This document discusses deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). It covers the definition and risk factors of DVT, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment including anticoagulation options, prevention of DVT and PE, and potential complications like post-phlebitic syndrome. It also discusses the definition, risk factors, signs, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of PE.
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and Pulmonary embolism (PE)Aminul Haque
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), collectively referred to as venous thromboembolism (VTE), constitute a major global burden of disease.
Modern management of dvt dr. sharfuddin chowdhuryShakila Rifat
This document discusses modern management of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). It covers the epidemiology, classification, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and imaging of DVT. DVT is common in hospitalized patients, especially following surgery or injury. Diagnosis involves assessing pre-test probability with Wells criteria and testing D-dimer levels. Ultrasound is the primary imaging method due to its non-invasiveness and accuracy, though computed tomography venography can also be used. Treatment involves anticoagulation to prevent pulmonary embolism complications.
Tumor lysis syndrome is caused by massive tumor cell lysis and release of electrolytes into circulation, potentially causing kidney damage. Risk factors include large tumor burden, rapid proliferation, sensitivity to treatment, preexisting kidney conditions, and inadequate hydration or electrolyte control. Prevention focuses on aggressive hydration, uric acid reduction via allopurinol or rasburicase, electrolyte management, and sometimes dialysis for severe cases.
The document outlines the case of a 47-year-old woman presenting with right calf pain and swelling who is diagnosed with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) based on symptoms, risk factors including smoking and previous DVT, and tests showing a clot in her right leg vein. It then provides details on the pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment including pharmacological options for both acute and chronic management, and prevention of DVT.
The document provides information on deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. It discusses:
1. The coagulation process and how abnormalities in the vessel wall, blood flow, or blood components can lead to thrombosis according to Virchow's triad.
2. Risk factors for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism such as age, cancer, immobilization, and inherited conditions.
3. Diagnostic tests for pulmonary embolism including the Wells criteria for estimating probability, imaging tests like CT scans, and their limitations. Treatment involves anticoagulants like heparin or warfarin.
ISCHEMIA HEART DISEASE AND MYOCARDIAL INFARETIONfikri asyura
This document discusses ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction. It covers the pathophysiology of coronary ischemia, including how myocardial oxygen demand and supply are determined. When demand exceeds supply, ischemia occurs. The document details the physiology of coronary blood flow, autoregulation, and flow reserve. It then covers the clinical syndromes of stable angina, unstable angina, and acute myocardial infarction. Key concepts include the progression of atherosclerotic plaque, the vulnerable plaque that can rupture in acute coronary syndromes, and the treatment approaches for stable and unstable ischemia.
This document discusses deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). It covers the definition and risk factors of DVT, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment including anticoagulation options, prevention of DVT and PE, and potential complications like post-phlebitic syndrome. It also discusses the definition, risk factors, signs, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of PE.
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and Pulmonary embolism (PE)Aminul Haque
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), collectively referred to as venous thromboembolism (VTE), constitute a major global burden of disease.
Modern management of dvt dr. sharfuddin chowdhuryShakila Rifat
This document discusses modern management of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). It covers the epidemiology, classification, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and imaging of DVT. DVT is common in hospitalized patients, especially following surgery or injury. Diagnosis involves assessing pre-test probability with Wells criteria and testing D-dimer levels. Ultrasound is the primary imaging method due to its non-invasiveness and accuracy, though computed tomography venography can also be used. Treatment involves anticoagulation to prevent pulmonary embolism complications.
Tumor lysis syndrome is caused by massive tumor cell lysis and release of electrolytes into circulation, potentially causing kidney damage. Risk factors include large tumor burden, rapid proliferation, sensitivity to treatment, preexisting kidney conditions, and inadequate hydration or electrolyte control. Prevention focuses on aggressive hydration, uric acid reduction via allopurinol or rasburicase, electrolyte management, and sometimes dialysis for severe cases.
The document outlines the case of a 47-year-old woman presenting with right calf pain and swelling who is diagnosed with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) based on symptoms, risk factors including smoking and previous DVT, and tests showing a clot in her right leg vein. It then provides details on the pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment including pharmacological options for both acute and chronic management, and prevention of DVT.
The document provides information on deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. It discusses:
1. The coagulation process and how abnormalities in the vessel wall, blood flow, or blood components can lead to thrombosis according to Virchow's triad.
2. Risk factors for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism such as age, cancer, immobilization, and inherited conditions.
3. Diagnostic tests for pulmonary embolism including the Wells criteria for estimating probability, imaging tests like CT scans, and their limitations. Treatment involves anticoagulants like heparin or warfarin.
ISCHEMIA HEART DISEASE AND MYOCARDIAL INFARETIONfikri asyura
This document discusses ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction. It covers the pathophysiology of coronary ischemia, including how myocardial oxygen demand and supply are determined. When demand exceeds supply, ischemia occurs. The document details the physiology of coronary blood flow, autoregulation, and flow reserve. It then covers the clinical syndromes of stable angina, unstable angina, and acute myocardial infarction. Key concepts include the progression of atherosclerotic plaque, the vulnerable plaque that can rupture in acute coronary syndromes, and the treatment approaches for stable and unstable ischemia.
This document provides an overview of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). It discusses the causes of epigastric lumps, epidemiology, risk factors, etiology, natural history, clinical features, investigations, treatment, and complications of AAA. AAA is caused by degeneration of the arterial wall from atherosclerosis and loss of elastic tissue. Risk factors include smoking, age, family history, and connective tissue disorders. Larger aneurysm size increases the risk of rupture. Treatment options are open surgical repair or endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). Complications can be early such as bleeding, or late such as endoleaks. Ruptured AAA presents urgently with abdominal pain and hypotension.
