This document provides information about different types of database languages. It discusses database definition languages (DDL) which are used to define the database structure, data manipulation languages (DML) which are used to retrieve and modify data, data control languages (DCL) which control security and access, and transaction control languages (TCL) which manage transactions. Examples of commands for each language type are provided, such as CREATE, ALTER, and DROP for DDL and SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE for DML.

1. SUBJECT : DATABASE SYSTEM
TOPIC : DATABASE LANGUAGES

2. PREPARED BY
Ms.J.Monica -III-B.Sc - Information Technology
Ms.V.K.Vidhyaa lakshmi -III-B.Sc-Information Technology
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
Mrs.P.Anusha M.Sc(IT).,M.Phil.,D.P.T.T.,(Ph.D).,
Assistant professor,
Department of Information Technology,
Bon secours college for women,
Thanjavur.

3. DATABASE
LANGUAGE
DEFINITION :
 A DBMS has appropriate languages and interface to
express database queries and updates.
 Database languages can be used to read, store and
update the date in the database.

4. CLASSIFICATION OF DBMS
LANGUAGE
1. CREATE 1. SELECT 1. COMMIT 1. GRANT
2. ALTER 2. INSERT 2. ROLLBACK 2. REVOKE
3. DROP 3. UPDATE 3. TRANSACTION
4. TRUNCATE 4. DELETE 4. SAVEPOINT
5. RENAME 5. MERGE
6. CALL
DATABASE LANGUAGES
DATA
DEFINITION
LANGUAGES
DATA
MANIPULATION
LANGUAGES
DATA CONTROL
LANGUAGES
TRANSACTION
LANGUAGES

5. DATABASE DEFINITION LANGUAGE
(DDL)
 DDL stands for Data Definition Language.
 It is used to define database structure or pattern.
 It is used to create schema, tables, indexes, constraints, etc. in the database.
 Data definition language is used to store the information of metadata like the
number of tables and schemas, their names, indexes, columns in each table,
constraints, etc.
 Using the DDL statements, you can create the skeleton of the database.

6. QUERY
 CREATE
- It is used to create objects in the database.
 ALTER
- It is used to alter the structure of the database.
 DROP
- It is used to delete objects from the database.
 TRUNCATE
- It is used to remove all records from a table.
 RENAME
- It is used to rename an object.

7. CREATE DATABASE
The CREATE DATABASE command is used to create a new SQL
database.
SYNTAX :
CREATE DATABASE databasename ;
EXAMPLE :
CREATE DATABASE bon secours ;

8. DROP DATABASE
The DROP DATABASE command is used to delete an
existing SQL database.
SYNTAX :
DROP DATABASE databasename ;
EXAMPLE :
DROP DATABASE bon secours ;

9. CREATE TABLE
The CREATE TABLE command creates a new table in the database.
SYNTAX :
CREATE TABLE Tablename(column1 datatype, column2
datatype, column3 datatype);
EXAMPLE :
CREATE TABLE Student(stud-id int, name varchar(255), age
int);
01 IVAN 25
02 JOSHIYA 30
03 VARUN 24

10. ALTER TABLE
 The ALTER TABLE command adds, deletes, or modifies columns in a table.
 The ALTER TABLE command also adds and deletes various constraints in a table.
(ALTER TABLE – ADD COLUMN)
SYNTAX:
ALTER TABLE tablename add columnname datatype;
EXAMPLE :
ALTER TABLE student add mobile int;
(ALTER TABLE – DROP COLUMN)
SYNTAX :
ALTER TABLE tablename drop column columnname;
EXAMPLE :
ALTER TABLE student drop column mobile;
01 Malini 20 1234456
02 mano 23 2345673
01 Malini 20
02 Mano 23

11. ALTER COLUMN
 The ALTER COLUMN command is used to change the data
type of a column in a table.
 The following SQL changes the data type of the column named
“BirthDate” in the “Employees” table to type year:
EXAMPLE :
ALTER TABLE Employees ALTER COLUMN BirthDate
year;

12. DROP TABLE
The DROP TABLE command deletes a table in the database.
SYNTAX :
DROP TABLE Tablename;
EXAMPLE :
DROP TABLE student ;
CREATED TABLE :
RESULT :
EMPTY SET
EMPTY SET
01 MOUNA 22
02 MARIYAM 23

13. TRUNCATE TABLE
The TRUNCATE TABLE command deletes the data inside a table, but not the table itself.
SYNTAX :
TRUNCATE TABLE Tablename;
EXAMPLE :
TRUNCATE TABLE student;
CREATED TABLE :
RESULT :
EMPTY SET
EMPTY SET
01 mano 34
02 velu 45

14. DATA MANUPULATION
LANGUAGE (DML)
 DML stands for Data Manipulation Language.
 It is used for accessing and manipulating data in a database.
 It handles user requests.
 A data-manipulation language (DML) is a language that
enables users to access or manipulate data as organized by
the appropriate data model.

