Data preprocessing transforms raw data into a format that is suitable for machine learning algorithms. It involves cleaning data by handling missing values, outliers, and inconsistencies. Dimensionality reduction techniques like principal component analysis are used to reduce the number of features by creating new features that are combinations of the originals. Feature encoding converts categorical features into numeric values that machines can understand through techniques like one-hot encoding. The goal of preprocessing is to prepare data so machine learning algorithms can more easily interpret features and patterns in the data.
The document discusses various data preprocessing techniques including data cleaning, integration, transformation, reduction, and discretization. It covers why preprocessing is important to address dirty, noisy, inconsistent data. Major tasks involve data cleaning like handling missing values, outliers, inconsistent data. Data integration combines multiple sources. Data reduction techniques like dimensionality reduction and numerosity reduction help reduce data size. Feature scaling standardizes features to have mean 0 and variance 1.
The document discusses data preprocessing techniques. It covers why preprocessing is important by addressing issues like incomplete, inaccurate, or inconsistent data. It then describes major tasks in preprocessing like data cleaning, integration, reduction, transformation. Data cleaning techniques discussed include handling missing values, removing noise, and resolving inconsistencies. The goal of preprocessing is to improve data quality and prepare it for data mining.
Data preprocessing is required because real-world data is often incomplete, noisy, inconsistent, and in an aggregate form. The goals of data preprocessing include handling missing data, smoothing out noisy data, resolving inconsistencies, computing aggregate attributes, reducing data volume to improve mining performance, and improving overall data quality. Key techniques for data preprocessing include data cleaning, data integration, data transformation, and data reduction.
The document discusses data warehousing, data mining, and business intelligence applications. It explains that data warehousing organizes and structures data for analysis, and that data mining involves preprocessing, characterization, comparison, classification, and forecasting of data to discover knowledge. The final stage is presenting discovered knowledge to end users through visualization and business intelligence applications.
Data Warehousing and Business Intelligence is one of the hottest skills today, and is the cornerstone for reporting, data science, and analytics. This course teaches the fundamentals with examples plus a project to fully illustrate the concepts.
The document provides an introduction to data mining and knowledge discovery. It discusses how large amounts of data are extracted and transformed into useful information for applications like market analysis and fraud detection. The key steps in the knowledge discovery process are described as data cleaning, integration, selection, transformation, mining, pattern evaluation, and knowledge presentation. Common data sources, database architectures, and types of coupling between data mining systems and databases are also outlined.
The document discusses designing dimensional models for data warehouses and business intelligence systems. It provides an overview of key concepts in dimensional modeling including facts, dimensions, and the importance of conformed dimensions to enable analysis across multiple business processes. It also describes the process of designing dimensional models, including defining facts and dimensions, bringing them together into a star schema, and using a bus matrix to map business processes to dimensional models.
The document discusses various data preprocessing techniques including data cleaning, integration, transformation, reduction, and discretization. It covers why preprocessing is important to address dirty, noisy, inconsistent data. Major tasks involve data cleaning like handling missing values, outliers, inconsistent data. Data integration combines multiple sources. Data reduction techniques like dimensionality reduction and numerosity reduction help reduce data size. Feature scaling standardizes features to have mean 0 and variance 1.
The document discusses data preprocessing techniques. It covers why preprocessing is important by addressing issues like incomplete, inaccurate, or inconsistent data. It then describes major tasks in preprocessing like data cleaning, integration, reduction, transformation. Data cleaning techniques discussed include handling missing values, removing noise, and resolving inconsistencies. The goal of preprocessing is to improve data quality and prepare it for data mining.
Data preprocessing is required because real-world data is often incomplete, noisy, inconsistent, and in an aggregate form. The goals of data preprocessing include handling missing data, smoothing out noisy data, resolving inconsistencies, computing aggregate attributes, reducing data volume to improve mining performance, and improving overall data quality. Key techniques for data preprocessing include data cleaning, data integration, data transformation, and data reduction.
The document discusses data warehousing, data mining, and business intelligence applications. It explains that data warehousing organizes and structures data for analysis, and that data mining involves preprocessing, characterization, comparison, classification, and forecasting of data to discover knowledge. The final stage is presenting discovered knowledge to end users through visualization and business intelligence applications.
