Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Foliar feeding is a technique of feeding plants by applying liquid fertilizer directly to their leaves. Plants are able to absorb essential elements through their leaves. The absorption takes place through their stomata and also through their epidermis.
Effective Recycling Of Paddy Straw through Microbial Degradation for Enhancin...iosrjce
The field investigation was conducted at Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station,
Kathalagere, Davanagere district, Karnataka during summer 2010 and Kharif 2010 (wet season) to study the
efficacy of different biomass degradable microorganisms on rice straw. The results of the present investigation
showed that rice straw treated with combination of cow dung slurry @ 5% + Trichoderma harizianum @ 5
kg/ha + Pleurotus sajor caju@ 5 kg/ha had significant influence in degrading rice straw as evidenced through
the activity of N- fixing and P- solubilizing microorganisms in the soil. The highest population of N- fixing
microorganisms 27.16 x 103
and 51.00 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively
during summer 2010 and 31.56 x 103
and 62.44 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT,
respectively during Kharif 2010 were recorded compared to application of recommended dose NPK (10.37 x
103
and 20.00 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during summer 2010 and
11.52 x 103
and 21.87 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during Kharif
2010)27.16 x 103
and 51.00 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively). The
increased population of Phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms 20.00 x 102
and 30 x 102
cfu /g soil at the time
of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during summer 2010 and 24.65 x 102
and 36.77 x 102
cfu /g soil at
the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during Kharif 2010 were recorded compared to application
of recommended dose NPK (11.00 x 102
and 14.33 x 102
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT,
respectively during summer 2010 and 11.87 x 102
and 15.22 x 102
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60
DAT, respectively during Kharif 2010).Similarly, the enhanced grain and straw yields were also confirmed the efficiency of organic matter degradability microorganisms
Micronutrients: role and management in fruit crops (2nd doctoral seminar:Panc...Panchaal Bhattacharjee
Micronutrient deficiency is a key isssue to be addressed for sustainable fruit crop production. Here individual micronutrients are discussed in details regarding their role and mangement in fruit crops.
8 ijhaf oct-2017-10-influence of nitrogen fixingAI Publications
A field experiment was conducted for two successive seasons 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 with four replicates at the experimental farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Omdurman Islamic University to determine the effect of inoculation and co-inoculation of symbiotic nitrogen fixing and phosphate solubilizing bacteria on fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) growth and yield. Fenugreek plant variety Kodab was used. Two bacterial strains Sinorhizobium meliloti strain TAL380 and Bacillus megatherium var. phosphaticum strain (BMP), each alone or in combination. Control plants were kept for comparison. The following measurements were taken per plant: number of nodules, dry weight of nodules, shoots and roots, plant height, pod length, number of pods/plant, number of seeds/pod, 1000 seed weight and yield. Results showed that inoculation with TAL380 and BMP each alone significantly increased nodulation and nodule dry weight compared to the control. Inoculation with BMP significantly increased root dry weight, when inoculation with TAL380 significantly increased shoot dry weight and plant height, co-inoculation significantly increased root and shoot dry weight compared to the control. The two bacterial inoculations each alone or in combination significantly increased number of pods and insignificantly increased number of seeds per pod and 1000 seed weight at both seasons. There was no effect of inoculation with bacteria on pod length. Co-inoculation significantly increased fenugreek seed yield at both seasons compared to the control.
Resistance of Dryland Rice to Stem Borer (Scirpophaga incertulas Wlk.) Using ...IJRES Journal
Rice stem borer is one of the important pests that attack plants so as to reduce production. One way
to control pests is to use organic fertilizers that make the plant stronger and healthier. This study was conducted
to determine the effects of organic fertilizers with various doses without the use of pesticides in controlling stem
borer, Scirpophaga incertulas. Methods using split-split plot design which consists of two levels of the whole
plot factor (solid and liquid organic fertilizers), two levels of the subplot factor (conventional and industry,
Tiens and Mitraflora), and four levels of the sub-subplot factor of conventional and industry (5, 10, 15, 20
tonnes/ha), and one level of the sub-subplot factor of Tiens and Mitraflora (each 2 ml/l). Based on the results
Statistical analysis there were no significant differences among treatments and this shows that the use of organic
fertilizers that only a dose of 5 tonnes/ha is sufficient available nutrients that make plants more robust and
resistant to control stem borer, besides that can reduce production costs and friendly to the environment when
compared with using inorganic fertilizers.
Foliar feeding is a technique of feeding plants by applying liquid fertilizer directly to their leaves. Plants are able to absorb essential elements through their leaves. The absorption takes place through their stomata and also through their epidermis.
Effective Recycling Of Paddy Straw through Microbial Degradation for Enhancin...iosrjce
The field investigation was conducted at Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station,
Kathalagere, Davanagere district, Karnataka during summer 2010 and Kharif 2010 (wet season) to study the
efficacy of different biomass degradable microorganisms on rice straw. The results of the present investigation
showed that rice straw treated with combination of cow dung slurry @ 5% + Trichoderma harizianum @ 5
kg/ha + Pleurotus sajor caju@ 5 kg/ha had significant influence in degrading rice straw as evidenced through
the activity of N- fixing and P- solubilizing microorganisms in the soil. The highest population of N- fixing
microorganisms 27.16 x 103
and 51.00 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively
during summer 2010 and 31.56 x 103
and 62.44 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT,
respectively during Kharif 2010 were recorded compared to application of recommended dose NPK (10.37 x
103
and 20.00 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during summer 2010 and
11.52 x 103
and 21.87 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during Kharif
2010)27.16 x 103
and 51.00 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively). The
increased population of Phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms 20.00 x 102
and 30 x 102
cfu /g soil at the time
of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during summer 2010 and 24.65 x 102
and 36.77 x 102
cfu /g soil at
the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during Kharif 2010 were recorded compared to application
of recommended dose NPK (11.00 x 102
and 14.33 x 102
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT,
respectively during summer 2010 and 11.87 x 102
and 15.22 x 102
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60
DAT, respectively during Kharif 2010).Similarly, the enhanced grain and straw yields were also confirmed the efficiency of organic matter degradability microorganisms
Micronutrients: role and management in fruit crops (2nd doctoral seminar:Panc...Panchaal Bhattacharjee
Micronutrient deficiency is a key isssue to be addressed for sustainable fruit crop production. Here individual micronutrients are discussed in details regarding their role and mangement in fruit crops.