This document discusses hypertensive diseases and their complications. It begins by outlining various hypertensive diseases that can affect the cerebrovascular system, eyes, heart and kidneys. It then defines hypertension and hypertensive emergencies/urgencies. The remainder of the document provides more details on specific hypertensive diseases and complications, including hypertensive encephalopathy, cerebrovascular accidents, retinopathy, left ventricular hypertrophy, coronary artery disease, cardiac arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, benign and malignant nephrosclerosis. It also discusses diagnostic criteria and management of various hypertensive conditions.
This document provides an overview of acute myocardial infarction (MI), also known as a heart attack. It discusses the definition, causes, risk factors, pathogenesis, classification, diagnosis and management of MI. The diagnosis involves taking a patient history, examining signs and symptoms, electrocardiography, serum analysis and echocardiography. Management is staged and involves pre-hospital, emergency department and post-discharge care, with a focus on reperfusing the blocked artery as quickly as possible, such as through percutaneous coronary intervention or thrombolytic therapy. The goal is to correctly identify the type of MI, treat the patient according to guidelines and manage any complications.
This document discusses the management of thyroid storm, a life-threatening condition characterized by a hypermetabolic state caused by underlying hyperthyroidism. Key points include:
- Thyroid storm is diagnosed clinically or using scoring tools like the Burch-Wartofsky Point Scale.
- Management aims to inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis/release and peripheral effects while reversing decompensation. This involves high-dose antithyroid drugs, beta blockers, corticosteroids, inorganic iodide, and treating any precipitating factors.
- Supportive treatments like IV fluids and nutrition are also important, along with considering urgent thyroidectomy or radioactive iodine in some cases. Patient education is crucial
This document discusses recommendations for bridging anticoagulation therapy for patients on warfarin undergoing medical procedures. It provides guidance on stratifying patients into high, moderate, and low risk and makes recommendations for whether bridging therapy is needed for different types of procedures for each risk group. For example, it states that bridging is generally recommended for high risk patients undergoing procedures, but may not be needed for moderate risk patients. It also discusses specific procedures like dental work, pacemaker implantation, and cardioversion and provides bridging recommendations for different risk levels.
This document provides information on deep vein thrombosis (DVT), including its definition, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- DVT is a blood clot (thrombus) that forms in a deep vein, usually in the legs. It can dislodge and cause a pulmonary embolism if it reaches the lungs.
- Risk factors for DVT include immobility, surgery, older age, and genetic or acquired hypercoagulable states. The Virchow's triad of factors contributing to clot formation are venous stasis, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability.
- Diagnosis involves a clinical assessment, D-dimer testing
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a genetic disorder characterized by multiple bilateral renal cysts that can lead to kidney failure, with mutations in two genes causing cyst formation through disordered polycystin function; it commonly causes hypertension, pain, infection, and kidney failure and can involve the liver and other organs; management focuses on slowing progression through blood pressure control, pain management, and potentially targeting the renin-angiotensin system or mTOR pathway.
This document discusses the management of peri-operative anticoagulation. It addresses balancing the risks of bleeding and thromboembolism when discontinuing or continuing anticoagulants for surgery or procedures. It provides guidance on interrupting and resuming different classes of anticoagulants like warfarin, NOACs, anti-platelets, and bridging with low molecular weight heparin. It also reviews patient and procedure risks factors for bleeding or thrombosis and considerations for urgent anticoagulant reversal in emergency surgeries.
Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease (PAOD) is atherosclerosis of the arteries in the extremities, causing reduced blood flow and ischemia. It affects up to 10% of people over 65 in Western countries. Left untreated, mortality rates increase to 30% at 5 years, 50% at 10 years, and 70% at 15 years. Risk factors include diabetes, hypertension, smoking, and family history. Smoking is the greatest risk factor and cessation is paramount for treatment. Claudication, or muscle pain with exercise, is a common symptom as is rest pain, ulcers, and gangrene. Physical exams look for reduced pulses and blood flow to assess severity. Treatment focuses on risk factor modification, exercise,
This document summarizes guidelines for treating hypertensive emergencies and urgencies. It defines hypertensive crisis as a severe elevation in blood pressure (>180/120 mmHg) and differentiates between emergencies and urgencies based on whether there is evidence of impending or progressive target organ dysfunction. The goal in treating hypertensive urgencies is to reduce mean arterial pressure by 10-15% within hours using oral medications. Hypertensive emergencies require more rapid blood pressure reduction, typically using intravenous medications, to prevent or limit end-organ damage. Lifestyle modifications and initial drug choices are outlined based on blood pressure levels and patient risk factors.
The document provides the top 10 take-home messages from the 2023 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients with Chronic Coronary Disease. The messages emphasize team-based and patient-centered care, nonpharmacologic therapies like exercise for all patients, and updated recommendations for medications and testing. Risk stratification should incorporate all available information to classify patients' risk levels. A multidisciplinary team approach is recommended to improve outcomes and modify risk factors.