Data Warehousing and Business Intelligence is one of the hottest skills today, and is the cornerstone for reporting, data science, and analytics. This course teaches the fundamentals with examples plus a project to fully illustrate the concepts.
The document provides an introduction to data mining and knowledge discovery. It discusses how large amounts of data are extracted and transformed into useful information for applications like market analysis and fraud detection. The key steps in the knowledge discovery process are described as data cleaning, integration, selection, transformation, mining, pattern evaluation, and knowledge presentation. Common data sources, database architectures, and types of coupling between data mining systems and databases are also outlined.
The document discusses designing dimensional models for data warehouses and business intelligence systems. It provides an overview of key concepts in dimensional modeling including facts, dimensions, and the importance of conformed dimensions to enable analysis across multiple business processes. It also describes the process of designing dimensional models, including defining facts and dimensions, bringing them together into a star schema, and using a bus matrix to map business processes to dimensional models.
Lecture-1-Introduction to Deep learning.pptxJayChauhan100
Introduction To Deep Learning.
This presentation covers everything about deep learning. You will be familier with all the main concepts used in deep learning.
Includes topics like difference between deep learning and machine learning, Feature engineering in detail, Deep learning frameworks , applications of deep learning etc.
This presentation will surely help you to know about the deep learning.
For queries contact on the given email id.
Email - chauhanjay657@gmail.com
Data Processing & Explain each term in details.pptxPratikshaSurve4
Data processing involves converting raw data into useful information through various steps. It includes collecting data through surveys or experiments, cleaning and organizing the data, analyzing it using statistical tools or software, interpreting the results, and presenting findings visually through tables, charts and graphs. The goal is to gain insights and knowledge from the data that can help inform decisions. Common data analysis types are descriptive, inferential, exploratory, diagnostic and predictive analysis. Data analysis is important for businesses as it allows for better customer targeting, more accurate decision making, reduced costs, and improved problem solving.
This document discusses various data reduction techniques including dimensionality reduction through attribute subset selection, numerosity reduction using parametric and non-parametric methods like data cube aggregation, and data compression. It describes how attribute subset selection works to find a minimum set of relevant attributes to make patterns easier to detect. Methods for attribute subset selection include forward selection, backward elimination, and bi-directional selection. Decision trees can also help identify relevant attributes. Data cube aggregation stores multidimensional summarized data to provide fast access to precomputed information.
Top 30 Data Analyst Interview Questions.pdfShaikSikindar1
Data Analytics has emerged has one of the central aspects of business operations. Consequently, the quest to grab professional positions within the Data Analytics domain has assumed unimaginable proportions. So if you too happen to be someone who is desirous of making through a Data Analyst .
The document provides guidance on building an end-to-end machine learning project to predict California housing prices using census data. It discusses getting real data from open data repositories, framing the problem as a supervised regression task, preparing the data through cleaning, feature engineering, and scaling, selecting and training models, and evaluating on a held-out test set. The project emphasizes best practices like setting aside test data, exploring the data for insights, using pipelines for preprocessing, and techniques like grid search, randomized search, and ensembles to fine-tune models.
The document discusses various concepts related to data warehousing and ETL processes. It provides definitions for key terms like critical success factors, data cubes, data cleaning, data mining stages, data purging, BUS schema, non-additive facts, conformed dimensions, slowly changing dimensions, cube grouping, and more. It also describes different types of ETL testing including constraint testing, source to target count testing, field to field testing, duplicate check testing, and error handling testing. Finally, it discusses the differences between an ODS and a staging area, with an ODS storing recent cleaned data and a staging area serving as a temporary work area during the ETL process.
Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) is used to analyze datasets and summarize their main characteristics visually. EDA involves data sourcing, cleaning, univariate analysis with visualization to understand single variables, bivariate analysis with visualization to understand relationships between two variables, and deriving new metrics from existing data. EDA is an important first step for understanding data and gaining confidence before building machine learning models. It helps detect errors, anomalies, and map data structures to inform question asking and data manipulation for answering questions.