8 ijhaf oct-2017-10-influence of nitrogen fixingAI Publications
A field experiment was conducted for two successive seasons 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 with four replicates at the experimental farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Omdurman Islamic University to determine the effect of inoculation and co-inoculation of symbiotic nitrogen fixing and phosphate solubilizing bacteria on fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) growth and yield. Fenugreek plant variety Kodab was used. Two bacterial strains Sinorhizobium meliloti strain TAL380 and Bacillus megatherium var. phosphaticum strain (BMP), each alone or in combination. Control plants were kept for comparison. The following measurements were taken per plant: number of nodules, dry weight of nodules, shoots and roots, plant height, pod length, number of pods/plant, number of seeds/pod, 1000 seed weight and yield. Results showed that inoculation with TAL380 and BMP each alone significantly increased nodulation and nodule dry weight compared to the control. Inoculation with BMP significantly increased root dry weight, when inoculation with TAL380 significantly increased shoot dry weight and plant height, co-inoculation significantly increased root and shoot dry weight compared to the control. The two bacterial inoculations each alone or in combination significantly increased number of pods and insignificantly increased number of seeds per pod and 1000 seed weight at both seasons. There was no effect of inoculation with bacteria on pod length. Co-inoculation significantly increased fenugreek seed yield at both seasons compared to the control.
Resistance of Dryland Rice to Stem Borer (Scirpophaga incertulas Wlk.) Using ...IJRES Journal
Rice stem borer is one of the important pests that attack plants so as to reduce production. One way
to control pests is to use organic fertilizers that make the plant stronger and healthier. This study was conducted
to determine the effects of organic fertilizers with various doses without the use of pesticides in controlling stem
borer, Scirpophaga incertulas. Methods using split-split plot design which consists of two levels of the whole
plot factor (solid and liquid organic fertilizers), two levels of the subplot factor (conventional and industry,
Tiens and Mitraflora), and four levels of the sub-subplot factor of conventional and industry (5, 10, 15, 20
tonnes/ha), and one level of the sub-subplot factor of Tiens and Mitraflora (each 2 ml/l). Based on the results
Statistical analysis there were no significant differences among treatments and this shows that the use of organic
fertilizers that only a dose of 5 tonnes/ha is sufficient available nutrients that make plants more robust and
resistant to control stem borer, besides that can reduce production costs and friendly to the environment when
compared with using inorganic fertilizers.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
Influence of NPK Fertilizer and Poultry Manure on the Growth of Okra (Abelmos...AI Publications
Field trials were conducted during the 2018 rainy season at the Federal University Dutsin-Ma Teaching and Research Farm, Badole. The aim of the work was to evaluate the influence of different levels of NPK fertilizer (0, 40, 80 kg ha-1) and poultry manure (0, 4, 8 tons’ ha-1) on the growth of okra. The trial was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and replicated three times. The application of 4 and 8 tons’ ha-1 of poultry manure showed significant difference on the number of plant per plot at 4 and 6WAS. While the application of NKP 15:15:15 at all level were statistically at par on the number of plant per plot. The application of poultry manure and NPK 15:15:15 showed significant difference among the treatment to plant height, number of leaves, leaves area, stem girth at various weeks of data collection. The increase in the level of poultry manure and NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer showed the significant effects on number plant, number of leave per plant, leave area, plant height, stem girth. And some of parameters were statistically at far by varied level of factors and time. Okra variety Clemson spineless significantly gave taller plants and increase in the plant organs. Both NPK fertilizer and poultry manure were found to play a significant role in increasing the growth of okra plant.
A brief study on Integrated Nutrient Management (INM). This presentation has created by me after studying many articles and research papers regarding INM. Suggestions are kindly invited.
Evaluation of Different Growing Substrates on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under ...Innspub Net
Hydroponic technology has many benefits that it is highly productive and conserves water and land most especially if natural resources are scarce. Normally, plants grow inside a greenhouse that controls temperature, light, water and nutrition. The study was conducted to evaluate the performance of different growing substrates on lettuce under a non-circulating hydroponics system. It was conducted at Cagayan State University – Piat Campus from September to October 2019. The Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications was used to test the following treatments: T1 – Rockwool, T2– Coco peat, T3 – Carbonized Rice Hull (CRH) and T4 – Sawdust. Results show that plants under coco coir (T2)–obtained the tallest and longest roots while the most number of leaves and heaviest fresh biomass was registered in rock wool (T1). In terms of water pH, the result revealed no significant differences among treatment means. In the absence of rock wool, the coco coir can be used as an alternative as growing substrates for a non-circulating hydroponics system since they did not differ significantly.
Effect of Algal Bio-fertilizer on the Vigna radiata: A Critical ReviewIJERA Editor
The continuous increasing demand of food crops and decrease in productivity due to continuous use of chemical
fertilizer has not only resulted in decline of crop yield, loss of fertility and degradation of soil but has also led us
one step back in achieving sustainable agriculture. The use of algal bio-fertilizer provides an effective, ecofriendly
and non-polluting approach in improving the productivity of crop by both nitrogen fixation and
photosynthesis. Algal bio-fertilizers improve soil structure and increase yield productivity even if applied in a
small area. The application of algal bio-fertilizers in plants has resulted in increase in root, shoot length with
number of leaves and hence overall growth of the plant has been increased. India being one of the largest
producer and consumer of pulses requires abundant amount of pulse production to fulfil the demands of ever
growing populations which can be achieved by using algal bio-fertilizers. This paper briefly underlines the usage
of algal bio-fertilizers as an important tool for sustainability and alternative usage against the chemical
fertilizers.
