarizes classification systems for cognitive disorders from DSM-IV, DSM-5, and ICD-10. The stages of cognitive decline are discussed, from subjective cognitive impairment to mild cognitive impairment to dementia. The main types and causes of dementia are outlined. Assessment, risk factors, features and differentiation of different dementias like Alzheimer's and vascular dementia are summarized.
Dementia is characterized by progressive loss of intellectual function, especially memory loss. Cortical dementia affects areas like the temporal cortex and causes major changes in memory and language, while subcortical dementia affects areas like the thalamus and causes behavioral changes and motor slowing. Common causes of dementia include Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body disease, vascular dementia, and frontotemporal dementias. Tests can help determine if dementia has an underlying neurodegenerative, structural, infectious, or metabolic cause. Treatment depends on the specific cause but may include cholinesterase inhibitors or management of behavioral symptoms.
The world’s population is ageing rapidly, and with it is coming to a significant increase in the number of
older people with dementia. This increase presents major challenges for the provision of healthcare
generally and for dementia care in particular, for as more people have dementia, there will be more
people exhibiting behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD).
BPSD exact a high price from both the patient and the caregiver in terms of the distress and disability
they cause if left untreated. BPSD is recognisable, understandable and treatable. The recognition and
appropriate management of BPSD are important factors in improving our care of dementia patients
and their caregivers,
Pick's disease is a rare form of dementia that affects the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. It causes symptoms like abnormal behavior, thinking, judgment, and memory loss. The disease is caused by abnormal tau proteins that clump together to form Pick bodies, which damage brain cells. Currently there is no cure for Pick's disease, which progressively worsens over 8-10 years as it shuts down more brain functions. Though terrifying, it remains an extremely uncommon condition.
This document discusses reversible causes of dementia and delirium. It begins by defining major neurocognitive disorder and reversible dementias. Common reversible causes of dementia include central nervous system infections, normal pressure hydrocephalus, nutritional deficiencies, drugs, endocrine disorders, depression, and sleep apnea. Delirium is then discussed, including risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical subtypes, DSM-5 criteria, assessment scales, differential diagnosis, course, prevention, and management. Reversible dementias are estimated to account for 8-40% of dementia cases. Early diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cause can improve cognitive functioning.
This document provides information on dementia and various types of dementia such as Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. It discusses symptoms, brain changes, risk factors and diagnostic approaches for different dementias. Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia, accounting for 60-80% of cases. Vascular dementia is the second most common, making up 20% of cases. Symptoms of Alzheimer's include memory loss and impaired judgment, while vascular dementia symptoms include impaired planning and reasoning abilities. Brain imaging can detect abnormalities associated with different dementias. A thorough diagnostic evaluation includes history, physical exam, neuropsychological testing, lab tests and brain imaging.
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive brain disorder that causes memory loss and cognitive decline. It was first described by Alois Alzheimer in 1906 after examining brain tissue from a deceased patient. The disease results from the buildup of beta-amyloid plaques and tau protein tangles in the brain, which damage and kill neurons. Risk factors include age, family history, and genetic factors. There is no cure for Alzheimer's, but medications and caregiving can temporarily ease symptoms.
Case 1 involves a 67-year-old man with a 6-year history of progressive memory and language problems. His MMSE score was 20/30. Case 2 is a 63-year-old man with an abnormal gait, poor judgment, planning issues, and urinary urgency. Both underwent imaging and clinical exams.
The document then discusses the definition, criteria, causes, goals, and approach to assessing and diagnosing different types of dementia, including tools for evaluation of cognition, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and functional status. Specific dementia types - such as Alzheimer's, vascular, frontotemporal, Parkinson's, and Lewy body - are outlined based on symptoms, imaging, and pathology.
The document discusses dementia and Alzheimer's disease. It defines dementia as acquired intellectual impairment affecting social and vocational function. Alzheimer's disease and vascular disease are the most common causes. A clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's requires cognitive impairment in at least two areas along with progressive worsening of memory and cognition. Pathologically, Alzheimer's is characterized by neuronal loss, neurofibrillary tangles, and senile plaques composed of amyloid beta protein. Treatment focuses on symptom management with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors or NMDA receptor antagonists.