Lesson 1 - Overview of Machine Learning and Data Analysis.pptxcloudserviceuit
This document provides an overview of machine learning and data analysis. It defines machine learning as a field of artificial intelligence that enables computers to learn from data without being explicitly programmed. The main types of machine learning are supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning. Data analysis is the process of extracting meaningful insights from data through techniques like cleaning, exploring for patterns/trends, statistical analysis, and visualization. Machine learning automates many data analysis tasks and can be applied through techniques like classification, clustering, and regression. The relationship between machine learning and data analysis fuels discovery, with data analysis providing foundation and machine learning generating insights.
The document discusses the process of data preparation for analysis. It involves checking data for accuracy, developing a database structure, entering data into the computer, and transforming data. Key steps include logging incoming data, screening for errors, generating a codebook to document the database structure and variables, entering data using double entry to ensure accuracy, and transforming data through handling missing values, reversing items, calculating scale totals, and collapsing variables into categories.
Knowledge Discovery Tutorial By Claudia d'Amato and Laura Hollnik at the Summer School on Ontology Engineering and the Semantic Web in Bertinoro, Italy (SSSW2015)
The document discusses various techniques for preprocessing raw data prior to data mining or machine learning. It describes how data cleaning is used to fill in missing values, smooth noisy data by identifying outliers, and resolve inconsistencies. It also covers data integration, which combines data from multiple sources, and data transformation techniques that transform data into appropriate forms for analysis. The key steps in data preprocessing include data cleaning, integration, transformation, and reduction to handle issues like missing values, noise, inconsistencies and redundancies in raw data.
The document discusses dimensional modeling concepts used in data warehouse design. Dimensional modeling organizes data into facts and dimensions. Facts are measures that are analyzed, while dimensions provide context for the facts. The dimensional model uses star and snowflake schemas to store data in denormalized tables optimized for querying. Key aspects covered include fact and dimension tables, slowly changing dimensions, and handling many-to-many and recursive relationships.
This document discusses knowledge discovery and data mining. It defines knowledge discovery as the process of automatically searching large volumes of data for patterns that can be considered knowledge. Data mining is defined as one step in the knowledge discovery process and involves using computational methods to discover patterns in large datasets. The document outlines common data mining tasks such as predictive tasks, descriptive tasks, and anomaly detection. It also discusses evaluating data mining algorithms, including assessing the performance of a single algorithm and comparing the performance of multiple algorithms.
The document discusses the components of a data mining system and data discretization. The key components of a data mining system are a data source, data mining engine, data warehouse server, pattern evaluation module, graphical user interface, and knowledge base. The data source provides the raw data, which is then cleaned, integrated and stored on the data warehouse server. The data mining engine applies various algorithms to the data to discover patterns. Pattern evaluation and the knowledge base help assess the quality of patterns found. Data discretization involves converting continuous attribute values into a finite set of intervals to simplify analysis and management of data.
This document discusses big data and its applications in various industries. It begins by defining big data and its key characteristics of volume, velocity, variety and veracity. It then discusses how big data can be used for log analytics, fraud detection, social media analysis, risk modeling and other applications. The document also outlines some of the major challenges faced in the banking and financial services industry, including increasing competition, regulatory pressures, security issues, and adapting to digital shifts. It concludes by noting how big data analytics can help eCommerce businesses make fact-based, quantitative decisions to gain competitive advantages and optimize goals.
The document provides an overview of machine learning activities including data exploration, preprocessing, model selection, training and evaluation. It discusses exploring different data types like numerical, categorical, time series and text data. It also covers identifying and addressing data issues, feature engineering, selecting appropriate models for supervised and unsupervised problems, training models using methods like holdout and cross-validation, and evaluating model performance using metrics like accuracy, confusion matrix, F-measure etc. The goal is to understand the data and apply necessary steps to build and evaluate effective machine learning models.
The document discusses descriptive statistics which are used to describe basic features of data through simple summaries. It covers univariate analysis which examines one variable at a time through its distribution, measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode), and measures of dispersion (range, standard deviation). Frequency distributions and histograms are presented as ways to describe a variable's distribution.