This document discusses the pathophysiology of unstable angina and NSTEMI. It begins by explaining that these conditions result from an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand, usually presenting as angina with minimal exertion or at rest. Potential causes include arterial spasm, atherosclerosis, coronary artery dissection, or conditions altering myocardial demand/supply like emotion or hypertension. The most frequent mechanism is rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque, exposing thrombogenic tissue and activating the coagulation cascade, resulting in transient thrombosis. Diagnosis involves risk stratification using factors like the TIMI and GRACE scores to predict adverse events and guide management.
History taking upper gastro intestinal bleedingAbino David
This document provides guidance on evaluating and managing a patient presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. It outlines the differences between upper and lower GI bleeding and describes the relevant history, examination findings, and Rockall score for risk stratification. Key points include distinguishing symptoms of hematemesis versus hematochezia, assessing blood loss based on vital signs and volume, examining for stigmata of liver disease, and endoscopy to determine the source of bleeding and prognosis.
The document discusses varicose veins, including their anatomy, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. It describes the superficial and deep venous systems in the lower limbs and how perforator veins connect them. Incompetent valves in the perforating veins can allow reverse blood flow and cause varicose veins. Conservative treatments include compression stockings and sclerotherapy to occlude veins. Surgical options are vein stripping or ligation of incompetent veins and perforators. Newer minimally invasive treatments like endovenous laser ablation use laser energy to occlude veins.
This document discusses alcoholic liver disease (ALD). It begins by defining ALD and its stages - fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis. It then discusses risk factors like gender, genetics, and drinking patterns. Symptoms for each stage are provided. The pathophysiology of steatosis, hepatitis, and cirrhosis are explained. Diagnostic tests including blood tests, imaging, and biopsy are outlined. Management of ALD focuses on abstinence, nutrition, medications to prevent complications, and potentially transplantation for late-stage disease.
This document discusses various types of cirrhosis including alcoholic cirrhosis, cirrhosis due to viral hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, biliary cirrhosis, and cardiac cirrhosis. It covers the pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of alcoholic cirrhosis in detail. For other types of cirrhosis, it focuses on their causes and management of complications, which are generally similar regardless of the underlying etiology of cirrhosis. The main complications discussed are ascites, variceal bleeding, and hepatic encephalopathy.
The document discusses the metabolic response that occurs following injury or trauma to the body. It describes how there is an initial ebb phase characterized by shock, followed by a longer flow phase with increased metabolism and hormone levels. The metabolic response aims to restore homeostasis but can also cause organ damage. Factors like infection, nutrition, and inflammation can modify this response. Managing the response through fluid resuscitation, oxygen delivery, and minimizing stressors can improve outcomes.
This document discusses various classes of drugs that influence coagulation, including anticoagulants, antiplatelet drugs, and thrombolytic drugs. It describes several classes of anticoagulants such as heparins, warfarin, direct thrombin inhibitors, and direct factor Xa inhibitors. It provides details on specific drugs within each class, their mechanisms of action, dosing, monitoring, indications, and drug interactions. The focus is on drugs used for venous thromboembolism and non-valvular atrial fibrillation.
This document provides an overview of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). It discusses the causes of epigastric lumps, epidemiology, risk factors, etiology, natural history, clinical features, investigations, treatment, and complications of AAA. AAA is caused by degeneration of the arterial wall from atherosclerosis and loss of elastic tissue. Risk factors include smoking, age, family history, and connective tissue disorders. Larger aneurysm size increases the risk of rupture. Treatment options are open surgical repair or endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). Complications can be early such as bleeding, or late such as endoleaks. Ruptured AAA presents urgently with abdominal pain and hypotension.
This document discusses hypertensive diseases and their complications. It begins by outlining various hypertensive diseases that can affect the cerebrovascular system, eyes, heart and kidneys. It then defines hypertension and hypertensive emergencies/urgencies. The remainder of the document provides more details on specific hypertensive diseases and complications, including hypertensive encephalopathy, cerebrovascular accidents, retinopathy, left ventricular hypertrophy, coronary artery disease, cardiac arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, benign and malignant nephrosclerosis. It also discusses diagnostic criteria and management of various hypertensive conditions.
This document provides an overview of acute myocardial infarction (MI), also known as a heart attack. It discusses the definition, causes, risk factors, pathogenesis, classification, diagnosis and management of MI. The diagnosis involves taking a patient history, examining signs and symptoms, electrocardiography, serum analysis and echocardiography. Management is staged and involves pre-hospital, emergency department and post-discharge care, with a focus on reperfusing the blocked artery as quickly as possible, such as through percutaneous coronary intervention or thrombolytic therapy. The goal is to correctly identify the type of MI, treat the patient according to guidelines and manage any complications.
This document discusses the management of thyroid storm, a life-threatening condition characterized by a hypermetabolic state caused by underlying hyperthyroidism. Key points include:
- Thyroid storm is diagnosed clinically or using scoring tools like the Burch-Wartofsky Point Scale.
- Management aims to inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis/release and peripheral effects while reversing decompensation. This involves high-dose antithyroid drugs, beta blockers, corticosteroids, inorganic iodide, and treating any precipitating factors.
- Supportive treatments like IV fluids and nutrition are also important, along with considering urgent thyroidectomy or radioactive iodine in some cases. Patient education is crucial
This document discusses recommendations for bridging anticoagulation therapy for patients on warfarin undergoing medical procedures. It provides guidance on stratifying patients into high, moderate, and low risk and makes recommendations for whether bridging therapy is needed for different types of procedures for each risk group. For example, it states that bridging is generally recommended for high risk patients undergoing procedures, but may not be needed for moderate risk patients. It also discusses specific procedures like dental work, pacemaker implantation, and cardioversion and provides bridging recommendations for different risk levels.
