This document discusses free trade and protectionism. It defines free trade as occurring when there are no barriers to trade between countries, allowing goods to move freely. Protectionism refers to measures that give local producers an advantage over foreign competitors. The document then examines arguments for and against protectionism, such as protecting domestic industries and employment versus higher consumer prices and reduced competition.
The theory of comparative advantage, first developed by English economist David Ricardo in 1817, is a theory about the potential gains from trade for companies, countries or people that arise on account of differences in factor endowments or technological progress.
The theory of comparative advantage, first developed by English economist David Ricardo in 1817, is a theory about the potential gains from trade for companies, countries or people that arise on account of differences in factor endowments or technological progress.
Theoretical Part Topics:
1. Introduction to International Trade
2. Trade Barrier & Imperfect Competition
3. Trade Body, Trade Law and Product introduction
4. World Apparel Market and BDG RMG Sector
5. Market and Demand Analysis
6. World Market analysis and Potentialities
7. Introduction to Marketing and Export Promotion
8. Communication Strategy
9. Process of Export and Import
International economics deals with the economic relations among nations. The resulting interdependence is very important to the economic well-being of most nations of the world and is on the increase. The economic relations among nations differ from the economic relations among the various part of a nation. This gives rise to different problems, requiring somewhat different tools of analysis, and justifies International Economics as a distinct and separate branch of “Applied” Economics.
International economics deals with
1) The Pure Theory of Trade. This examines the basis for trade and the gains from trade.
2) The Theory of Commercial Policy. This studies the reasons for and the results of obstructions to the free flow of trade.
3) The Balance of Payments. This examines a nation’s total payments to and total receipts from the rest of the world. These involve the exchange of one currency with others.
4) Adjustment in the Balance of Payments. This deals with the mechanism of adjustment to balance of payments disequilibria under different international monetary systems.
Trade policies in developing countries have been central to the analysis of international development economists over the past decades. The desire for rapid economic growth in developing countries has raised many questions about the relationship between trade and growth. This PPT examines the fact that the policies adopted in many developing countries have often been very different from those emanating from rational allocation models and have provided researchers/ students with a wide scope for analyzing their effects.
Theoretical Part Topics:
1. Introduction to International Trade
2. Trade Barrier & Imperfect Competition
3. Trade Body, Trade Law and Product introduction
4. World Apparel Market and BDG RMG Sector
5. Market and Demand Analysis
6. World Market analysis and Potentialities
7. Introduction to Marketing and Export Promotion
8. Communication Strategy
9. Process of Export and Import
International economics deals with the economic relations among nations. The resulting interdependence is very important to the economic well-being of most nations of the world and is on the increase. The economic relations among nations differ from the economic relations among the various part of a nation. This gives rise to different problems, requiring somewhat different tools of analysis, and justifies International Economics as a distinct and separate branch of “Applied” Economics.
International economics deals with
1) The Pure Theory of Trade. This examines the basis for trade and the gains from trade.
2) The Theory of Commercial Policy. This studies the reasons for and the results of obstructions to the free flow of trade.
3) The Balance of Payments. This examines a nation’s total payments to and total receipts from the rest of the world. These involve the exchange of one currency with others.
4) Adjustment in the Balance of Payments. This deals with the mechanism of adjustment to balance of payments disequilibria under different international monetary systems.
Trade policies in developing countries have been central to the analysis of international development economists over the past decades. The desire for rapid economic growth in developing countries has raised many questions about the relationship between trade and growth. This PPT examines the fact that the policies adopted in many developing countries have often been very different from those emanating from rational allocation models and have provided researchers/ students with a wide scope for analyzing their effects.
International Economics & Policy (VV2)
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2. What is free trade?
• Free trade is said to take place
between countries when there are
no barriers to trade put in place by
governments or international
organizations.
• Goods are able to move freely
between countries.
3. Key Questions - Trade
• If international trade is so good
for all the countries concerned,
why is it that countries do not
trade freely?
• Why do they often protect their
economies from imports?
4. What is Protectionism?
• Any measured designed to give
local producers of good or service
an advantage over a foreign
competitor.
5. ARGUMENTS FOR PROTECTION
There are many arguments for protecting local
producers and industries. These include:
• Protecting Domestic Employment
• Protecting The Economy from Low-Cost Labour
• Protecting an infant (sunrise) Industry.
• To Avoid the Risks of Over-Specialization
• Strategic Reasons
• To Prevent Dumping
6. ARGUMENTS FOR PROTECTION
Protecting Domestic Employment
• At any given time in an economy, there will be
some industries that are in decline (sunset
industries) because they cannot compete with
foreign competition.
• If the industries are relatively large, this will lead
to high levels of structural unemployment and
governments often attempt to protect the
industries in order to avoid the unemployment.
• The negative externalities of a rapidly declining
major industry may so great, the government
feels obligated to provide some protection.
7. ARGUMENTS FOR PROTECTION
Protecting Domestic Employment
Counter Argument for Free Trade
• The industry will continue to decline and
protection will simply prolong the process.
• Although there will be short-run social costs, it
could be better to let the resources employed
in the industry more into another, expanding
area of the economy.