Organizations today are both blessed and cursed by data. But to get insights, you need to unlock the data you have. If you are like most analysts, you are spending hours and hours struggling with “dirty data,” data that needs to be joined together, and data that is in the wrong shape for visualization. And each time the data changes, you have to redo your work. You’re stuck in the “gunk” of preparing data, and you never get out of it to do what you really need to be doing, which is analyzing and visualizing your data and realizing new, deeper insights! Learn more about alteryx tableau integration by checking out the presentation.
Data mining and data warehouse lab manual updatedYugal Kumar
This document describes experiments conducted for a Data Mining and Data Warehousing Lab course. Experiment 1 involves studying data pre-processing steps using a dataset. Experiment 2 involves implementing a decision tree classification algorithm in Java. Experiment 3 uses the WEKA tool to implement the ID3 decision tree algorithm on a bank dataset, generating and visualizing the decision tree model. The experiments aim to help students understand key concepts in data mining such as pre-processing, classification algorithms, and using tools like WEKA.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Lecture-1-Introduction to Deep learning.pptxJayChauhan100
Introduction To Deep Learning.
This presentation covers everything about deep learning. You will be familier with all the main concepts used in deep learning.
Includes topics like difference between deep learning and machine learning, Feature engineering in detail, Deep learning frameworks , applications of deep learning etc.
This presentation will surely help you to know about the deep learning.
For queries contact on the given email id.
Email - chauhanjay657@gmail.com
Data Processing & Explain each term in details.pptxPratikshaSurve4
Data processing involves converting raw data into useful information through various steps. It includes collecting data through surveys or experiments, cleaning and organizing the data, analyzing it using statistical tools or software, interpreting the results, and presenting findings visually through tables, charts and graphs. The goal is to gain insights and knowledge from the data that can help inform decisions. Common data analysis types are descriptive, inferential, exploratory, diagnostic and predictive analysis. Data analysis is important for businesses as it allows for better customer targeting, more accurate decision making, reduced costs, and improved problem solving.
This document discusses various data reduction techniques including dimensionality reduction through attribute subset selection, numerosity reduction using parametric and non-parametric methods like data cube aggregation, and data compression. It describes how attribute subset selection works to find a minimum set of relevant attributes to make patterns easier to detect. Methods for attribute subset selection include forward selection, backward elimination, and bi-directional selection. Decision trees can also help identify relevant attributes. Data cube aggregation stores multidimensional summarized data to provide fast access to precomputed information.
Top 30 Data Analyst Interview Questions.pdfShaikSikindar1
Data Analytics has emerged has one of the central aspects of business operations. Consequently, the quest to grab professional positions within the Data Analytics domain has assumed unimaginable proportions. So if you too happen to be someone who is desirous of making through a Data Analyst .
The document provides guidance on building an end-to-end machine learning project to predict California housing prices using census data. It discusses getting real data from open data repositories, framing the problem as a supervised regression task, preparing the data through cleaning, feature engineering, and scaling, selecting and training models, and evaluating on a held-out test set. The project emphasizes best practices like setting aside test data, exploring the data for insights, using pipelines for preprocessing, and techniques like grid search, randomized search, and ensembles to fine-tune models.
The document discusses various concepts related to data warehousing and ETL processes. It provides definitions for key terms like critical success factors, data cubes, data cleaning, data mining stages, data purging, BUS schema, non-additive facts, conformed dimensions, slowly changing dimensions, cube grouping, and more. It also describes different types of ETL testing including constraint testing, source to target count testing, field to field testing, duplicate check testing, and error handling testing. Finally, it discusses the differences between an ODS and a staging area, with an ODS storing recent cleaned data and a staging area serving as a temporary work area during the ETL process.
Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) is used to analyze datasets and summarize their main characteristics visually. EDA involves data sourcing, cleaning, univariate analysis with visualization to understand single variables, bivariate analysis with visualization to understand relationships between two variables, and deriving new metrics from existing data. EDA is an important first step for understanding data and gaining confidence before building machine learning models. It helps detect errors, anomalies, and map data structures to inform question asking and data manipulation for answering questions.
