The document discusses open and closed economies. An open economy allows for international trade, with imports and exports making up a large percentage of GDP. They are influenced by global economic trends but allow market forces to determine production. A closed economy does not engage in international trade and aims to be self-sufficient within its own borders. While truly closed economies are rare, some governments still seek to limit foreign influences. The document outlines advantages and disadvantages of both open and closed economies in areas such as economic growth, prices, innovation, and risks from global economic disruptions. It concludes that an ideal economy would have a balanced mixture of open and closed policies tailored to its situation.

1. Debate on open economy versus closed economy and their features
Open economy:
 Market-economy mostly free fromtrade barriers and where exports and
imports forma large percentage of the GDP.
 No economy is totally open or closed in terms of trade restrictions, and
all governments havevarying degrees of controlover movements of
capital and labour.
 Degree of openness of an economy determines a government's freedom
to pursueeconomic policies of its choice, and the susceptibility of the
country to international economic cycles.
 In terms of the percentage of the GDP dependent on foreign trade, the
UK is a more open economy than the US.
 In an open economy, marketforces are allowed to determine production
levels.
Closed economy:
 An economy in which no activity is conducted with outside economies. A
closed economy is self-sufficient, meaning that no imports are brought
in and no exports are sent out. The goal is to provideconsumers with
everything that they need fromwithin the economy's borders.
 Closed economies are more likely to be less developed if they lack
internal sources of some raw materials, such as oil, gas and coal.
 Due to the prevalence of international trade, truly closed economies are
rare. Even governments that seek to limit the political or cultural
influences of the outside world are likely to trade with other economies
on somescale.
 Closed economy is characterized by protective tariffs, state-run or
nationalized industries, extensive governmentregulations and price
controls, and similar policies indicative of a government-controlled
economy.

2. Features of an open economy:
 Importand export helps increasethe GDP and thus there is economic
growth.
 Open economies are able to get cheaper imports and can sell exports at
higher prices. In other words, both importers and exporters of open
countries [and therefore, their consumers] benefitfromprice
differentials.
 Internationaltrade in goods and services enables each country to
concentrate on the production of those goods in which it has a
comparativecost advantage, and import thosein which it has a
comparativecost disadvantage. That way, it can add to the volume,
variety and quality of goods and services that go into determining its
GDP.
 An open economy is more flexible if it exports and imports in such a
manner that when there is a crisis they are able to withstand those
pressures, in other words arenot totally dependent on other countries.
 Open economies providean incentive for research and adoption of
innovations. This is because open economies have benefit of a wider
scopefor their profitable application over bigger markets and recovery
of huge research costs.
 Open economies are interdependent. And this exposes them to certain
unavoidable risks. Disturbances liketrade cycles, and fluctuations in
income, prices and employment etc., originating in one economy, spread
to other economies also, this depends on the sizeof the economy,
intensity of the initial disturbances and degree of integration or
interdependence.
 Certain varieties of imports can expose a country to undue political,
economic and cultural risk. Examples are imports necessary for defence,
health care, energy needs, food needs, and the like.
 Large scale increasein international capital flows has resulted in
problems like heavy indebtedness of certain countries and their inability
to repay their debts.
 Internationaltrade adds to the productivecapacity of a country, butif its
terms of trade deteriorate so much that there is a net decline in its
economic welfare then it is not economic growth.

3. Features of a closed economy:
 A closed region is independent fromother regions, so there is no fear of
coercion or interference.
 Transitcosts may be a problem for an isolated region, but the absenceof
imports and exports relieves all shipping costs.
 Nearly every country or region has regulations on items produced and
sold. These ensurethat the productis safeor satisfies certain conditions.
While regulating every item is difficult, a region with a closed economy
may find it slightly easier. This is because it does not have to check
imports, only internal items.
 A closed economy mustalso be able to feed itself and so is highly
dependent on agricultural and other farming methods to be able to
survive. If thecountry suffers fromany adverseconditions such as too
much rain or not enough rain, this will have a direct impact on the
economy and people may starve.
 An economy on its path of development, like India, should focus more
on producing for the country on domestic level and restrictthemselves
fromusing imported goods.
Conclusion:
An economy should be neutral when it comes to having trade between
countries. If it’s able to withstand the pressures of any crisis by having backups
then it would flourish. Pureopen economy and closed economy exists only in
theoretical terms but a mixture of both can benefit a country and its people to
develop as well as grow. Both of them have their own advantages and
disadvantages though a country should adopt policies according to the
situation and keeping in mind the prevalent economic factors.