15. The types of access are:
• Retrieval of information stored in the
database
• Insertion of new information into the
database
• Deletion of information from the
database
• Modification of information stored in the
database

16. CLASSIFICATION OF DML
DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE
PROCEDURAL DECLARATIVE

17. PROCEDURAL DML :
Procedural DMLs require a user to specify
what data are needed and how to get those data.
DECLARATIVE DML :
Declarative DMLs (also referred to as nonprocedural
DMLs) require a user to specify what data are needed
without specifying how to get those data.

18. QUERY
 SELECT :
- It is used to retrieve data from a database.
 INSERT :
- It is used to insert data into a table.
 UPDATE :
-It is used to update existing data within a table.
 DELETE :
- It is used to delete all records from a table.
 MERGE :
- It performs UPSERT operation, i.e., insert or update
operations.
 CALL :
- It is used to call a structured query language or a Java
subprogram.

19. SELECT
The SELECT command is used to select data from a database. The
data returned is stored in a result table, called the result set.
• To display the column:
SYNTAX : SELECT column name1, column name2 from table
name;
EXAMPLE : SELECT customername, city from employee;
• To Display the Table:
SYNTAX : SELECT * from table name;
EXAMPLE : SELECT * from employee;

20. EXAMPLES
DISPLAY COLUMN
CUSTOMER
NAME
CITY
MOUNI TANJORE
MEGNA TRICHY
DISPLAY TABLE
CUSTOMER
NAME
CITY STATE
MOUNI TANJORE TAMILNADU
MEGNA TRICHY TAMILNADU

21. INSERT
The INSERT INTO command is used to insert new rows in a table.
SYNTAX :
INSERT INTO tablename (column1, column2, column3,
...)values (value1, value2, value3, ...);
(or)
INSERT INTO tablename values(value1,value2,value3,...valueN);
EXAMPLE :
INSERT INTO student (stud-id, name, age)values(‘01,’meli’,’20’); (or)
INSERT INTO student values(‘02’,’mouni’,’18’);
Stud-id name age
01 meli 20
02 mouni 18

22. UPDATE
The UPDATE statement is used to modify the existing records.
SYNTAX :
UPDATE tablename set column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ...where condition;
EXAMPLE :
UPDATE student set age = ‘40’ where stud-id = ‘01’;
CREATED TABLE : RESULT :
Stud-id name age
01 meli 20
02 stella 30
Stud-id name age
01 meli 40
02 stella 30

23. DELETE
The DELETE statement is used to delete existing records in a table.
SYNTAX :
DELETE FROM tablename where condition;
EXAMPLE :
DELETE FROM student where stud-id = ‘ 01 ‘ ;
CREATED TABLE :
RESULT :
Stud-id name age
01 meli 20
02 hema 30
Stud-id name age
02 hema 30

24. Delete All Records
It is possible to delete all rows in a table without deleting the table. This means that the
table structure, attributes, and indexes will be intact.
SYNTAX :
DELETE FROM tablename;
EXAMPLE :
DELETE FROM student ;
CREATED TABLE :
RESULT :
EMPTY SET
Stud-id name age
01 farana 30
02 doly 20

25. DATA CONTROL
LANGUAGES
 DCL stands for Data Control Language.
 It is used to retrieve the stored or saved data.
 The DCL execution is transactional.
 It also has rollback parameters.
 DCL consists of statements that controls security concurrent
access to table.
 The DCL has two commands and they are GRANT and
REVOKE.

26. TRANSACTIONAL CONTROL
LANGUAGES
 TCL is used to run the changes made by the DML
statement.
 TCL can be grouped into a logical transaction.
 TCL commands are manage transactions in
database.
 The TCL commands are COMMIT, ROLLBACK,
SAVEPOINT.