Physiological Role of Humic Acid, Amino Acids and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Grow...IJEAB
In order to evaluate productivity of some wheat cultivars grown in sandy, saline soil under foliar spraying with humic acid, amino acids and nitrogen fertilizer levels. Highest chlorophyll b and carotenoid content, percentage of sodium and calcium, tallest plants and higher number of tillers/plant were achieved from Gemiza 9 cultivar. The highest relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR), chlorophyll and total chlorophyll values, higher flag leaf area and stem diameter were resulted from Giza 168 cultivar. While, higher percentages of proline, total phenols and potassium percentages were found from Shaka 93 cultivar. The earlier for a number of days to heading and flowering were resulted from Shaka 93 cultivar. Application of humic and amino acid mixture significantly enhanced total leaf area/plant, plant dry weight after 75 and 95 days from sowing (DFS), RGR, NAR, photosynthetic pigments, i.e. chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids and proline contents. In addition, highest total phenols, potassium and calcium percentages, height flag leaf area, tallest plants, highest stem diameter and number of tillers/plant compared with other foliar spraying treatments. Accordingly, it could be recommended that foliar spraying wheat plants Giza 168 cultivar with the mixture of humic acid and Amino acids with addition, mineral fertilizing with 262 kg N/ha to obtain the best growth characters of wheat under newly reclaimed sandy saline soil conditions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
A systematic review of biochar as a soil amendment and bioremediation tool in...Innspub Net
In arid and semi-arid regions limited water inputs, lower soil organic matter and carbon decreases the soil moisture retention which make soils of these regions difficult to sustain healthy crop. Moreover, intensive agricultural practices are depleting the soil of its organic matter and nutrients which is reducing the soil fertility even further. Pakistan has high rainfall variability during different seasons. The regions which remain dry in all seasons due to low precipitation are greatly vulnerable to drought. Organic farming provides a solution to mitigate this problem to some extent but in this case the yield is less as compared to the conventional agriculture system. Biochar serves as a novel method for increasing soil carbon content due to its enhanced carbon stability. Biochar being highly porous material has large surface area and it causes significant changes in soil physical properties such as water holding capacity, porosity, drainage and bulk density. Adding the biochar in soil have many advantages from reduction of pollutants and heavy metals concentration in soil, increasing soil carbon sequestration as a strategy to mitigate climate change and increased soil microbial diversity due to substrate enhancement. The incorporation of biochar in soil has a great impact on the soil texture, density, particle size distribution, and soil density and can be used as fertilizer to increase the crop yield due to its ability to slow release of the nutrients in soil.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
Influence of NPK Fertilizer and Poultry Manure on the Growth of Okra (Abelmos...AI Publications
Field trials were conducted during the 2018 rainy season at the Federal University Dutsin-Ma Teaching and Research Farm, Badole. The aim of the work was to evaluate the influence of different levels of NPK fertilizer (0, 40, 80 kg ha-1) and poultry manure (0, 4, 8 tons’ ha-1) on the growth of okra. The trial was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and replicated three times. The application of 4 and 8 tons’ ha-1 of poultry manure showed significant difference on the number of plant per plot at 4 and 6WAS. While the application of NKP 15:15:15 at all level were statistically at par on the number of plant per plot. The application of poultry manure and NPK 15:15:15 showed significant difference among the treatment to plant height, number of leaves, leaves area, stem girth at various weeks of data collection. The increase in the level of poultry manure and NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer showed the significant effects on number plant, number of leave per plant, leave area, plant height, stem girth. And some of parameters were statistically at far by varied level of factors and time. Okra variety Clemson spineless significantly gave taller plants and increase in the plant organs. Both NPK fertilizer and poultry manure were found to play a significant role in increasing the growth of okra plant.
A brief study on Integrated Nutrient Management (INM). This presentation has created by me after studying many articles and research papers regarding INM. Suggestions are kindly invited.
Evaluation of Different Growing Substrates on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under ...Innspub Net
Hydroponic technology has many benefits that it is highly productive and conserves water and land most especially if natural resources are scarce. Normally, plants grow inside a greenhouse that controls temperature, light, water and nutrition. The study was conducted to evaluate the performance of different growing substrates on lettuce under a non-circulating hydroponics system. It was conducted at Cagayan State University – Piat Campus from September to October 2019. The Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications was used to test the following treatments: T1 – Rockwool, T2– Coco peat, T3 – Carbonized Rice Hull (CRH) and T4 – Sawdust. Results show that plants under coco coir (T2)–obtained the tallest and longest roots while the most number of leaves and heaviest fresh biomass was registered in rock wool (T1). In terms of water pH, the result revealed no significant differences among treatment means. In the absence of rock wool, the coco coir can be used as an alternative as growing substrates for a non-circulating hydroponics system since they did not differ significantly.
Effect of Algal Bio-fertilizer on the Vigna radiata: A Critical ReviewIJERA Editor
The continuous increasing demand of food crops and decrease in productivity due to continuous use of chemical
fertilizer has not only resulted in decline of crop yield, loss of fertility and degradation of soil but has also led us
one step back in achieving sustainable agriculture. The use of algal bio-fertilizer provides an effective, ecofriendly
and non-polluting approach in improving the productivity of crop by both nitrogen fixation and
photosynthesis. Algal bio-fertilizers improve soil structure and increase yield productivity even if applied in a
small area. The application of algal bio-fertilizers in plants has resulted in increase in root, shoot length with
number of leaves and hence overall growth of the plant has been increased. India being one of the largest
producer and consumer of pulses requires abundant amount of pulse production to fulfil the demands of ever
growing populations which can be achieved by using algal bio-fertilizers. This paper briefly underlines the usage
of algal bio-fertilizers as an important tool for sustainability and alternative usage against the chemical
fertilizers.