Lesson 1 - Overview of Machine Learning and Data Analysis.pptxcloudserviceuit
This document provides an overview of machine learning and data analysis. It defines machine learning as a field of artificial intelligence that enables computers to learn from data without being explicitly programmed. The main types of machine learning are supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning. Data analysis is the process of extracting meaningful insights from data through techniques like cleaning, exploring for patterns/trends, statistical analysis, and visualization. Machine learning automates many data analysis tasks and can be applied through techniques like classification, clustering, and regression. The relationship between machine learning and data analysis fuels discovery, with data analysis providing foundation and machine learning generating insights.
The document discusses the process of data preparation for analysis. It involves checking data for accuracy, developing a database structure, entering data into the computer, and transforming data. Key steps include logging incoming data, screening for errors, generating a codebook to document the database structure and variables, entering data using double entry to ensure accuracy, and transforming data through handling missing values, reversing items, calculating scale totals, and collapsing variables into categories.
Knowledge Discovery Tutorial By Claudia d'Amato and Laura Hollnik at the Summer School on Ontology Engineering and the Semantic Web in Bertinoro, Italy (SSSW2015)
The document discusses various techniques for preprocessing raw data prior to data mining or machine learning. It describes how data cleaning is used to fill in missing values, smooth noisy data by identifying outliers, and resolve inconsistencies. It also covers data integration, which combines data from multiple sources, and data transformation techniques that transform data into appropriate forms for analysis. The key steps in data preprocessing include data cleaning, integration, transformation, and reduction to handle issues like missing values, noise, inconsistencies and redundancies in raw data.
The document discusses dimensional modeling concepts used in data warehouse design. Dimensional modeling organizes data into facts and dimensions. Facts are measures that are analyzed, while dimensions provide context for the facts. The dimensional model uses star and snowflake schemas to store data in denormalized tables optimized for querying. Key aspects covered include fact and dimension tables, slowly changing dimensions, and handling many-to-many and recursive relationships.
This document discusses knowledge discovery and data mining. It defines knowledge discovery as the process of automatically searching large volumes of data for patterns that can be considered knowledge. Data mining is defined as one step in the knowledge discovery process and involves using computational methods to discover patterns in large datasets. The document outlines common data mining tasks such as predictive tasks, descriptive tasks, and anomaly detection. It also discusses evaluating data mining algorithms, including assessing the performance of a single algorithm and comparing the performance of multiple algorithms.
The document discusses the components of a data mining system and data discretization. The key components of a data mining system are a data source, data mining engine, data warehouse server, pattern evaluation module, graphical user interface, and knowledge base. The data source provides the raw data, which is then cleaned, integrated and stored on the data warehouse server. The data mining engine applies various algorithms to the data to discover patterns. Pattern evaluation and the knowledge base help assess the quality of patterns found. Data discretization involves converting continuous attribute values into a finite set of intervals to simplify analysis and management of data.
This document discusses big data and its applications in various industries. It begins by defining big data and its key characteristics of volume, velocity, variety and veracity. It then discusses how big data can be used for log analytics, fraud detection, social media analysis, risk modeling and other applications. The document also outlines some of the major challenges faced in the banking and financial services industry, including increasing competition, regulatory pressures, security issues, and adapting to digital shifts. It concludes by noting how big data analytics can help eCommerce businesses make fact-based, quantitative decisions to gain competitive advantages and optimize goals.
The document provides an overview of machine learning activities including data exploration, preprocessing, model selection, training and evaluation. It discusses exploring different data types like numerical, categorical, time series and text data. It also covers identifying and addressing data issues, feature engineering, selecting appropriate models for supervised and unsupervised problems, training models using methods like holdout and cross-validation, and evaluating model performance using metrics like accuracy, confusion matrix, F-measure etc. The goal is to understand the data and apply necessary steps to build and evaluate effective machine learning models.
The document discusses descriptive statistics which are used to describe basic features of data through simple summaries. It covers univariate analysis which examines one variable at a time through its distribution, measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode), and measures of dispersion (range, standard deviation). Frequency distributions and histograms are presented as ways to describe a variable's distribution.
Organizations today are both blessed and cursed by data. But to get insights, you need to unlock the data you have. If you are like most analysts, you are spending hours and hours struggling with “dirty data,” data that needs to be joined together, and data that is in the wrong shape for visualization. And each time the data changes, you have to redo your work. You’re stuck in the “gunk” of preparing data, and you never get out of it to do what you really need to be doing, which is analyzing and visualizing your data and realizing new, deeper insights! Learn more about alteryx tableau integration by checking out the presentation.