This document provides information on deep vein thrombosis (DVT), including its definition, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- DVT is a blood clot (thrombus) that forms in a deep vein, usually in the legs. It can dislodge and cause a pulmonary embolism if it reaches the lungs.
- Risk factors for DVT include immobility, surgery, older age, and genetic or acquired hypercoagulable states. The Virchow's triad of factors contributing to clot formation are venous stasis, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability.
- Diagnosis involves a clinical assessment, D-dimer testing
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a genetic disorder characterized by multiple bilateral renal cysts that can lead to kidney failure, with mutations in two genes causing cyst formation through disordered polycystin function; it commonly causes hypertension, pain, infection, and kidney failure and can involve the liver and other organs; management focuses on slowing progression through blood pressure control, pain management, and potentially targeting the renin-angiotensin system or mTOR pathway.
This document discusses the management of peri-operative anticoagulation. It addresses balancing the risks of bleeding and thromboembolism when discontinuing or continuing anticoagulants for surgery or procedures. It provides guidance on interrupting and resuming different classes of anticoagulants like warfarin, NOACs, anti-platelets, and bridging with low molecular weight heparin. It also reviews patient and procedure risks factors for bleeding or thrombosis and considerations for urgent anticoagulant reversal in emergency surgeries.
Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease (PAOD) is atherosclerosis of the arteries in the extremities, causing reduced blood flow and ischemia. It affects up to 10% of people over 65 in Western countries. Left untreated, mortality rates increase to 30% at 5 years, 50% at 10 years, and 70% at 15 years. Risk factors include diabetes, hypertension, smoking, and family history. Smoking is the greatest risk factor and cessation is paramount for treatment. Claudication, or muscle pain with exercise, is a common symptom as is rest pain, ulcers, and gangrene. Physical exams look for reduced pulses and blood flow to assess severity. Treatment focuses on risk factor modification, exercise,
This document summarizes guidelines for treating hypertensive emergencies and urgencies. It defines hypertensive crisis as a severe elevation in blood pressure (>180/120 mmHg) and differentiates between emergencies and urgencies based on whether there is evidence of impending or progressive target organ dysfunction. The goal in treating hypertensive urgencies is to reduce mean arterial pressure by 10-15% within hours using oral medications. Hypertensive emergencies require more rapid blood pressure reduction, typically using intravenous medications, to prevent or limit end-organ damage. Lifestyle modifications and initial drug choices are outlined based on blood pressure levels and patient risk factors.
The document provides the top 10 take-home messages from the 2023 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients with Chronic Coronary Disease. The messages emphasize team-based and patient-centered care, nonpharmacologic therapies like exercise for all patients, and updated recommendations for medications and testing. Risk stratification should incorporate all available information to classify patients' risk levels. A multidisciplinary team approach is recommended to improve outcomes and modify risk factors.
This document discusses the pathophysiology of unstable angina and NSTEMI. It begins by explaining that these conditions result from an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand, usually presenting as angina with minimal exertion or at rest. Potential causes include arterial spasm, atherosclerosis, coronary artery dissection, or conditions altering myocardial demand/supply like emotion or hypertension. The most frequent mechanism is rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque, exposing thrombogenic tissue and activating the coagulation cascade, resulting in transient thrombosis. Diagnosis involves risk stratification using factors like the TIMI and GRACE scores to predict adverse events and guide management.
History taking upper gastro intestinal bleedingAbino David
This document provides guidance on evaluating and managing a patient presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. It outlines the differences between upper and lower GI bleeding and describes the relevant history, examination findings, and Rockall score for risk stratification. Key points include distinguishing symptoms of hematemesis versus hematochezia, assessing blood loss based on vital signs and volume, examining for stigmata of liver disease, and endoscopy to determine the source of bleeding and prognosis.
The document discusses varicose veins, including their anatomy, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. It describes the superficial and deep venous systems in the lower limbs and how perforator veins connect them. Incompetent valves in the perforating veins can allow reverse blood flow and cause varicose veins. Conservative treatments include compression stockings and sclerotherapy to occlude veins. Surgical options are vein stripping or ligation of incompetent veins and perforators. Newer minimally invasive treatments like endovenous laser ablation use laser energy to occlude veins.
This document discusses alcoholic liver disease (ALD). It begins by defining ALD and its stages - fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis. It then discusses risk factors like gender, genetics, and drinking patterns. Symptoms for each stage are provided. The pathophysiology of steatosis, hepatitis, and cirrhosis are explained. Diagnostic tests including blood tests, imaging, and biopsy are outlined. Management of ALD focuses on abstinence, nutrition, medications to prevent complications, and potentially transplantation for late-stage disease.
This document discusses various types of cirrhosis including alcoholic cirrhosis, cirrhosis due to viral hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, biliary cirrhosis, and cardiac cirrhosis. It covers the pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of alcoholic cirrhosis in detail. For other types of cirrhosis, it focuses on their causes and management of complications, which are generally similar regardless of the underlying etiology of cirrhosis. The main complications discussed are ascites, variceal bleeding, and hepatic encephalopathy.
The document discusses the metabolic response that occurs following injury or trauma to the body. It describes how there is an initial ebb phase characterized by shock, followed by a longer flow phase with increased metabolism and hormone levels. The metabolic response aims to restore homeostasis but can also cause organ damage. Factors like infection, nutrition, and inflammation can modify this response. Managing the response through fluid resuscitation, oxygen delivery, and minimizing stressors can improve outcomes.