Physiological Role of Humic Acid, Amino Acids and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Grow...IJEAB
In order to evaluate productivity of some wheat cultivars grown in sandy, saline soil under foliar spraying with humic acid, amino acids and nitrogen fertilizer levels. Highest chlorophyll b and carotenoid content, percentage of sodium and calcium, tallest plants and higher number of tillers/plant were achieved from Gemiza 9 cultivar. The highest relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR), chlorophyll and total chlorophyll values, higher flag leaf area and stem diameter were resulted from Giza 168 cultivar. While, higher percentages of proline, total phenols and potassium percentages were found from Shaka 93 cultivar. The earlier for a number of days to heading and flowering were resulted from Shaka 93 cultivar. Application of humic and amino acid mixture significantly enhanced total leaf area/plant, plant dry weight after 75 and 95 days from sowing (DFS), RGR, NAR, photosynthetic pigments, i.e. chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids and proline contents. In addition, highest total phenols, potassium and calcium percentages, height flag leaf area, tallest plants, highest stem diameter and number of tillers/plant compared with other foliar spraying treatments. Accordingly, it could be recommended that foliar spraying wheat plants Giza 168 cultivar with the mixture of humic acid and Amino acids with addition, mineral fertilizing with 262 kg N/ha to obtain the best growth characters of wheat under newly reclaimed sandy saline soil conditions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
A systematic review of biochar as a soil amendment and bioremediation tool in...Innspub Net
In arid and semi-arid regions limited water inputs, lower soil organic matter and carbon decreases the soil moisture retention which make soils of these regions difficult to sustain healthy crop. Moreover, intensive agricultural practices are depleting the soil of its organic matter and nutrients which is reducing the soil fertility even further. Pakistan has high rainfall variability during different seasons. The regions which remain dry in all seasons due to low precipitation are greatly vulnerable to drought. Organic farming provides a solution to mitigate this problem to some extent but in this case the yield is less as compared to the conventional agriculture system. Biochar serves as a novel method for increasing soil carbon content due to its enhanced carbon stability. Biochar being highly porous material has large surface area and it causes significant changes in soil physical properties such as water holding capacity, porosity, drainage and bulk density. Adding the biochar in soil have many advantages from reduction of pollutants and heavy metals concentration in soil, increasing soil carbon sequestration as a strategy to mitigate climate change and increased soil microbial diversity due to substrate enhancement. The incorporation of biochar in soil has a great impact on the soil texture, density, particle size distribution, and soil density and can be used as fertilizer to increase the crop yield due to its ability to slow release of the nutrients in soil.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Some new exact Solutions for the nonlinear schrödinger equationinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment in the vicinity of MBT and MCT in wes...inventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Design and Cost Optimization of Plate Heat Exchangerinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
As an input to soil for growth of high yield food crops, chemical fertilizer made a significant contribution; now environmental impact too has to be kept in mind while making careful use of this essential input.
Seminar on foliar nutrition in Sorghum. The new approach to overcome the nutrient losses. Although it can't be replaced with soil application it can definitely boost the production.
Principles of fertilizer application by vijay ambastVijay Ambast
- Basic Principles of Fertilizer Application.
- Soil is the principle source of other nutrients.
- Primary nutrients(nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) are used in relatively large amounts by plants, and often are supplemented as fertilizers.
Role of native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on maize (Zea mays) growth and nu...Innspub Net
Indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizae Fungi (AMF) have a potential to boost maize (Zea mays) growth and increase the P and Zn uptake through the symbiotic association they form with the plant, even in acidic soils conditions. Five AMF inoculums produced from the most abundant and ubiquitous morphotypes isolated from field soils in maize fields in South Kivu (DRC) were assessed. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the role of these AMF on nutrients uptake in a Nitisol and a Ferralsol. Eight treatments namely inoculums named AMF1 (Gigaspora gigantea), AMF2 (Gigaspora sp.), AMF3 (Gigaspora margarita), AMF4 (Rhizophagus intraradices) AMF5 (Acaulospora reducta), mineral phosphorus fertilizers (Pi), commercial biofertilizer Rhizatech and a Control were laid in a randomized complete block design. In the Ferralsol, Pi application, Rhizatech and AMF2 produced the highest height. Pi application resulted in the best shoot biomass. No difference was observed for the P content, but for the Zn content, AMF2 was the highest. Roots colonization did not vary among treatments. In the Nitisol, AMF4 produced the highest plant height and AMF1 the highiest chlorophyll content. AMF4 and Rhizatech colonized highly the roots. AMF3 gave the highest P however, Zinc content was equal in all treatments and the controls yielded the lowest results. Spores densities in both inoculums produced and experimental soils were low compared to the commercial inoculum but growth and roots colonisation was influenced by fertilization and soils types. The performance of efficient AMF inoculums of Gipaspora gigantea, Gigaspora sp., Rhizophagus intraradices and Acaulospora reducta applied with high densities spores and multispecies inoculums should be assessed.
