This document outlines the key concepts and learning outcomes for a circuit theory course, including:
1) Explaining DC circuits using concepts like EMF, internal resistance, and potential dividers.
2) Analyzing DC circuits using Kirchhoff's laws to solve problems involving resistors, capacitors, and energy stored.
3) Describing resistance at a microscopic level and defining related concepts like resistivity and conductance.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
2. Learning outcomes
• explain the behaviour of DC circuits using concepts of EMF,
internal resistance of power sources and potential dividers
• give a microscopic description of resistance in a wire
• define and use concepts of resistivity and conductance
• state Kirchhoff’s laws and use them to analyse DC circuits
• define capacitance and solve DC circuit problems involving
capacitors, including energy stored
• carry out related practical work (using voltmeter, ammeter,
multimeter, micrometer)
3. Teaching challenges
It is always advisable to revisit concepts introduced at
KS3 and GCSE level, to identify misconceptions
about electricity and (try to) correct them.
In pairs:
Make a spidergram showing key concepts related to
electric circuits, and relationships between them.
4. A-level: A battery maintains an electric field through the circuit.
This enables it to do work on charges wherever there is a
potential difference e.g. in a filament.
Electromotive force is the energy supplied per unit
charge. (work done on each coulomb of charge)
Potential difference (p.d.) is the energy transferred per
unit charge between 2 points in a circuit.
(work done by each coulomb of charge)
Unit (for both) is the volt = joule/coulomb
EMF and potential difference
5. Resistors in series
V = V1+ V2 [conservation of energy]
IR = IR1 + IR2
R = R1 + R2 R is always larger than any of R1, R2 etc
Resistors in parallel
I = I1 + I2 [conservation of charge]
V/R = V/R1 + V/R2
1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 R is always smaller than any of R1, R2 etc
Resistor networks
6. Useful for constructing sensors
In pairs, sketch
• a dark sensor
• a heat sensor
• a cold sensor
Potential dividers
2
1
2
1
2
1
R
R
IR
IR
V
V
7. Real power supplies
Demonstrations:
• 12V DC supply lighting more and more lamps in parallel
• EHT with a 1.5V lamp
What’s happening?
E = Vinternal ('lost volts')+Vexternal
E = I(r + R)
IR = E - Ir
terminal V = E - Ir
9. Resistance in a wire
microscopic picture: free electrons drifting through a metal
(polycrystalline, each crystal having an ionic lattice)
• constant of proportionality is resistivity, unit m
• a material property
Compare with rules for R networks. VPL simulation.
A
l
R
A
R
l
R
1
l
RA
10. Current and charge
Current is rate of flow of charge
e.g. 1016 electrons pass a point every second
Demonstration: Conduction by ‘coloured’ ions
t
Q
I
mA
6
1
C
0016
.
0
s
1
C
10
6
.
1
10 19
16
.
I
11. Drift velocity
where
• n is the number of free electrons per unit volume
• A is the cross sectional area
• Δx is a small length along the wire
• e is the charge of an electron
e
x
nA
Q
Q
)
(
particle
per
charge
particles
charged
of
number
I =
DQ
Dt
=
nADxe
Dt
vd =
Dx
Dt
I = nAvde
12. Comparing copper with tungsten
The difference in drift velocities explains why
incandescent lamps glow white hot while their
connecting wires stay safely at room temperature.
metal electrons
per m3
electron drift velocity in
mm s-1
copper 8.5 ×
1028
~0.02
tungsten 3.4 ×
1028
~250
13. Conductivity
Metal wires conduct extremely well.
Conductance G = I / V , unit siemens (symbol S)
• depends on the number of carriers available
• ratio I / V is 'effect per unit of cause‘
Note:
• conductance is the reciprocal of resistance
• conductivity, [unit S m-1] is the reciprocal of resistivity
14. Capacitance
• a measure of how much charge a
capacitor can separate at a given p.d.
• unit of capacitance: farad (symbol F)
demonstration super-capacitor
Note: There are rules for adding capacitors in networks.
V
Q
C
p.d.
charge
e
capacitanc
2
2
1
2
1
stored,
Energy CV
QV
W
15. Lab practicals
• internal resistance of a potato cell
• resistivity of a wire (using micrometer)
• charging and discharging a capacitor
16. Kirchhoff’s 1st law
The total current
entering a circuit
junction equals the
total current
leaving it.
[conservation of charge]
17. Kirchhoff’s 2nd law
The sum of the emfs round a loop in any circuit
= the sum of the p.d.s round the loop.
[conservation of energy]
E1 + E2 + E3 + … = I1R1 + I2R2 + I3R3 + …
where I1, I2, I3 … represent currents through the resistances R1, R2,
R3 …
Physlets (simulations): ‘Second semester’< ‘DC Circuits’
• ‘Kirchhoff's Loop Rule’
• ‘Applying Kirchhoff's Rules’
18. Kirchhoff’s 2nd law - example
A circuit consists of a cell of
emf 1.6 V in series with a
resistance 2.0 connected to a
resistor of resistance 3.0 in
parallel with a resistor of
resistance 6.0 .
Determine the total current
drawn from the cell and the
potential difference across the 3.0
resistor.
19. Consider the circuit loop consisting of the cell and
the 3.0 resistor:
1.6 V = 3 I1 + 2 (I1 + I2)
Thus 1.6 V = 5 I1 + 2 I2 …(1)
Consider the circuit loop consisting of the cell and
the 6.0 resistor:
1.6 V = 6 I2 + 2 (I1 + I2)
Thus 1.6 V = 2 I1 + 8 I2 …(2)
Subtracting the second equation from the first
gives:
0 V = 3 I1 - 6 I2
hence I1 = 2 I2
Substituting I1 = 2 I2 into the second equation
gives:
1.6 V = 12 I2
Thus I2 = 0.13 A and I1 = 0.27 A
Current through cell = I1 + I2 = 0.40 A
pd across 3.0 resistor = I1 × 3.0
(= I2 × 6.0 ) = 0.8 V
Solution
20. Endpoints
Related topics
• sensors of many types use the potential divider principle
• factors affecting capacitance (plate spacing & area, dielectric material)
• exponential nature of charging and discharging capacitors
• how ammeters and voltmeters affect circuit behaviour
• maximum power theorem
• AC circuit theory