This document discusses various classes of drugs that influence coagulation, including anticoagulants, antiplatelet drugs, and thrombolytic drugs. It describes several classes of anticoagulants such as heparins, warfarin, direct thrombin inhibitors, and direct factor Xa inhibitors. It provides details on specific drugs within each class, their mechanisms of action, dosing, monitoring, indications, and drug interactions. The focus is on drugs used for venous thromboembolism and non-valvular atrial fibrillation.
DVT most commonly occurs in the lower extremities and pelvis, causing symptoms like leg pain and swelling. It is a common complication for hospitalized patients and those with injuries. Treatment involves blood thinners, compression stockings, and filters to prevent clots from dislodging and causing pulmonary embolisms. Anticoagulants like heparin and warfarin are used long-term to prevent recurrence and complications, while newer drugs provide alternatives. Early diagnosis and treatment can help manage this condition and reduce risks of long-term issues.
This document defines massive, submassive, and low-risk pulmonary embolism (PE) and provides diagnostic criteria for each. Massive PE is defined by sustained hypotension, pulselessness, or profound bradycardia. Submassive PE is defined by right ventricular dysfunction or myocardial necrosis without hypotension. Low-risk PE lacks the criteria for massive or submassive PE. Diagnostic tests and initial treatment recommendations are also summarized.
This document discusses the treatment of pulmonary embolism (PE). It outlines the main objectives of PE treatment as preventing death from PE, post-thrombotic syndrome, and recurrent venous thromboembolism with minimal side effects. The main treatment approaches discussed are anticoagulants, thrombolytic therapy, caval interruption, and surgical removal. Specific treatment recommendations are provided for massive, major and minor PE based on the presence of shock, right ventricular dysfunction, or normal right ventricular function.
This document discusses the challenges of managing anticoagulation in patients undergoing surgical procedures. It provides guidance on estimating thromboembolic and bleeding risk, deciding whether to interrupt anticoagulation, and timing interruptions. For patients at very high thromboembolic risk, the goal is to limit time off anticoagulation. Bleeding risk depends on procedure type and duration. Warfarin should be stopped 5 days before elective surgery to allow the INR to decrease safely.
Endoscopy in patients on antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy.attiasalman1
This document discusses guidelines for managing anticoagulant and antiplatelet medications before and after gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures. It addresses which procedures require stopping medications, how to classify patient thrombosis risk, when to stop and restart medications, and special considerations for emergent bleeding situations. Key points include classifying endoscopic procedures and patient thrombosis risk as low or high, recommendations to stop or continue various medications before low-risk versus high-risk procedures, and guidance on reversing anticoagulation effects or providing alternate medications for emergency bleeding situations.
This document discusses deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), collectively known as venous thromboembolism (VTE). It notes that VTE is a major global disease that is underdiagnosed and increasing in incidence. The document covers the etiology, risk factors, presentations, diagnosis, and management of VTE, including the use of anticoagulants like direct oral anticoagulants which have advantages over warfarin. It emphasizes the importance of appropriate diagnosis and treatment to prevent recurrence of VTE events and long-term complications.
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a blood clot that forms inside a vein, usually in the leg veins. If not treated, the clots can break off and travel to other parts of the body. Risk factors include genetic factors, immobilization, surgery, cancer, and oral contraceptives. Symptoms may include leg swelling and pain. Treatment involves blood thinners to prevent clot growth and embolism. Proper prophylaxis including mechanical methods and anticoagulants depends on the type of surgery and patient risk factors. Care must be taken with neuraxial procedures and indwelling catheters.
This study compared the efficacy and safety of the investigational drug Abelacimab, a monoclonal antibody targeting factor XI, to Enoxaparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism after total knee arthroplasty. Patients were randomized to receive Abelacimab at doses of 30 mg, 75 mg, or 150 mg or Enoxaparin 40 mg daily. Abelacimab reduced the risk of venous thromboembolism compared to Enoxaparin without increasing the risk of major bleeding. The 75 mg and 150 mg doses of Abelacimab showed superior efficacy to Enoxaparin with lower rates of venous thromboembolism.
1. Sepsis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with mortality rates ranging from 15-60% depending on the severity. The guidelines provide recommendations for the management of sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock.
2. The initial focus is on early recognition and treatment within the first hour including antibiotics, fluid resuscitation, lactate monitoring, and source control. Vasopressors, inotropes, steroids and other supportive care measures are also addressed.
3. Goals are to diagnose and treat the infection while restoring tissue perfusion and organ function through a coordinated response and supportive therapies.
This document discusses liver cirrhosis, including its definition, causes, clinical presentation, management, and treatment of complications. Cirrhosis is characterized by the replacement of liver tissue with scar tissue, leading to loss of liver function. The most common causes are fatty liver disease, viral hepatitis, and alcohol use. Management involves treating the underlying cause, managing complications, and liver transplantation for severe cases. Complications like ascites, bleeding, and encephalopathy are treated through dietary changes, medications, and procedures.
Around 50% of patients with image-documented DVT lack specific symptoms. The diagnosis of DVT relies on a pretest probability assessment using Wells Criteria followed by D-dimer testing and venous ultrasound if needed. While anticoagulation is the mainstay of treatment, newer oral anticoagulants provide efficacy comparable to heparin and warfarin but with less bleeding risk and more convenient dosing without the need for monitoring. Home treatment is sufficient for most patients.
