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Deafness.pptx
- 1. Title Goes Here Deafness PresentedBy: Ms. Reshma Tamang Asst. Professor,KIHS
- 2. Definition • Deafness, Hearingimpairment or hearing loss refers to the total or partial inability to hear.
- 3. Types 1. Conductive hearingloss (CHL) 2. Sensorineural hearing loss (SHL) 3. Mixed hearing loss (MHL) 4. Others 1. Central hearing loss 2. Functional hearing loss • Malingering
- 4. Conductive hearing loss •Conductive hearing loss is any interference with the conduction of sound impulses through the external auditory canal, the eardrum, or the middle ear.
- 5. • Conductive hearingloss can be caused by anything that interferes with the ability of the sound wave to reach the inner ear such as • cerumen • foreign bodies • infection.
- 6. Sensorineural hearing loss •Sensory hearing loss originates in the cochlea and involves the hair cells and nerve endings. • Sensorineural hearing loss results from disease or trauma to the sensory or neural components of the inner ear.
- 7. • Presbycusis ishearing loss caused by the aging process that results from degeneration of the organ of Corti. • This degenerative process usually begins at 50 yrs of age.
- 8. Mixed hearing loss •Mixed hearing loss occurs when an individual has both conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. • This can be caused by a combination of any of the disorders
- 9. Central hearing loss •Central hearing loss occurs when the central nervous system cannot interpret normal auditory signals. • This condition occurs with such disorders as cerebrovascular accidents and tumors.
- 10. Functional hearing loss •Functional hearing loss is a hearing loss for which no organic cause or lesion can be found. • Also called psychogenic hearing loss. • Precipitated by emotional stress. • Malingering is a type of psychogenic hearing loss. • In Malingering, there is no organic or psychological cause. The patient is pretending to be deaf for personal gains.
- 11. Severityof hearing loss Lossin Decibels Interpretation 0–15 Normal hearing >15–25 Slight hearing loss >25–40 Mild hearing loss >40–55 Moderate hearing loss >55–70 Moderate to severe hearing loss >70–90 Severe hearing loss >90 Profound hearing loss
- 12. Etiology • Age: increasingage • Exposure to loud noise • Genetic • Head injury • Ototoxic drugs • Illness
- 13. • Illness – Earinfections – Measles may cause auditory nerve damage – Meningitis may damage auditory nerve or cochlea – Auto immune disease – Mumps – Otosclerosis – Medulloblastoma or other brain tumors – Syphilis from pregnant woman to fetus – Premature birth – Fetal alcohol syndrome in infants of alcoholic mothers – Neurological disorders • Multiple sclerosis • Stroke
- 14. RiskFactors • Family historyof sensorineural impairment • Congenital malformations of the cranial structure (ear) • Low birth weight (1500 g) • Use of ototoxic medications (eg:gentamycin, loop diuretics) • Recurrent ear infections • Bacterial meningitis • Chronic exposure to loud noises • Perforation of the tympanic membrane
- 15. Causes of Conductivedeafness EXTERNALEAR: • Impacted Wax • Otitis Externa • Foreign Bodies • Polyps • Tumours • Fluid in the ear MIDDLE EAR • Congenital defects of the ear drum and ossicles. • Perforation of the tympanic membrane • Traumatic: Barotrauma, rupture of ear drum, skull fracture • Inflammation: AOM, COM, • Neoplasms • Otosclerosis
- 16. Causes of sensorineuraldeafness • INNER EAR • Congenital • Trauma: Head injury, surgical injury to labyrinth, loud sounds producing concussion. • Infections: mumps, syphilis, tuberculous meningitis, enteric fever, labyrinthitis. • Presbycusis • Tumours: Acoustic neuroma • Meniere’s disease • Ototoxic drugs: streptomycin, Kanamycin, neomycin, salicylates, frusemide and quinine.