Effect of Algal Bio-fertilizer on the Vigna radiata: A Critical ReviewIJERA Editor
The continuous increasing demand of food crops and decrease in productivity due to continuous use of chemical
fertilizer has not only resulted in decline of crop yield, loss of fertility and degradation of soil but has also led us
one step back in achieving sustainable agriculture. The use of algal bio-fertilizer provides an effective, ecofriendly
and non-polluting approach in improving the productivity of crop by both nitrogen fixation and
photosynthesis. Algal bio-fertilizers improve soil structure and increase yield productivity even if applied in a
small area. The application of algal bio-fertilizers in plants has resulted in increase in root, shoot length with
number of leaves and hence overall growth of the plant has been increased. India being one of the largest
producer and consumer of pulses requires abundant amount of pulse production to fulfil the demands of ever
growing populations which can be achieved by using algal bio-fertilizers. This paper briefly underlines the usage
of algal bio-fertilizers as an important tool for sustainability and alternative usage against the chemical
fertilizers
Experimental Investigation of a Household Refrigerator Using Evaporative-Cool...inventy
The objective of this paper was to investigate experimentally the effect of Evaporative-cooled condenser in a household refrigerator. The experiment was done using HCF134a as the refrigerant. The performance of the household refrigerator with air-cooled and Evaporative-cooled condenser was compared for different load conditions. The results indicate that the refrigerator performance had improved when evaporative-cooled condenser was used instead of air-cooled condenser on all load conditions. Evaporativecooled condenser reduced the energy consumption when compared with the air-cooled condenser. There was also an enhancement in coefficient of performance (COP) when evaporative-cooled condenser was used instead of air-cooled condenser. The Evaporative cooled heat exchanger was designed and the system was modified by retrofitting it, instead of the conventional air-cooled condenser by making drop wise condensation using water and forced circulation over the condenser. From the experimental analysis it is observed that the COP of evaporative cooled system increased by 13.44% compared to that of air cooled system. So the overall efficiency and refrigerating effect is increased. In minimum constructional, maintenance and running cost, the system is much useful for domestic purpose. This study also revealed that combining a evaporative cooled system along with conventional water cooled system under the condition that the defrost water obtained from the freezer is used for drop wise condensation over condenser and water cooled condensation of the condenser at the bottom using remaining defrost water would reduce the power consumption, work done and hence further increase in refrigerating effect of the system. The study has shown that such a system is technically feasible and economically viable
Copper Strip Corrossion Test in Various Aviation Fuelsinventy
This research work takes in to account of corrosiveness test on various aviation fuels in the state of Telengana (India). The purpose of this experiment is to determine the corrosiveness test of fuels. This determination will be accomplished by using copper strip corrosion test by using the copper strip experiment we can determine the corrosive property of the fuel and hence the efficiency of fuel. The research covers the importance of knowing the corrosive property of different petroleum fuels including aviation turbine fuel.
Additional Conservation Laws for Two-Velocity Hydrodynamics Equations with th...inventy
A series of the differential identities connecting velocities, pressure and body force in the twovelocity hydrodynamics equations with equilibrium of pressure phases in reversible hydrodynamic approximation is obtaned.
Comparative Study of the Quality of Life, Quality of Work Life and Organisati...inventy
People’s lives are increasingly centred on work; they spend at least one-third of their time within the organisations that employ them. Investigating the factors that interfere with employees’ well-being and the organisational environment is becoming an increasing concern in organisations. This article identifies the criteria of the quality of life (QoL), quality of working life (QWL) and organisational climate instruments to point out their similarities. For bibliographic construction and data research, articles were sought in national and international journals, books and dissertations/articles in SciELO, Science Direct, Medline and Pub Med databases. The results show direct relationships amongst QoL, QWL and organisational climate instruments. The relationship between QoL and QWL instruments is based on fair compensation, social interaction, organisational communication, working conditions and functional capacity. QWL and organisational climate instruments are related through social interaction and interfaces. QoL and organisational climate instruments are related based on social interaction, organisational communication, and work conditions.
A Study of Automated Decision Making Systemsinventy
The decision making process of many operations are dependent on analysing very large data sets, previous decisions and their results. The information generated from the large data sets are used as an input for making decisions. Since the decisions to be taken in day to day operations are expanding, the time taken for manual decision making is also expanding. In order to reduce the time, cost and to increase the efficiency and accuracy, which are the most important things for customer satisfaction, many organisations are adopting the automated decision making systems. This paper is about the technologies used for automated decision making systems and the areas in which automated decisions systems works more efficiently and accurately.
Crystallization of L-Glutamic Acid: Mechanism of Heterogeneous β -Form Nuclea...inventy
The mechanism of heterogeneous nucleation of β-form L-glutamic acid was deeply investigated in cooling crystallization. The present study found that the β-form crystals were epitaxially grown on the α-form crystals and they were preferably crystallized on the (011) and (001) surfaces instead of the (111) surfaces of α- form crystals. This result was explained via the molecular simulation. The molecular simulation indicated that the different surfaces of α-form crystals provided different functional groups, resulting in different sites for the heterogeneous nucleation of β-form crystals. Here, the functional group were COO- , C=O and O-H on the (011) and (001) surfaces of α-form crystals, respectively, while it was the NH3 + on the (111) surfaces of α-form crystals. As such, the degree of lattice matching (E) between the β-form crystals and the various surfaces of α- form crystal was distinguished, where the degree of lattice matching (E) between the β-form crystals and the (011), (001) and (111) surfaces of α-form crystal were estimated as 5.30, 5.25 and 2.39, respectively, implying that the (011) and (001) surfaces of α-form crystal were more favorable to generate the heterogeneous nucleation of β-form crystals than the (111) surfaces of α-form crystal
Evaluation of Damage by the Reliability of the Traction Test on Polymer Test ...inventy
In recent decades, polymers have undergone a remarkable historical development and their use has been greatly imposed by gradually dethroning most of the secular materials. These polymer materials have always distinguished themselves by their simple shaping and inexpensive price, their versatility, lightness, and chemical stability but despite their massive use in everyday life as well as in advanced technologies. Generally, these materials still not understood which requires a thorough knowledge of their chemical, physical, rheological and mechanical properties. This paper, we study the mechanical behavior of an amorphous polymer: Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene “ABS” by means of uniaxial tensile testing on pierced test pieces with different notch lengths ranging between 1 to 14mm.The proposed approach consists in analyzing the evolution of the global geometry of the obtained strain curves by taking into account the zones and characteristic points of these curves as well as the effect of the damage on the mechanical behavior of the polymer ABS, in order to visualize the evolution of the damage by a static model
Application of Kennelly’model of Running Performances to Elite Endurance Runn...inventy
: The model of Kennelly between distance (Dlim) and exhaustion time (tlim) has been applied to the individual performances of 19 elite endurance runners (World-record holders and Olympic winners) from P. Nurmi (1920-1924) to M. Farah (2012) whose individual best performances on several different distances are known. Kennelly’s model (Dlim = k tlim ) can describe the individual performances of elite runners with a high accuracy (errors lower than 2 %). There is a linear relationship between parameters k and exponents of the elite runners and the extreme values correspond to S. Coe (k = 15.8; = 0.851) and E. Zatopek (k = 6.57; = 0.984). Exponent can be considered as a dimensionless index of aerobic endurance which is close to 1 in the best endurance runners. If it is assumed than maximal aerobic speed can be maintained 7 min in elite endurance runners, exponent is equal to the normalized critical speed (critical speed/maximal aerobic speed) computed from exhaustion times equal to 3 and 12.5 min in these runners.