Vascular (Multi-infarct) dementia (MID) is the second most common cause of dementia, accounting for 30% of cases. It is more common in older adults and may coexist with Alzheimer's disease. MRI scans demonstrate focal strokes (lacunes) in subcortical and cortical brain regions. MID is caused by atherosclerosis reducing blood flow to the brain, resulting in repeated mini-strokes that cause brain cell death (infarcts) in areas and lead to cognitive impairment if they continue accumulating. Risk factors include high cholesterol, triglycerides, homocysteine, C-reactive protein, smoking, and long-term high levels of fibrinogen. Symptom onset is often relatively sudden
Dementia is a progressive deterioration of intellect, behavior and personality caused by diseases of the brain. The most common causes are Alzheimer's disease (~60% of cases) and cerebrovascular disease (~20% of cases). Dementia is not a single disease but an overall term for loss of brain function. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but currently available medications can only temporarily improve symptoms and do not cure or slow progression. Lifestyle factors may help reduce risk of conditions that can lead to dementia like stroke.
1) The document provides guidance on approaching and diagnosing dementia. It discusses the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for dementia and covers the epidemiology, etiology, clinical manifestations, investigations, differential diagnosis, and types of dementia including Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia, Lewy body dementia, Parkinson's disease, and normal pressure hydrocephalus.
2) Five clinical cases are presented and summaries are provided to illustrate the diagnosis and features of different types of dementia.
3) The document is a comprehensive reference for diagnosing various forms of dementia based on clinical history, examination findings, investigations, and imaging characteristics.
This document provides an overview of multi-modality imaging techniques for dementia. It discusses how dementia is an umbrella term used to describe cognitive disorders caused by specific diseases and conditions. Alzheimer's disease accounts for about 60% of dementia cases. Imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis and evaluation of dementia subtypes. Standard MRI is the primary imaging method and can detect features of various dementias like hippocampal atrophy in Alzheimer's disease or white matter lesions in vascular dementia. Advanced MRI techniques and other modalities like PET are also discussed. The document reviews what constitutes normal age-related brain changes versus abnormalities seen in different neurodegenerative dementias.
Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's disease
Introduction
History
Risk factors
Pathophysiology
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Non pharmacological treatment
Drugs used in treatment of Alzheimer`s
Recent advances
Screening methods
Summary
References
The document discusses risk factors, types, testing, and treatment of dementia. It describes age, family history of neurodegenerative diseases, head trauma, and medical comorbidities as risk factors. Alzheimer's disease accounts for 60-80% of dementia cases and is characterized by hippocampal damage and amyloid plaques/neurofibrillary tangles. Vascular dementia has an abrupt onset associated with strokes. Tests like the MMSE can assess severity but have limitations. Treatment includes cholinesterase inhibitors or memantine which may slow cognitive decline.
This document provides an overview of neurocognitive disorders including delirium and dementia. It begins with an introduction noting the aging population and prevalence of these conditions. It then discusses delirium as an acute decline in consciousness and cognition often caused by medical conditions or substances. Dementia is defined as progressive cognitive decline without altered consciousness. Common causes of dementia like Alzheimer's and vascular dementia are explained. The document provides details on assessing, diagnosing, treating and managing delirium and dementia. It concludes with take home messages about the importance of recognizing these conditions in elderly patients.
The document discusses dementia, including its various types and classifications. It provides details on Alzheimer's disease, including its pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and prevalence. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, usually having an insidious onset and progressive cognitive decline characterized by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain.
Alzheimer's disease is a degenerative
brain disorder of unknown etiology which
is the most common form of dementia, that
usually starts in late middle age or in old
age, results in progressive memory loss,
impaired thinking, disorientation, and
changes in personality and mood. There is
degeneration of brain neurons especially in
the cerebral cortex and presence of
neurofibrillary tangles and plaques
containing beta-amyloid cells
The disease was first described
by Dr. Alois Alzheimer, a German
physician, in 1906. Alzheimer had a
patient named Auguste D, in her
fifties who suffered from what
seemed to be a mental illness. But
when she died in 1906, an autopsy
revealed dense deposits, now called
neuritic plaques, outside and around
the nerve cells in her brain. Inside
the cells were twisted strands of
fiber, or neurofibrillary tangles.
Since Dr. Alois Alzheimer's was the
first person who discovered the
disease, AD was named after him.
The document describes a case of a 79-year-old female exhibiting symptoms of dementia, including forgetfulness, misidentifying relatives, irritability, wandering aimlessly, collecting rubbish, and urinating in inappropriate places. It then provides an overview of dementia, including definitions, epidemiology, subtypes like Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia, risk factors, pathological findings, investigations, and management strategies.