- 17. Causes of Centralhearingloss • Cerebrovascular accidents • Brain tumors • Multiple sclerosis
- 18. Pathophysiology Disorders of externalor middle ear Interruption in the transmission of sound by air to the inner ear Conductive deafness
- 19. Disorders of innerear or vestibulocochlear nerve or aging Interruption in neural transmission of sound to brain Sensorineural deafness
- 20. Clinicalmanifestations • Tinnitus • Increasinginability to hear when in a group • Need to turn up the volume of the television • Failure to respond or In appropriate response to oral communications • Excessively loud speech • Strained facial expression • Constant need for clarification of conversation • Social withdrawal
- 21. Diagnostic measures • History •Physical examination – Rinne’s test – Weber’s test • Audiometry • Tympanogram
- 22. COMPARISON OF WEBERAND RINNE TESTS Hearing Status Weber Rinne Normal hearing Sound is heard equally in both ears. Air conduction is audible longer than bone conduction. Conductive hearing loss Sound is heard best in affected ear (hearing loss). Sound is heard as long or longer in affected ear (hearing loss). Sensorineural hearing loss Sound is heard best in normal hearing ear. Air conduction is audible longer than bone conduction in affected ear.
- 23. Prevention • Minimize theexposure to trauma, infection, ototoxic drugs. • Avoid the risk factors. • Wear ear protection to prevent noise-induced hearing loss when exposed to loud noise.
- 24. Management Medical management • Restorehearing – Antibiotics: to treat infections – Remove impacted wax or foreign bodies – Ceruminolytics for impacted wax – Corticosteroids for inflammation – Treat underlying disorders
- 25. • Assist hearing –Hearing aids – Implantable middle ear hearing devices – Cochlear implants – Sign language – Auditory rehabilitation
- 26. • Hearing aids:Hearing aid is designed to amplify sound • Implantable middle ear hearing devices: Implantable middle ear hearing aids are implanted surgically, can improve sound perception for patients with moderate-to-severe sensorineural hearing loss.
- 27. • Cochlear implants:Cochlear implants are surgically placed electrical devices that receive sound and transmit the resulting electrical signal to electrodes implanted in the cochlear of the ear. • Sign language: It involves hand shapes, movement of hands, arms, body and facial expressions
- 28.
- 29. • Aural rehabilitationrefers to services and procedures for facilitating adequate receptive and expressive communication in individuals with hearing impairment. • If a hearing loss is permanent or untreatable, aural rehabilitation may be beneficial.
- 30. Purpose • To maximizethe communication skills of the person with hearing impairment.
- 31. Components • Auditory training:Auditory training emphasizes listening skills, so the person who is hearing-impaired concentrates on the speaker. • Speech reading: Also known as lip reading. Speech reading can help fill the gaps left by missed or misheard words. • Speech training: The goals of speech training are to conserve, develop, and prevent deterioration of current communication skills.
- 32. • Hearing Aids:A hearing aid is a device through which speech and environmental sounds are received by a microphone, converted to electrical signals, amplified, and reconverted to acoustic signals.
- 33. • Hearing GuideDogs: Specially trained dogs (service dogs) are available to assist the person with a hearing loss. • People who live alone are eligible to apply for a dog trained by International Hearing Dog, Inc. • The dog reacts to the sound of a telephone, a doorbell, an alarm clock, a baby’s cry, a knock at the door, a smoke alarm, or an intruder. The dog alerts its master by physical contact; the dog then runs to the source of the noise. •In public, the dog positions itself between the person with hearing impairment and any potential hazard that the person cannot hear, such as an oncoming vehicle or a loud, hostile person.
- 34. Surgicalmanagement • Surgery isindicated for conductive or mixed hearing loss. • To restore conductive hearing – Myringotomy – Stapedectomy • Assisted hearing in profound deafness – Cochlear implants – Middle ear implants (Semi-implantable hearing device) • Tumour excision for acoustic neuroma
- 35. Nursing Diagnosis • Disturbedsensory perception: hearing related to altered sensory reception and transmission • Impaired verbal communication related to impaired hearing • Impaired social interaction related to impaired hearing and decreased communication skills • Disturbed body image related to impaired hearing and use of assistive hearing devices • Ineffective coping related to difficult communication • Deficient knowledge related to care of hearing aid due to lack of prior experience
- 36. Nursinginterventions • Inspect earcanals for mechanical obstruction. • Remove mechanical obstructions like cerumen or foreign bodies. • Assess hearing by use of a tuning fork, or verbal cues to determine auditory ability at various distances. • Speak slowly with careful pronunciation of words. • Add hand gestures, speak face to face and adjust pitch downward without increasing volume. • Introduce assistive devices such as hearing aids, written communication, and sign language. • Allow patient to verbalize feelings and grieving about hearing loss.