Data mining and data warehouse lab manual updatedYugal Kumar
This document describes experiments conducted for a Data Mining and Data Warehousing Lab course. Experiment 1 involves studying data pre-processing steps using a dataset. Experiment 2 involves implementing a decision tree classification algorithm in Java. Experiment 3 uses the WEKA tool to implement the ID3 decision tree algorithm on a bank dataset, generating and visualizing the decision tree model. The experiments aim to help students understand key concepts in data mining such as pre-processing, classification algorithms, and using tools like WEKA.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
AI for Legal Research with applications, toolsmahaffeycheryld
AI applications in legal research include rapid document analysis, case law review, and statute interpretation. AI-powered tools can sift through vast legal databases to find relevant precedents and citations, enhancing research accuracy and speed. They assist in legal writing by drafting and proofreading documents. Predictive analytics help foresee case outcomes based on historical data, aiding in strategic decision-making. AI also automates routine tasks like contract review and due diligence, freeing up lawyers to focus on complex legal issues. These applications make legal research more efficient, cost-effective, and accessible.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
1. Data Preprocessing : Concepts
Data is truly considered a resource in
today’s world.
As per the World Economic Forum, by 2025
we will be generating about 463 exabytes of
data globally per day!
But is all this data fit enough to be used by
machine learning algorithms?
How do we decide that?
Data preprocessing — transforming the
data such that it becomes machine-
readable…
2. What is Data Preprocessing?
Usually think of some large datasets with
huge number of rows and columns. While
that is a likely scenario, it is not always
the case
Data could be in so many different
forms: Structured Tables, Images, Audio
files, Videos etc..
Machines don’t understand free text,
image or video data as it is, they
understand 1s and0s.
3. What is Data Preprocessing?
In any Machine Learning process, Data
Preprocessing is that step in which the
data gets transformed, or Encoded, to
bring it to such a state that now the
machine can easily parse it.
In other words, the features of the data
can now be easily interpreted by the
algorithm.
4. Features in Machine Learning
A dataset can be viewed as a collection of
data objects, which are often also called as a
records, points, vectors, patterns, events,
cases, samples, observations, or entities.
Data objects are described by a number of
features, that capture the basic
characteristics of an object, such as the mass
of a physical object or the time at which an
event occurred, etc.. Features are often
called as variables, characteristics, fields,
attributes, or dimensions.
5. Features in Machine Learning
A dataset can be viewed as a collection of data
objects, which are often also called as a records,
points, vectors, patterns, events, cases,
samples, observations, or entities.
Data objects are described by a number of
features, that capture the basic characteristics
of an object, such as the mass of a physical
object or the time at which an event occurred,
etc.. Features are often called as variables,
characteristics, fields, attributes, or
dimensions.
A feature is an individual measurable property
or characteristic of a phenomenon being
observed
7. Statistical Data Types
Categorical : Features whose values are taken
from a defined set of values.
For instance, days in a week : {Monday,
Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday,
Saturday, Sunday} is a category because its
value is always taken from this set.
Another example could be the Boolean set :
{True, False}
8. Statistical Data Types
Numerical : Features whose values are
continuous or integer-valued.
They are represented by numbers and possess
most of the properties of numbers.
For instance, number of steps you walk in a
day, or the speed at which you are driving your
car at.
10. STEPS OF DATA PREPROCESSING
Data Quality Assessment
Feature Aggregation
Feature Sampling
Dimensionality Reduction
Feature Encoding
11. STEPS OF DATA PREPROCESSING
Data Quality Assessment: Because data is often
taken from multiple sources which are normally not
too reliable and that too in different formats, more
than half our time is consumed in dealing with data
quality issues when working on a machine learning
problem.
It is simply unrealistic to expect that the data will
be perfect.
There may be problems due to human error,
limitations of measuring devices, or flaws in the
data collection process.
Let’s go over a few of them and methods to deal
with them :
12. MISSING VALUES
It is very much usual to have missing values in your dataset.
It may have happened during data collection, or maybe due
to some data validation rule, but regardless missing values
must be taken into consideration.