This document summarizes various organic mental disorders including delirium, dementia, organic amnestic syndrome, and other organic mental disorders. It describes the key features and causes of delirium including acute onset, confusion, and underlying medical conditions. Dementia is defined as a chronic mental disorder characterized by intellectual impairment and memory loss over 6 months. Alzheimer's disease and multi-infarct dementia are described as the most common causes. Organic amnestic syndrome is characterized primarily by memory impairment due to thiamine deficiency in alcoholics. Other organic mental disorders include organic hallucinosis, catatonia, delusions, and mood/anxiety disorders caused by underlying medical conditions.
Neurocognitive disorders affect learning, memory, and consciousness. They range from temporary conditions like delirium to long-term disorders like dementia. While some may be caused by medical conditions or drug use, the most common types like Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia develop due to aging and brain changes. Treatments aim to slow progression but cannot stop deterioration of cognitive skills. Lifestyle factors and social support may influence the course of disorders, but prevention is difficult as risk is determined by genetics in many cases.
This document provides an overview of the history, definitions, classification, epidemiology and psychiatric disorders associated with epilepsy. It discusses how epilepsy was viewed in ancient times as a supernatural condition and outlines key developments in understanding including Hippocrates' view of it as a brain disorder. It defines terms like seizure, aura and epilepsy and classifies seizure types. Statistics on prevalence and risk factors for psychopathology in epilepsy are presented. Specific psychiatric conditions like depression, anxiety and inter-ictal psychosis are also examined.
Parkinsonism is a clinical syndrome characterized by motor symptoms like bradykinesia, tremor, and rigidity. It has multiple causes including Parkinson's disease, which is the most common form. Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra. The motor symptoms are diagnosed based on the presence of two of the four cardinal features - bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity, and postural instability. There is no cure for Parkinsonism currently, so treatment focuses on relieving the motor symptoms and managing non-motor issues.
Parkinsonism is a clinical syndrome characterized by motor symptoms like bradykinesia, tremor, and rigidity. It has multiple causes including Parkinson's disease, which is the most common form. Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra. The motor symptoms are diagnosed based on the presence of two of the four cardinal features - bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity, and postural instability. Non-motor symptoms are also common. While there is no cure for Parkinson's disease, treatment aims to manage the motor symptoms and other associated issues through medications and other therapies.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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2. WHAT IS DEMENTIA???
ACQUIRED,CHRONIC progressive cognitive impairment
(intelligence , memory and personality) in clear
consciousness
The cognitive deficits represent a decline from a previous
level of functioning,
does not refer to low intellectual functioning or mental
retardation , which are developmental and static conditions
3. CAUSES OF DEMENTIA :
REVERSIBLE
NONREVERSIBLE
DEMENTIA
VITAMIN DEFICIENCY
THYROID ABNORMALITY
VIRAL INFECTIONS
NORMALPRESS.HYDROCEPHALUS
TOXINS
ALZHIEMER’S DISEASE
VASCULAR DEMENTIA
LEWY BODY DEMENTIA
OTHERTYPES OF DEMENTIA
4. DEMENTIA
Latin word …. Dementatus : “Out of one’s mind “
Celsus (first century AD )……coin the term dementia
Oribasius (fourth century ) …
wrote on cerebral atrophy loss of intellectual capacity and weakness of
movement
Jean Dominique Esquirol
5. Described varieties of dementia
Also described about the clinical features
associated with dementia
Nineteenth century …separated cognitive
impairement caused from dementia to due
to mental illness
JEAN DOMINIQUE ESQUIROL
6. WILHELM GRIESINGER ( 1845)
First to describe about senile dementia as
a disease of cerebral arteries
7. ALOIS ALZHEIMER (1907)
First to identify histopathological
changes associated with
progressive degenerative dementia
Identified and described 2 cases of
dementia and characterized the
symptoms……
Described neurofibrillary tangles
and plaques
14. Epidemiology :
0.5% per year at the age : 65-69 years
1% per year from : 70-74 years
2% per year from age 75-79 years
3% per year from 80-84 years
8% per year from 85 years
About 13% of united states population over age 65 years affected
In 2007 ,> 5 million people affected
By 2030 , 7.7 million people
15. ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE IN NEPAL August 2016 For :
HelpAge International, Nepal Submitted by : Dr. Sharad
Koirala
According to the Alzheimer's disease International (ADI),
there were about46.8 million people living with AD in the
world in 2015 which is estimated to double every 20 years
This will increase the population of the people with AD to
74.7 million in 2030 and 131.5 million in 2050
The ADI , about 78,000 patients with AD in Nepal in 2015
and this number is bound to double every 20 years
reaching 134,000 in 2030 and 285,000 in 2050
16. Genetics : Early onset / late onset
Three genetic loci
Amyloid precursor protein
Presenilin-1 ,chromosome 21
Presenillin-2 ,chromosome 1
Apolipoprotein –E
Familial /sporadic
Single gene: 2-4 fold
Allele,4 to 8 folds
18. Aggregation of insoluble
forms ,making fibrils
Current treatment
efforts in reduction
of AB production
Overproduction/inadequate
clearance
Synapse loss/neuronal death
Excitatory synapse
onto dendritic
spines are affected
Cleavage sites alpha,beta,gamma
Cleavage by alpha secretase -----------
soluble end products
Cleavage by Beta,Gamma secretase---
-----------amylodogenic
19.
