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Concurrency control protocols ensure transactions executed simultaneously in a database system uphold the ACID properties of atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability. There are two main categories of concurrency control protocols: lock-based and timestamp-based. Lock-based protocols use shared and exclusive locks to control access to data, following a two-phase locking protocol where locks are acquired in a growing phase and released in a shrinking phase. Timestamp-based protocols order transactions based on assigned timestamps to determine a serializable execution schedule.
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Concurrency control techniques ensure transactions are executed atomically and isolated. There are two main types - lock-based and timestamp-based protocols. Lock-based protocols use locks to control access to data during read/write operations. Timestamp protocols order transactions based on their timestamp to ensure serializability. Distributed transactions involve statements that access data on multiple database nodes. Replication improves availability by storing copies of data at different sites.
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1) Concurrency control protocols like two phase locking protocol are used to ensure serializability in transactions running concurrently in a database.
2) Lock-based protocols use locks to control access to data, with shared locks for read access and exclusive locks for write access.
3) The two phase locking protocol allows transactions to acquire locks in a growing phase and release locks in a shrinking phase to ensure serializability.
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1) The two-phase locking protocol requires transactions to acquire locks in two phases - the growing phase where locks can be acquired but not released, and the shrinking phase where locks can be released but not acquired.
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3) However, it does not prevent deadlocks and can cause cascading rollbacks if transactions release locks before committing. Modifications like strict two-phase locking prevent this by requiring locks to be held until commit.
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Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
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Dbms
- 2. ￮ Concurrency is a multiprogramming environment where multiple transactions can be executed simultaneously. ￮ Concurrency control to control the concurrency of transactions. 2
- 3. ￮ Concurrency control protocols to ensure the ACID properties. ￮ The ACID properties are atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability of concurrent transactions 3
- 4. ￮ Concurrency control protocols can be broadly divided into two categories 1. Lock based protocols 2. Time stamp based protocols 4
- 5. 1. Lock-based Protocols ￮ Database systems equipped with lock-based protocols use a mechanism by which any transaction cannot read or write data until it acquires an appropriate lock on it. Locks are of two kinds 1. Shared Lock 2. Exclusive Lock 5
- 6. 1. Shared Lock (S): • It is also known as Read-only lock. • As the name suggests it can be shared between transactions because while holding this lock the transaction does not have the permission to update data on the data item. • S-lock is requested using lock-S instruction. 6
- 7. 2. Exclusive Lock (X): o Data item can be both read as well as written. o This is Exclusive and cannot be held simultaneously on the same data item. o X-lock is requested using lock-X instruction. 7
- 8. Lock Compatibility Matrix – 8 • A transaction may be granted a lock on an item if the requested lock is compatible with locks already held on the item by other transactions.
- 9. ￮ Two Phase Locking – ￮ A transaction is said to follow Two Phase Locking protocol if Locking and Unlocking can be done in two phases. ￮ 1. Growing Phase ￮ 2. Shrinking Phase ￮ 1. Growing Phase: New locks on data items may be acquired but none can be released. ￮ 2. Shrinking Phase: Existing locks may be released but no new locks can be acquired. 9
- 10. Timestamp Ordering Protocol o The main idea for this protocol is to order the transactions based on their Timestamps. o A schedule in which the transactions participate is then serializable and the only equivalent serial schedule permitted has the transactions in the order of their Timestamp Values. 10