Development and Application of a Failure Monitoring System by Using the Vibra...inventy
In this project, a failure monitoring system is developed by using the vibration and location information of balises in railway signaling. A lot of field equipment in railway are loosening and broken in time period so that they need maintenance due to the vibrations that occur due to high speed trains traffic and railway vehicles impact. Among the field equipment, balises have very important role of communication in terms of transmitting information to trains. In this scope, it is aimed to make maintenance works more efficient, have no delayed trains, detect previously failure location and intervene in failure timely, by detecting and controlling balise cases such as loosening, out of place and the data consistency error that happens because of balise physical state. In this project, the communication is provided with I2C, Modbus RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) and RS485 standards by using Arduino Uno cards and MPU6050 IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) sensors in laboratory. Each used sensors are in slave mode and computer interface designed with C# is in master mode. Fault situations in the system are checked instant by the interface. (it is assumed to mount the IMU sensor and the Arduino circuit on the balise) it is seen that the interface responds to the sensor movements instant and the system works well in the end of test processes.
The Management of Protected Areas in Serengeti Ecosystem: A Case Study of Iko...inventy
The study assessed the management of protected areas in Serengeti ecosystem using the case of IGGRs. Specifically, the study aimed at identifying the strategies used for natural resources management; examining the impacts of those strategies; examining the hindrances of the identified strategies; and lastly, examining the methods for scaling up the performance of strategies used for natural resources in the study area. The study involved two villages among 31 villages bordering IGGRs where in each village; at least 5% of the households were sampled. Both Primary data and secondary data were collected and analyzed both manually and computer by using SPSS software. The study revealed that, study population ranked IGGRs performance on protection of natural resources, especially on conserving wildlife for future generation and in reducing poaching to be good(53.3%). In addition, the relationship with IGGRs was said to be considerable good (46.7%). In the aspect of reducing poaching, the findings show that poaching has been reduced by 96.2% from 2009 to 2012. Furthermore, 81.4% of respondents said they use different strategies to control loss of natural resources which in turn has considerably improved the relationship between protected areas and the surrounding communities in some of the aspects. Despite of above successes, the study findings has revealed a number of challenges that hinders the full attainment of conservation objectives. Among the challenges are loss of life and properties (86.4%), shortage of water for livestock (68.9%) since water sources such as Grumeti and Rubana rivers are within protected area while the adjacent local communities do not have a free access to those water sources. Other challenges especially on the IGGRs management include insufficient fund base, working facilities and inadequate staffs. Based on the above findings, the study concluded that the strategies used for natural resources management of protected areas in Serengeti ecosystem is fairly sustainable and need functional participatory approaches of local people and other stakeholders in order to bring about a collaborative natural resources management network in the ecosystem. Furthermore, based on the findings above, equity in benefit sharing accrued from natural resource management in protected areas, more financial support to IGGRs and local community, the use of non-lethal deterrents for crop protection, integration of croplivestock production systems, adoption of land use plans as a solution to land conflicts, strengthens of community based conservation (CBC), adoption of modern information technology such as geographical information system (GIS) and remote sensing are recommended.
Size distribution and biometric relationships of little tunny Euthynnus allet...inventy
This study is taken from data of commercial fishing of the little tunny, Euthynnus alletteratus (Rafinesque, 1810) caught in the Algerian coast, sampled between november 2011 and april 2016. Data were collected in order to determine size distributions of the population and biometric relationships of species including the size - weight relationships. A total of 601 fish ranged from 30.9 and 103 cm fork length (FL) were observed. The size distribution of Euthynnus alletteratus shows multiple modal values witch the most important cohort corresponds to the age class 2 (42-46 cm). The value of the allometric coefficient (b) of the FL/TW relationship is lower than 3, indicating a negative allometric growth.
Removal of Chromium (VI) From Aqueous Solutions Using Discarded Solanum Tuber...inventy
Industrial polluting effluents containing heavy metals are of serious environmental concern in India. Chromium is frequently used in industries like electroplating, metal finishing, cooling towers, dyes, paints, anodizing and leather tanning and is found as traces in effluents finding their way to natural water bodies causing hazardous toxicity to the health of humans, animals and aquatic lives directly or indirectly. Many methods for the removal of Chromium such as chemical reduction, precipitation, ion exchange, electrochemical reduction, evaporation, reverse osmosis and adsorption using activated carbon etc. have been reported but all being expensive and complicated to operate. Experimental practices reveal that adsorption by agricultural and horticultural wastes are quite simple, inexpensive and efficient method. Agra is famous for Potato farming, a lot of discarded potato waste from cold storages is thrown along road side drains causing solid waste generated which either creates solid waste disposal problem or otherwise it finds way to Yamuna river resulting high BOD and posing a serious threat to the aquatic environment. For developing countries like India adsorption studies using discarded potato (Solanum tuberosum) waste from cold storages (DPWC) a solid waste as low cost adsorbent for Chromium removal was dual beneficial i.e., an ideal solution to these solid wastes disposal problem of Agra and removal of Chromium from tannery effluents and thereby saving aquatic life from Chromium contamination in Yamuna river. Keeping this in view batch experiments were designed to study the feasibility of discarded potato waste from cold storages to remove chromium (VI) from the aqueous solutions. During the study various affecting parameters, such as pH, adsorbent does, initial concentration, temperature, contact time, adsorbent grain size and start up agitation speed were optimized as 5.0, 10-20 g/l, 50 mg/l, 250C, 135 minutes, average size and 80 rpm respectively on chromium removal efficiency. Various Isotherms such as Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin also fitted suitably and various corresponding constants determined from these Isotherms favor and support the adsorption. Thermodynamic constants ∆G, ∆H and ∆S were found to be 0.267 KJ/mole, 0.288 KJ/mole and 0.0013 KJ/mole respectively.