Eliminate rows with missing data : Simple and sometimes
effective strategy. Fails if many objects have missing values.
If a feature has mostly missing values, then that feature
itself can also be eliminated.
Estimate missing values : If only a reasonable percentage of
values are missing, then we can also run simple
interpolation methods to fill in those values.
However, most common method of dealing with missing
values is by filling them in with the mean, median or mode
value of the respective feature.
13. INCONSISTENT VALUES
We know that data can contain inconsistent values.
Most probably we have already faced this issue at
some point.
For instance, the ‘Address’ field contains the ‘Phone
number’.
It may be due to human error or maybe the
information was misread while being scanned from a
handwritten form.
It is therefore always advised to perform data
assessment like knowing what the data type of the
features should be and whether it is the same for all
the data objects.
14. DUPLICATE VALUES
A dataset may include data objects which are
duplicates of one another.
It may happen when say the same person submits a
form more than once.
The term de duplication is often used to refer to the
process of dealing with duplicates.
In most cases, the duplicates are removed so as to
not give that particular data object an advantage or
bias, when running machine learning algorithms.
15. FEATURE AGGREGATION
Feature Aggregations are performed so as to take
the aggregated values in order to put the data in a
better perspective.
Think of transactional data, suppose we have day-
to-day transactions of a product from recording the
daily sales of that product in various store
locations over the year.
Aggregating the transactions to single store-wide
monthly or yearly transactions will help us
reducing hundreds or potentially thousands of
transactions that occur daily at a specific store,
thereby reducing the number of data objects.
This results in reduction of memory consumption
and processing time Aggregations provide us with a
high-level view of the data as the behavior of
groups or aggregates is more stable than individual
data objects
16. FEATURE SAMPLING
Sampling is a very common method for
selecting a subset of the dataset that we are
analyzing.
In most cases, working with the complete
dataset can turn out to be too expensive
considering the memory and time
constraints.
Using a sampling algorithm can help us
reduce the size of the dataset to a point
where we can use a better, but more
expensive, machine learning algorithm.
17. FEATURE SAMPLING
The key principle here is that the sampling should be
done in such a manner that the sample generated
should have approximately the same properties as the
original dataset, meaning that the sample is
representative. This involves choosing the correct
sample size and sampling strategy. Simple Random
Sampling dictates that there is an equal probability of
selecting any particular entity. It has two main
variations as well :
Sampling without Replacement : As each item is
selected, it is removed from the set of all the objects
that form the total dataset.
Sampling with Replacement : Items are not removed
from the total dataset after getting selected. This
means they can get selected more than once.
18. Fail to output a representative sample when the
dataset includes object types which vary
drastically in ratio.
This can cause problems when the sample needs
to have a proper representation of all object types,
for example, when we have an imbalanced dataset.
It is critical that the rarer classes be adequately
represented in the sample.
In these cases, there is another sampling
technique which we can use, called Stratified
Sampling, which begins with predefined groups of
objects.
There are different versions of Stratified Sampling
too, with the simplest version suggesting equal
number of objects be drawn from all the groups
even though the groups are of different sizes. For
more on sampling check out this article by Team
AV.
19. Most real world datasets have a large number of
features.
For example, consider an image processing
problem, we might have to deal with thousands
of features, also called as dimensions.
As the name suggests, dimensionality reduction
aims to reduce the number of features - but not
simply by selecting a sample of features from the
feature-set, which is something else — Feature
Subset Selection or simply Feature Selection.
Conceptually, dimension refers to the number of
geometric planes the dataset lies in, which could
be high so much so that it cannot be visualized
with pen and paper.
More the number of such planes, more is the
complexity of the dataset.
20. THE CURSE OF DIMENSIONALITY
This refers to the phenomena that generally data
analysis tasks become significantly harder as the
dimensionality of the data increases.
As the dimensionality increases, the number
planes occupied by the data increases thus adding
more and more sparsity to the data which is
difficult to model and visualize.
What dimension reduction essentially does is that
it maps the dataset to a lower-dimensional space,
which may very well be to a number of planes
which can now be visualized, say 2D.
21. THE CURSE OF DIMENSIONALITY
The basic objective of techniques which are used
for this purpose is tor educe the dimensionality of
a dataset by creating new features which are a
combination of the old features.