20. PATHOLOGY
Atrophy confined to HIPPOCAMPUS
Increased volume of inferior horn of lateral ventricle
Widened sulci throught cortex
Atrophy : posterior temporal , parietal , frontal lobes
Neurofibrillary tangles : first found in Entorhinal cortex
…..hippocampus……lateral temporal lobe….neocortex…….
21. OTHER POSSIBLE ETIOLOGICALTHEORIES :
Old age
Low level of education
Family history of dementia
Decrease Estrogen Level : reduction after HRT
History of head trauma
Down syndrome ( by age 35 years)
Myocardial ischemia in the elderly
Exposure to Aluminum (Katzman and Kawas, 1994)
22. INVESTIGATIONS:
Most promising approaches : AB In CSF
CT SCAN/MRI : global and regional cortical regions need to be
seen
SPECT………………………….PET have been used to examine
Reduced blood flow with PITTSBURGH COMPOUND B
POTENTIATETO DEMONSTRATE BETWN.ALZHIEMER’S AND
COGNITIVE INTACT ELDERLY
25. Second most frequent cause of dementia(25-50%)
Epidemiology :
1.2 to 4.2% > 65 years
6 to 12% > 70 years
Is a syndrome
Not a disease but a syndrome
Complex interaction between vascular aetiologies , changes in
the brain , host factors
26. SUBTYPES :
Acute onset
develops rapidly after succession of strokes
Multi-infarcts
more gradual following a number of minor ischemic episodes
Subcortical
history of hypertension +from clinical examination and
examination located in deep white matter
Mixed cortical + subcortical
Mixed subcortical+ cortical components of vascular dementia may
be suspected from the clinical features
27. Brain imaging findings :
No single pathological feature,ischaemic +infarcts+ischaemic white
matter lesions of varyeing size and type and atrophy of varyeing
degree and site
Deep infarcts in the Frontal ,Limbic ,Temporal, Parietal lesions
Single small lesion on imaging can be accepted as evidenced
MRI : focal brain infarcts (70-80%) cases
external white matter changes : 70-100% cases
PET scan : patchy reduction in blood flow
29. Course and prognosis :
Relative abrupt onset
stepwise deterioration
fluctuating coarse of cognitive functions
Mean duration : 5 years
Survival is less than for general population or with
Alzhiemer’s disease
41. Neurodegenarative dementia characterized by
progressive cognitive decline of sufficient
magnitude to interfere the daily activities
15-25% of cases
42. Clinical features :
Progressive cognitive decline (attention , visospatial
ability )
Recurrent visual hallucinations
Tremors ,frequent falls/faints
Syncope
Motor feautures of Parkinsonism (evidence of
dementia within 1 year of motor symptoms
differentiates it from LEWY BODY DEMENTIA)
43.
44. Neuropathology :Discovered in the early 1900s by Freiderich
H. Lewy
presence of Lewy bodies in the cerebral cortex
formation mainly by alpha synuclein , ubiquitin
45. What are LEWY BODIES ??????
Abnormal collections of (alpha- synuclein) protein within the
cytoplasm of neurons
Sites : Substantia nigra (parkinsonism)
Hippocampus (Alzheimer’s symptoms)
Neocortex ………but overall cortex can be affected
46.
47.
48. ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE LEWY BODY DEMENTIA
Early and prominent memory loss Only in advanced stage
Movement symptoms moderate/severe
stage
movement symptoms in early stages
Hallucination,delusion in later stages Hallucination,delusion in early stage
REM sleep disorder later stage
Autonomic disruption,B.P drop,falls
common
REM sleep disorder early
Autonomic disruption,B.P drop,falls
common