CPG: Prevention and Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)Khairunnisa Zamri
This document provides guidelines for the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE). It defines VTE as deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. It discusses the epidemiology, causes, risk factors, pathophysiology and various methods for prophylaxis and treatment of VTE, including pharmacological agents such as low molecular weight heparins, fondaparinux, vitamin K antagonists, and new oral anticoagulants. It also covers topics such as risk assessment, timing of prophylaxis, duration of treatment and switching between different anticoagulation agents.
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a blood clot that forms in the deep veins of the legs or pelvis. Risk factors include prolonged immobility, surgery, cancer, and genetic factors. Symptoms include leg swelling, pain, and warmth. Diagnosis is made through ultrasound or venography. Treatment involves anticoagulants like heparin, low molecular weight heparin, or warfarin to prevent clot extension and pulmonary embolism. Chronic therapy aims to prevent recurrence and typically lasts at least 3-6 months or indefinitely for high-risk patients.
Hepatic Considerations In Oral Surgery .pptxSudiptaBera9
This document provides an overview of considerations for oral surgery in patients with liver disease. It discusses the functional role of the liver and risks associated with dental care for patients with liver disease such as impaired hemostasis, drug interactions, and increased susceptibility to infection. It also covers preoperative evaluation including liver function tests and coagulation assessment. Guidelines are provided for preoperative management including vitamin K replacement, drug dosing adjustments based on liver function, and anesthesia considerations. Postoperative management focuses on hemostasis and infection control.
Some slides are taken from different textbooks of medicine like Davidson, Kumar and Clark and Oxford, and some from other presentations made by respected tutors. I'm barely responsible for compilation of various resources per my interest. These resources are free for use, and I do not claim any copyright. Hoping knowledge remains free for all, forever.
1. Oncological emergencies include life-threatening events in cancer patients caused by the malignancy or its treatment.
2. Common oncological emergencies include tumor lysis syndrome, hypercalcemia of malignancy, febrile neutropenia, and superior vena cava syndrome.
3. Tumor lysis syndrome occurs due to the rapid release of intracellular contents from dying tumor cells, causing electrolyte abnormalities. Hypercalcemia of malignancy is most commonly caused by parathyroid hormone-related protein overproduction. Febrile neutropenia is a common complication of chemotherapy. Superior vena cava syndrome involves extrinsic compression of the superior vena cava.
This document summarizes guidelines for anticoagulation therapy, including direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) such as dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban. It discusses their indications, dosing, efficacy, safety profiles compared to warfarin, drug interactions, and perioperative management. The key points are that DOACs are generally noninferior or superior to warfarin for stroke prevention with equal or lower risks of bleeding, though drug interactions and the lack of reversal agents for some need to be considered. Perioperative bridging therapy should only be used selectively for high-risk patients, and interruption of anticoagulation should be
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
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Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
2. EPIDEMIOLOGY:
• 0.75-2.69 per 1000 population
• 2-7 per 1000 in elderly
• In India, 53.6% of hospitalized patients
[surgical (61.3%), medical (44.7%)] are at-risk
for VTE, still >80% of these patients do not
receive prophylaxis.
7. Mechanical Methods
Passive devices- Graduated compression (elastic) stockings (GCS)
Active devices- Intermittent pneumatic compression [IPC]) devices
The use of GCS and IPC devices is recommended primarily as an adjunct to anticoagulant-based
prophylaxis in moderate to high risk patients.
Pharmacologic Methods
Aspirin- Prevent recurrent VTE in patients with an unprovoked proximal DVT following anticoagulation
cessation.
Warfarin- Started the night before surgery and continued postoperatively during the discharge period.
Heparin- Postoperative DVT prophylaxis by administering a bolus of 5000 U every 8 hours
.
8. • Low-molecular-weight heparins-
– Enoxaparin - Dose 30 mg SC every 12 hours, starting 12-24 hours
postoperatively
– Dalteparin - Dose 5000 IU SC daily (qd), starting 12-24 hours
postoperatively
– Danaparoid - Dose 750 U SC every 12 hours, starting 12-24 hours
postoperatively
– Nadroparin - Dose 38 U/kg SC qd, starting 12-24 hours postoperatively
– Tinzaparin - Dose 75 U/kg/d SC, starting 12-24 hours postoperatively
– Ardeparin - Dose 50 IU/kg SC every 12 hours, starting 12-24 hours
postoperatively
Fondaparinux- A dose of 2.5 mg SC daily can be started 6-8 hours
postoperatively
Bariatric patients- LMWH strategy (enoxaparin 40 mg twice daily), or
adjusted dose LMWH (0.5 mg/kg per day)
9. Hepatic and renal function tests should be assessed and within normal range before
starting DOACs postoperatively. For low and high bleeding risk surgery, DOAC can
be started 24 hours and 48-72 hours after surgery, respectively
Factor Xa inhibitors
Rivaroxaban - 15 mg twice daily for 3 weeks followed by 20 mg once daily
Apixaban - 10 mg twice daily for 7 days followed by 5 mg twice daily
Edoxaban - 60 mg once daily
Direct thrombin inhibitors
-- Dabigatran - 150 mg twice daily
10. Clinical Presentation
• Pain, limb edema or it can be asymptomatic.
• Edema is the most specific symptom of DVT.
• Peripheral pulses
• Homan's sign and Moses sign
• Phlegmasia cerulea dolens (“painful blue inflammation”).
The leg is usually markedly edematous, painful, and
cyanotic. Petechiae are often present.