Effect of Various External and Internal Factors on the Carrier Mobility in n-...inventy
The effect of various external (temperature, electric field, light) and intracrystalline (doping, initial resistivity) factors on the mobility of carriers in layered n-InSe semiconductor experimentally have been investigated. Scientific explanations of the results are proposed
Transient flow analysis for horizontal axial upper-wind turbineinventy
This study is to carry out a transient flow field analysis on the condition that the wind turbine is working to generate turbine, the wind turbine operating conditions change over time, Purpose of this study is try to find out the rule from the wind turbine changing over time . In transient analysis, the wind velocity on inlet boundary and rotation speed in the rotor field will change over time, and an analytical process is provided that can be used for future reference. At present, the wind turbine model is designed on the concept of upwind horizontal axis type. The computer engineering software GH Bladed is used to obtain the relationship between the rotor velocity and the wind turbine. Then the ANSYS engineering software is used to calculate the stress and strain distribution in the blades over time. From the analytical result, the relationship between the stress distribution in the blades and the rotor velocity is got to be used as a reference for future wind turbine structural optimization.
Choice of Numerical Integration Method for Wind Time History Analysis of Tall...inventy
Wind tunnel tests are being performed routinely around the world for designing tall buildings but the advent of powerful computational tools will make time-history analysis for wind more common in near future. As the duration of wind storms ranges from tens of minutes to hours while earthquake durations are typically less than a three to four minutes, the choice of a time step size (Δt) for wind studies needs to be much larger both to reduce the computational time and to save disk space. As the error in any numerical solution of the equation of motion is dependent on step size (Δt), careful investigations on the choice of numerical integration methods for wind analyses are necessary. From a wide variety of integration methods available, it was decided to investigate three methods that seem appropriate for 3D-time history analysis of tall buildings for wind. These are modal time history analysis, the Hilber-Hughes-Taylor (HHT) method or α-method with α=- 0.1, and the Newmark method with β=0.25 and γ=0.5 ( i.e., trapezoidal rule). SAP2000, a common structural analysis software tool, and a 64-story structure are used to conduct all the analyses in this paper. A boundary layer wind tunnel (BLWT) pressure time history measured at 120 locations around the building envelope of a similar structure is used for the analyses. Analyses performed with both the HHT and Newmark-method considering P-delta effects show that second order effects have a considerable impact on both displacement and acceleration response. This result shows that it is necessary to account P-delta effect for wind analysis of tall buildings. As the direct integration time history analysis required very large computation times and very large computer physical memory for a wind duration of hours, a modal analysis with reduced stiffness is considered as a good alternative. For that purpose, a non-linear static analysis of the structure with a load combination of 1.0D + 1.0L is performed in SAP2000 and the reduced stiffness of the structure after the analysis is used to conduct an eigenvalue analysis to extract the mode shapes and frequencies of this structure. Then the first 20- modes are used to perform a modal time history analysis for wind load. The result shows that the responses from modal analysis with “20-mode (reduced stiffness)” are comparable with that from the P-Δ analyses of Newmark-method
Impacts of Demand Side Management on System Reliability Evaluationinventy
Electricity demand in Saudi Arabia is steadily increasing as electrical loads grows at a rate of about 7% per year, this represents a high rate by all standards, and largely due to population growth, as well as due to government subsidies which may lead to prices much lower than actual production cost. This growth represents a challenge that requires Saudi Electricity Company (SEC) to invest huge amounts of money every year, for the construction of additional generation capacity along with the reinforcement of transmission network to meet the consumption growth.Also the demand varies frequently throughout the day, causing a waste of a large part of the energy. SEC believes the optimum solution lies in altering the load shape in order to have a better balance between customer’s consumption and SEC’s generation, This paper describes the method for improving the power system reliability by shifting the portion of peak load to off-peak periods This load management scheme can be achieved by lifting the generation during off peak periods and utilizing the stored energy during peak periods. A hybrid set up involving solar and wind energy along with batteries can also be used to store energy and utilize it during peak periods.
Reliability Evaluation of Riyadh System Incorporating Renewable Generationinventy
In this paper, the experience of Saudi Electricity Company (SEC) in analyzing the generation adequacy for Year 2013 is presented. This analysis is conducted by calculating several reliability indices for Riyadh system hourly load during all four seasonal periods. The reliability indices are gauged against the international utility practice. SEC also plans to introduce renewable energy into the network in order to secure the environmental standards and reduce fuel costs of conventional generation. Thus, the reliability improvement due to different integration levels of Solar and Wind generating sources has also been investigated. The capacity value provided by these variable renewable energy sources (VERs) to reliably meet the system load has been calculated using effective load carrying capability (ELCC) technique with a loss of load expectancy metric.
The effect of reduced pressure acetylene plasma treatment on physical charact...inventy
The capacitors are increasingly being used as energy storage devicesin various power systems. The scientists of the world are tryingto maximize the electrical capacity of the supercapacitors. To achieve this purpose, numerous method sare used: the surface activation of electrodes, the surface etching using the electronbeam, the electrode etching with variousgasplasma, etc. The purpose of this work is toresearch how the properties of carbon electrodes depend on the plasma parameters at whichtheywere formed. The largest surface area ofcarbonelectrodeof47.25m2 /gis obtainedat 15 ofAr/C2H2gasratio. Meanwhile, theSEMimages show that the disruption of structures with low bond energies and the formation of new onesare taking place when the carbon electrodes are etched at acetylene plasma and placed on carbon electrode. The measurements of capacitance showthat capacitors with affectedelectrodes have about10-15% highercapacity than those not treated with acetyleneplasma.