8. ARGUMENTS FOR PROTECTION
Protecting the Economy from low-cost labour
• It is often argued that the main
reason for declining domestic
industries is the low cost of labour in
exporting countries.
• The economy should be protected
from imports that are produced in
countries where the cost of labour is
very low.
9. ARGUMENTS FOR PROTECTION
Protecting the Economy from low-cost labour
US Clothing Industry Example
• There have been demands in the US to protect
the domestic clothing industry against cheap
imports from Asia, where wages are much
lower.
10. ARGUMENTS FOR PROTECTION
Protecting the Economy from low-cost labour
Manufacturing Industries
• While trade may create many benefits for an
economy as a whole, the cost in terms of job
looses may be concentrated in particular
industries.
• There is much greater job insecurity among
manufacturing workers in developed countries
who fear they will lose their jobs to workers in
emerging markets such as China & India.
• Workers and their trade unions may lobby
vigorously for protection against imported goods.
11. ARGUMENTS FOR PROTECTION
Protecting the Economy from low-cost labour
South Korea – Shipbuilding Industry
• In 1998, the hourly wage for shipbuilding in the
US was $19.19, but in South Korea it was $9.27.
• While cheaper labour is available in other Asian,
countries, South Korean workers were well
educated and could achieve high levels of
productivity.
• Not surprisingly, South Korea is now the largest
shipbuilder in the world.
• In 2004, South Korea produced 14,768 large
commercial ships, whereas, the US produced only
289.
12. ARGUMENTS FOR PROTECTION
Protecting the Economy from low-cost labour
Counter Argument for Free Trade
• If we protect the economy from low-cost
labour, it will mean that consumers pay higher
prices than they should.
• Production in a protected economy would
take place at an inefficient level.
• The country wishing to export would lose
trade and their economy would suffer.
13. Comparative Advantage Changes
Over Time
• It should be realized that comparative advantage
changes over time and that a country that has a
comparative advantage in the production of a good at
present may not have that in the future.
• For example, if it quite likely that the US did have a
comparative advantage in shipbuilding at one time.
• As relative factor costs change in different countries, it
is important that resources should move freely as
possible form industries where comparative advantage
is waning, into industries where it is growing.
14. ARGUMENTS FOR PROTECTION
Protecting the Economy from low-cost labour
Counter Argument:
Government supports workers who lose jobs:
• There is some responsibility on governments
to help those workers who have lost their jobs
due to increasing competition, from low cost
foreign labor.
• These supply side policies could include
additional education and training so
retrenched workers can enter new industries.
15. ARGUMENTS FOR PROTECTION
Protecting an Infant (sunrise) industry
• Many governments argue that an industry that is
just developing may not have the economies of
scale advantages that larger industries in other
countries may enjoy.
• The domestic industry will not be competitive
against foreign imports until it can gain teh cost
advantages of economies of scale.
• Because of this, it is argued that industry needs
to be protected against imports, until it achieves
size where it is able to compete on an equal
footing.
16. ARGUMENTS FOR PROTECTION
Protecting an Infant (sunrise) industry
Counter Argument for Free Trade
• Most developed countries have highly efficient
capital markets (well as least before the GFC!)
which allows them access to large amounts of
financial capital, even more so since the advent
of globalization. Due to this fact, it can be
argued that there is no basis for the idea that
industries in developed countries will set up in a
relatively small way. They could be able to
benefit from economies of scale with relatively
short period of time.
17. ARGUMENTS FOR PROTECTION
Protecting an Infant (sunrise) industry
Counter Argument Example
• The Saudi Arabian government has been
diversifying into petrochemical production in
recent years.
• It has undertaken a number of projects in
partnership with large multinationals such as
Chevron, BP and Exxon Mobil.
• The plants constructed have been among some of
the largest in the world, gaining almost
immediately from economies of scale.
18. ARGUMENTS FOR PROTECTION
Protecting an Infant (sunrise) industry
• It is likely that developing countries without
access to sophisticated capital markets, can
use the infant industry argument to justify
protectionist policies.
• However, whether have the international
political power to able to impose protectionist
policies, without complaints and action from
developed countries is debatable.
19. ARGUMENTS FOR PROTECTION
To avoid the risks of over-specialization
• Governments may want to limit over-
specialization, if it means the country could
become over-dependent on the export sales of
one or two products.
• Any change in the world markets for these
products might have serious consequences for
the country’s economy.
• For example, changes in technology could
severely reduce the demand for a commodity, as
the development of quartz crystal watches did for
the Swiss wristwatch industry, harming the
economy.
20. ARGUMENTS FOR PROTECTION
To avoid the risks of over-specialization
• The introduction of new products or changes
in the patterns of demand and supply can
have serious effects on the economies of
developing countries which tend to over
specialize in the production of primary
products without choice.
• For example, the over-supply of coffee on the
world market, caused a fall in price, and had
severe impact on countries like Ethiopia.
21. ARGUMENTS FOR PROTECTION
To avoid the risks of over-specialization
Counter Argument for Free Trade
• There are no real arguments against this view.