• Phlegmasia alba dolens (“painful white inflammation”). The
affected extremity is often pale with poor or even absent
distal pulses. The physical findings may suggest acute
arterial occlusion, but the presence of swelling, petechiae,
and distended superficial veins point to this condition.
12. DIAGNOSIS
The Wells clinical prediction guide quantifies the pretest probability of DVT
• Clinical Parameter
• Active cancer (treatment ongoing, or within 6 months or palliative 1
• Paralysis or recent plaster immobilization of lower extremities 1
• Recently bedridden for more than 3 days or major surgery less than 4 weeks prior 1
• Localized tenderness along the distribution of the deep venous system 1
• Entire leg swelling 1
• Calf swelling more than 3 cm compared with asymptomatic leg 1
• Pitting edema (greater than asymptomatic leg) 1
• Previous DVT documented 1
• Collateral superficial veins (nonvaricose) 1
• Alternative diagnosis (as likely or greater than that of DVT) -2
Probability (2 Risk Group) Total Score # Probability of DVT %
Low risk (DVT unlikely) < 2 6%
High risk (DVT likely) 2 28%
13.
14. Exclusion criteria for outpatient management are as follows:
• Suspected or proven concomitant PE
• Significant cardiovascular or pulmonary comorbidity
• Iliofemoral DVT
• Contraindications to anticoagulation
• Familial or inherited disorder of coagulation: antithrombin III
(ATIII) deficiency, prothrombin 20210A, protein C or protein S
deficiency, or factor V Leiden
• Familial bleeding disorder
• Pregnancy
• Morbid obesity (>150 kg)
• Renal failure (creatinine >2 mg/dL)
• Unavailable or unable to arrange close follow-up care
• Unable to follow instructions
• Homeless
• No contact telephone
• Geographic (too far from hospital)
• Patient/family resistant to outpatient therapy
15. Reversal of Anticoagulation
• Heparin
– short half-life , 60–90 minutes
– anticoagulant effect eliminated at 3-4 hours
– Protamine sulfate -1 mg for every 100 units of heparin.
IV infusion over a 10-minute period
doses not to exceed 50 mg.
• Lower molecular weight heparins
– Half-life, 4-6 h
– Protamine , reverses 60% of the drug’s effects
16. Duration of Anticoagulationt Therapy
• The American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP)
recommends cessation of anticoagulant therapy after 3
months of treatment in those with
(1) surgery-associated acute proximal DVT,
(2) an acute proximal DVT or PE provoked by a
nonsurgical transient risk factor, and
(3) a first unprovoked VTE and a high risk of bleeding.
(In those with a low or moderate bleeding risk, extend
anticoagulation without a scheduled stop date.)
• Indefinite therapy is recommended for patients with
recurrent episodes of venous thrombosis regardless of
the cause.
17. Complications of Anticoagulant Therapy
• Hemorrhagic complications
• Heparin induced thrombocytopenia-
– Type 1 HIT- 2 days after exposure
• platelet count normalizes with continued heparin therapy.
• nonimmune disorder
– Type 2 HIT- 4-10 days after exposure
• immune-mediated disorder.
• Platelet decrease more than 50% of the baseline count, even if the
platelet count is above 150 x 109/L.
• skin lesions at heparin injection sites or by acute systemic reactions
(eg, chills, fever, dyspnea, chest pain)
• Treatment-Direct thrombin inhibitors Argatroban (2 mcg/kg/min,
adjusted by the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) with a
target of 1.5-3 times the baseline)
18. • Warfarin
– INRs of >4.5 but <10 and without clinically relevant bleeding
• cessation of VKA alone without the addition of vitamin K.
– Life-threatening bleeding with an elevated INR
• 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrates (PCCs)
• cessation of VKA
• IV vitamin K.
• Non–vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs)
– Life-threatening bleeding during dabigatran therapy
• idarucizumab
• cessation of dabigatran
– Life-threatening bleeding during oral direct Xa inhibitor
• 4-factor PCC administration
• cessation of oral direct Xa inhibitor
– Life-threatening bleeding during oral direct Xa inhibitor
• coagulation factor Xa (recombinant
• cessation of oral direct Xa inhibitor
19. • The guidelines on optimal management of
anticoagulation therapy for venous
thromboembolism
(released on November 7, 2018, by the American Society of
Hematology (ASH)
– For patients at low to moderate risk of recurrent VTE who
require interruption of VKA therapy for invasive procedures, the
ASH guideline panel recommends against periprocedural
bridging with LMWH or UHF in favour of interruption of VKA
alone
– For patients receiving anticoagulation therapy for VTE who
survive an episode of major bleeding, the ASH guideline panel
suggests resumption of oral anticoagulation therapy within 90
days rather than discontinuation of oral anticoagulation therapy
– For patients requiring administration of inhibitors or inducers of
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) or strong inhibitors or inducers of
cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, the ASH guideline panel
suggests using an alternative anticoagulant (such as vitamin K
antagonist [VKA] or LMWH) rather than a direct oral
anticoagulant (DOAC) for the treatment of VTE
20. – For patients transitioning from DOAC to VKA, the ASH
guideline panel suggests overlapping DOAC and VKA therapy
until the INR is within the therapeutic range over using LMWH
or UFH “bridging therapy”
– For patients with creatinine clearance of ≥50 mL/min receiving
DOAC therapy for treatment of VTE, the ASH guideline panel
agrees that good practice includes renal function monitoring
every 6 to 12 months.