In other words, the higher-dimensional feature-
space is mapped to a lower-dimensional feature-
space.
Principal Component Analysis and Singular Value
Decomposition are two widely accepted
techniques.
22. THE CURSE OF DIMENSIONALITY
A few major benefits of dimensionality reduction
are :
Data Analysis algorithms work better if the
dimensionality of the dataset is lower.
This is mainly because irrelevant features and
noise have now been eliminated.
The models which are built on top of lower
dimensional data are more understandable and
explainable.
The data may now also get easier to visualize!
Features can always be taken in pairs or triplets
for visualization purposes, which makes more
sense if the feature set is not that big.
23. FEATURE ENCODING
As mentioned before, the whole purpose of data
preprocessing is to encode the data in order to
bring it to such a state that the machine now
understands it.
Feature encoding is basically performing
transformations on the data such that it can be
easily accepted as input for machine learning
algorithms while still retaining its original
meaning.
There are some general norms or rules which are
followed when performing feature encoding.
24. FEATURE ENCODING
For Continuous variables :
Nominal : Any one-to-one mapping can be done
which retains the meaning. For instance, a
permutation of values like in One-Hot Encoding.
Ordinal : An order-preserving change of values.
The notion of small, medium and large can be
represented equally well with the help of a new
function, that is,<new_value = f(old_value)> -
For example, {0, 1, 2} or maybe {1, 2, 3}.
25. For Numeric variables:
Interval : Simple mathematical transformation
like using the equation <new_value= a*old_value +
b>, a and b being constants. For example,
Fahrenheit and Celsius scales, which differ in
their Zero values size of a unit, can be encoded in
this manner.
Ratio : These variables can be scaled to any
particular measures, of course while still
maintaining the meaning and ratio of their
values. Simple mathematical transformations
work in this case as well, like the transformation
<new_value =a*old_value>. For, length can be
measured in meters or feet, money can be taken
indifferent currencies.
FEATURE ENCODING
26. TRAIN / VALIDATION / TEST SPLIT
After feature encoding is done, our dataset is
ready for the exciting machine learning
algorithms!
But before we start deciding the algorithm which
should be used, it is always advised to split the
dataset into 2 or sometimes 3 parts. algorithm for
that matter, has to be first trained on the data
distribution available and then validated and
tested, before it can be deployed to deal with real-
world data.
27. TRAIN / VALIDATION / TEST SPLIT
Training data : This is the part on which your
machine learning algorithms are actually trained
to build a model.
The model tries to learn the dataset and its
various characteristics and intricacies, which also
raises the issue of Over fitting v/s Under fitting.
28. Validation data : This is the part of the dataset
which is used to validate our various model fits.
In simpler words, we use validation data to
choose and improve our model hyper parameters.
The model does not learn the validation set but
uses it to get to a better state of hyper
parameters.
Test data : This part of the dataset is used to test
our model hypothesis.
It is left untouched and unseen until the model
and hyper parameters are decided, and only after
that the model is applied on the test data to get
an accurate measure of how it would perform
when deployed on real-world data.
TRAIN / VALIDATION / TEST SPLIT
29. Split Ratio : Data is split as per a split ratio which
is highly dependent on the type of model we are
building and the dataset itself.
If our dataset and model are such that a lot of
training is required, then we use a larger chunk of
the data just for training purposes(usually the
case) — For instance, training on textual data,
image data, or video data usually involves
thousands of features!
If the model has a lot of hyper parameters that can
be tuned, then keeping a higher percentage of data
for the validation set is advisable.
TRAIN / VALIDATION / TEST SPLIT
30. Models with less number of hyper parameters are
easy to tune and update, and so we can keep a
smaller validation set.
Like many other things in Machine Learning, the
split ratio is highly dependent on the problem we
are trying to solve and must be decided after
taking into account all the various details about
the model and the dataset in hand.
TRAIN / VALIDATION / TEST SPLIT
31. Machine Learning algorithms, or any12/29/2020 Data
Preprocessing : Concepts. Introduction to the concepts
of Data… | by Pranjal Pandey | Towards Data
Sciencehttps://towardsdatascience.com/data-
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