• It does not promote protectionism, it simply
points out the problems that countries may
face if they specialize to a great extent.
22. ARGUMENTS FOR PROTECTION
Strategic Reasons
• It is sometimes argued that certain industries
need to be protected in case they are needed
at times of war, for example: agriculture, steel
and power generation.
• Steel is needed for many defence items such
as planes and tanks. The steel industry would
argue that it must be protected in order to
stay competitive.
23. ARGUMENTS FOR PROTECTION
Strategic Reasons
Counter Argument for Free Trade
• To certain extent, this argument may be a
valid one, although it is often overstated.
• In many cases, it is unlikely that countries will
go to war, if they do, it also unlikely that they
will be cut off from all supplies.
• Most probably this argument is being used as
an excuse for protectionism.
24. ARGUMENTS FOR PROTECTION
To Prevent Dumping
What is dumping?
• Dumping is the selling by a country of large quantities
of a commodity, at a price lower than its production
cost, in another country.
• For example, the EU may have a surplus of butter and
sell this at a very low cost to a small developing
country.
• Where countries can prove that their industries have
been severely damaged by dumping, their
governments are allowed under international trade
rules to impose anti-dumping measures to reduce the
damage.
• However, it is very difficult to prove whether or not a
foreign industry is guilty of dumping.
25. ARGUMENTS FOR PROTECTION
To Prevent Dumping
Counter Argument For Free Trade
• A government that subsidizes a domestic industry
may actually support dumping.
• For example, developing countries argue that
when the EU exports subsidized sugar, it is
actually a came of dumping because the price
doesn’t reflect that actual cost of the EU sugar
producers. Therefore if dumping does occur, it is
more likely that there will be a need for talks
between governments, rather than any form of
protection.
26. ARGUMENTS FOR PROTECTION
To Prevent Dumping
Counter Argument For Free Trade
• There is always a danger that protectionism
will invite retaliatory actions by foreign
governments and this reduces the benefits
that can be gained by all consumers and
producers in all countries.
27. ARGUMENTS FOR PROTECTION
To Protect Product Standards
• A country might which to impose safety, health or
environmental standards on goods being
imported into its domestic market in order to
ensure that the imports match the standards of
domestic producers.
• This is a valid argument, as long as the concern
themselves are valid.
• For example, the EU has previously banned the
importing of American Beef, because it have been
treated with hormones.
28. ARGUMENTS FOR PROTECTION
To Protect Product Standards
Counter Argument for Free Trade
• Many of the reasons given for bans when
standards are not reached are considered to be
simply subtle means of protection.
• Where there is a dispute over product standards,
a response by the exporting country might be use
retaliatory policies.
• In the EU-US Beef dispute, the US retaliated
against the EU in May 1999 by imposing trade
sanctions of $117 million worth of imports from
Europe.
29. ARGUMENTS FOR PROTECTION
To raise government revenue
• In many developing countries it is difficult to
collect taxes and so governments impose
import taxes (tariffs) on products in order to
raise revenue.
• The International Monetary Fund (IMF)
estimated that, on average, import duties
accounted for approximately 15% of total
government revenue for the developing
countries in 2002.
30. ARGUMENTS FOR PROTECTION
To raise government revenue
Counter Argument for Free Trade
• This is not so much an argument for
protectionism, but more a means of raising
revenue.
• In effect, the import duties are actually a tax
on consumers in the country who are buying
the imports.
31. ARGUMENTS FOR PROTECTION
To correct a balance of payments deficit
• Governments sometimes impose protectionist
measures to attempt to reduce import
expenditure and thus improve a current
account deficit.
• A current account deficit occurs when a
country is spending more on its imports of
goods and services, than it is earning for its
exports of goods and services.
32. ARGUMENTS FOR PROTECTION
To correct a balance of payments deficit
Counter Argument for Free Trade
• This will only work in the short run.
• It does not actually address the actual
problem, because it does not rectify the actual
causes of deficit.
• Also, if countries do this, then it is likely that
other countries will retaliate with protectionist
measures of their own.
33. ARGUMENTS AGAINST
PROTECTIONISM
• All the counter arguments previously covered
are great arguments for free trade.
• The arguments against protection are really
related to the reasons why countries trade, as
previously studied.
34. ARGUMENTS AGAINST
PROTECTIONISM
Prices
• Protection may raise prices to
consumers and producers of the
imports they buy.
Choice
• Protection would lead to less choice
for consumers.
35. ARGUMENTS AGAINST
PROTECTIONISM
Competition
• Competition would diminish if foreign firms
are kept out of a country, and so domestic
firms may become inefficient without the
incentive to minimize costs.
• Innovation may also be reduced for the same
reason.
36. ARGUMENTS AGAINST
PROTECTIONISM
Comparative Advantage
• Protectionism distorts comparative advantage
leading to the inefficient use of the world’s
resources.
• Specialization is reduced and this would
reduce the potential level of world’s output.
37. ARGUMENTS AGAINST
PROTECTIONISM
Economic Growth
• For all reasons listed previously, protection
may hinder economic growth.