– For patients with creatinine clearance of <50 mL/min receiving
DOAC therapy for treatment of VTE, the ASH guideline panel
agrees that good practice includes renal function monitoring
approximately every 3 months.
21. THROMBOLYSIS
• The American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) consensus guidelines
recommend thrombolytic therapy only for patients with massive
ileofemoral vein thrombosis associated with limb ischemia or vascular
compromise
• PHARMACOLOGIC THROMBOLYSIS
– Alteplase-0.5-1 mg/hr, 12-24 hr
– Reteplase- Catheter directed infusion of 1U/hr for 18-36 hrs
– Urokinase- IV bolus 4400U/kg
• f/b 4400U/kg/hr for 1-3 days
• Intra thrombus dose- 2.50,000U IV
– f/b 500U/hr can be increased to 2000U/hr
– Streptokinase- IV bolus 2,50,000 IU
• f/b 1lac U/hr for 1-3 days
22. ENDOVASCULAR INTERVENTION
• Percutaneous transcatheter treatment
– catheter-directed thrombolysis,
– mechanical thrombectomy,
– angioplasty, and/or stenting
• Indications-
– Phlegmasia
– Symptomatic IVC thrombosis that responds poorly to anticoagulation
alone
– Symptomatic iliofemoral or femoropopliteal DVT in patients with a
low risk of bleeding.
• Contraindications
– Active internal bleeding
– Disseminated intravascular coagulation
– Cerebrovascular event
– Trauma
– Neurosurgery within 3 months..
23. SURGICAL THROMBECTOMY
• Phlegmasia cerulean dolens.
• Exposing the common femoral vein and saphenofemoral junction
through a longitudinal skin incision.
• A Fogarty catheter is passed through the clot, and the balloon is
inflated and withdrawn, along with the clot.
• Venography is mandatory to confirm the clearance of the thrombus.
• Arteriovenous fistula assist in maintaining patency by increasing
the flow velocity through a thrombogenic iliofemoral venous
segment and promoting collateral development.
• Heparin anticoagulation is usually initiated before surgery,
continued during the procedure, and maintained for 6-12 months
afterward.
• Leg compression devices are useful to maintain venous flow.
24. INFERIOR VENA CAVA FILTERS
• American Heart Association recommendations for inferior vena cava filters
include the following.
– Confirmed acute proximal DVT or acute PE in patient with
contraindication for anticoagulation (this remains the most common
indication for inferior vena cava filter placement)
– Recurrent thromboembolism while on anticoagulation
– Active bleeding complications requiring termination of anticoagulation
therapy
• Relative contraindications
– Large, free-floating iliofemoral thrombus in high-risk patients
– Propagating iliofemoral thrombus while on anticoagulation
– Chronic PE in patient with pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale
– Patient with significant fall risk
25.
26. • ADJUNCTIVE MEASURES FOR ACUTE DVT MANAGEMENT
• Elastic Compression Stockings
– The Eighth ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic
Therapy observed that PTS occurs in 20-50% of patients with
objectively confirmed DVT and assigned a grade 1A recommendation
for the use of graduated elastic compression stockings for 2 years after
the onset of proximal DVT.
– The 10th ACCP recommends against the routine use of compression
stockings in patients with acute DVT to prevent postthrombotic
syndrome.
• Ambulation
– The ACCP Consensus Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic
Therapy for venous thromboembolism also recommended ambulation
as tolerated for patients with DVT. Therefore, early ambulation on day
2 after initiation of outpatient anticoagulant therapy in addition to
effective compression is strongly recommended. Early ambulation
without ECS is not recommended.
27. UPPER EXTREMITY DEEP VEIN
THROMBOSIS (UEDVT)
• Primary-idiopathic
• Secondary- cancer or an indwelling central venous
catheter.
• CLINICAL FINDINGS
– Asymptomatic.
– Erythema, pain, or swelling located at neck, chest, or arm
are few of the common symptoms, if present.
– In patients with significant disease, there is often
tremendous engorgement of the veins along the chest wall
or the extremity. In rare instances, phlegmasia cerulean
dolens has been reported.
•
28.
29. COMPLICATIONS
• PULMONARY EMBOLISM
– Symptomatic DVT- 40% patients have silent PE at diagnosis.
– ECG- Most common sinus tachycardia.
– S1Q3T3 pattern is classic
– The arterial oxygen saturation (PaO2) lowered.
– PE is most often diagnosed by means of ventilation/perfusion lung scanning,
When the results of these studies are equivocal, the use of spiral CT scans may
be able to demonstrate intravascular thrombosis. In many institutions, the
criterion standard for diagnosing PE is pulmonary angiography.
• PARADOXIC EMBOLI
– Patients with cardiac defects (usually atrial septal defect)
– Stroke or embolization of a peripheral artery.
– Patients can present after cardiac failure
• RECURRENT DEEP VENOUS THROMBOSIS
– Without treatment- 50% recurrent DVT within 3 months.
– After anticoagulation for an unprovoked VTE event is discontinued, the
incidence is 5-15% per year.
– Presentations are similar, with pain and edema.
30. •POSTTHROMBOTIC SYNDROME
•Chronic complication- After months to many years
•Venous hypertension resulting from valve reflux and/or luminal
obstruction
•Patients with Iliofemoral DVT appear to be a clinically relevant subset
with acute venous thrombosis.
•Swelling, pigmentation, and lipodermatosclerosis. mild erythema and
localized induration to massive extremity swelling and ulceration