1) Public opinion is shaped from childhood through political socialization which includes influences from family, school, religion, peers, gender, ethnicity, and news media. 2) Special interest groups, journalists, politicians, and opinion makers work to shape public opinion through what politicians say, staged events, leaks, and trial balloons. 3) Polls are used to measure public opinion by surveying a random sample of people and applying their views more broadly, while media bias and the need to attract audiences can affect what stories are covered and how they are reported.