Experimental Investigation of Mini Cooler cum Freezerinventy
In general cases the refrigerator could be converted into an air conditioner by attaching a fan. Thus a cooler as well as freezer is obtained in a single set up. The freezer can be converted to an air conditioner when the outside air is allowed to flow beside the cooling coil and is forced outside by an exhaust fan. In this case a mini scale cooler cum freezer using R134a as refrigerant was fabricated and tested In our mini project work we had designed, fabricated and experimentally analysed a mini cooler cum freezer. From the observations and calculations, the results of mini cooler cum freezer are obtained and are compared.
Growth and Magnetic properties of MnGeP2 thin filmsinventy
We have successfully grown MnGeP2 thin films on GaAs (100) substrate. A ferromagnetic transition near 320 K has been observed by temperature dependent magnetization and resistance measurements. Field dependent magnetization experiments have shown that the coercive fields at 5, 250, and 300 K are 3870, 1380 and 155 Oe, respectively. Magnetoresistance and Hall measurements have displayed that hole conduction is dominant in MnGeP2. PACS: 75.50.Pp, 75.70.-i, 85.70.-w, 73.50.-h
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
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During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
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Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a button
D043025035
1. Research Inventy: International Journal Of Engineering And Science
Vol.4, Issue 3(March 2014), PP 25-35
Issn (e): 2278-4721, Issn (p):2319-6483, www.researchinventy.com
25
Studies on mass multiplication of Glomus moseae [Arbuscular Mycorrizhal Fungus]
for “Phosphofert ” bio-fertilizer production, it’s efficacy on phosphatic fertilizer savings
and productivity in high yielding mulberry garden under West Bengal conditions
S.Rajaram, Meribemo A Patton, S.Roy Chowdhuri, S. Nirmal Kumar.
CentralSericulturalResearchandTrainingInstitute,CentralSilkBoard,Berhampore-742101,Murshidabad,WestBengal,India.
Abstract:Mulberry is cultivated by farmers for its leaves, the sole food for silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) for
commercial production of raw silk in Sericulture Industry. As mulberry is a perennial crop can be maintained for
several years in the field, selection of suitable land and follow-up of recommended package of practices are
inevitable for maintenance of potential productivity of the variety selected for cultivation. As the quality of
mulberry leaves alone contributes about 38.2% for the success of silkworm cocoon crop, quality linked leaf
productivity of mulberry leaves can be achieved through adequate supply of all required input into soil.
Phosphorus is one of the important macronutrient required in larger quantity next to Nitrogen for mulberry. In
order to reduce the high cost involved towards nitrogenous chemical fertilizers and to maintain the soil health in
an eco-friendly way Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) approach in agriculture sector became popular and
the same has been followed in mulberry cultivation as well in recent years. Use of different kinds of microbial
inoculants as bio-fertilizer to fix atmospheric nitrogen in mulberry garden brought improvements in soil health
maintenance and helps to reduce nitrogenous chemical fertilizer requirements and expenditure to farmers
considerably without affecting the quality linked productivity.
Keeping in view of the above a study was conducted to ascertain the consistent efficacy of Glomus
moseae (Arbuscular Micorrhizal Fungus) culture as “Phosphofert” bio-fertilizer application in mulberry garden
during July to September 2013 crop. S1635 mulberry variety in Paired Row System [PRS] of plantation with
(150+90) x 60 cm spacing under irrigated condition with five treatments i.e., T1 : 20 tons FYM + (Recommended
Dose of Fertilizer) NPK 336:180:112 (5 split doses) ha-1
yr-1
[Control]; T2 : 20 tons FYM + NPK 336:135:112
(5 split doses) ha-1
yr-1
+ 75 kg Phosphofert ha-1
once in 4 years; T3 : 20 tons FYM + NPK 336:90:112 (5 split
doses) ha-1
yr-1
+ 75 kg Phosphofert ha-1
once in 4 years;T4 : 20 tons FYM + NPK 336:45:112 (5 split doses) ha-
1
yr-1
+ 75 kg Phosphofert ha-1
once in 4 years and T5 : 20 tons FYM + NPK 336:0:112 (5 split doses) ha-1
yr-1
+
75 kg Phosphofert ha-1
once in 4 years with all other package of practices recommended for mulberry cultivation
were followed uniformly in all treatments with 4 replications in CRD. Average leaf yield of 9.55; 9.75; 9.38; 9.54
& 8.33 and total biomass of 16.42; 16.22; 15.66; 16.04; 13.79 tons ha-1
crop-1
produced under T1; T2; T3; T4 &
T5 respectively and quality of leaves on economic characters without significant difference between the
treatments revealed the role of AMF in making available phosphorus to mulberry crop at reduced rate of
phosphorus chemical fertilizer up to 75% (T4) and expenditure without affecting the quality linked leaf
productivity. Mass culture of the AMF for preparation of “Phosphofert” bio-fertilizer, its application techniques
are discussed in the paper.
KEY WORDS: Mulberry leaf, AMF; bio-fertilizer, eco-friendly soil health, potential productivity.
I. INTRODUCTION
Mulberry is cultivated by farmers for its leaves, the sole food for silkworm (Bombyx mori L) for
commercial production of raw silk in Sericulture Industry. As mulberry is a perennial crop, can be maintained
for several years, selection of suitable land and follow-up of recommended package of practices are inevitable in
maintaining the potential productivity of the concerned variety selected for the establishment of mulberry garden.
Quality of mulberry leaves contribute to a level of 38.2% for the success of silkworm cocoon crop (Miyashita,
1986), the maintenance of mulberry garden plays a vital role in sericulture. The quality linked leaf productivity
of mulberry garden can be achieved through adequate supply of all required input into soil.
In India, during the Green Revolution period more emphasis was given for increasing the productivity
of crops which facilitated in indiscriminate application of inorganic chemical fertilizers, chemicals to control
various pests & diseases without considering the soil health maintenance for long-term use for agriculture
purposes resulted in considerable damage to the soils in agriculture land. It was reported that out of 235 mha
(million hectares) of cultivable area, almost 166 mha area soil has been damaged (Swaminathan, 1994) in the
country necessitates to find alternate methods to improve the soil health in agriculture sector.
Like other agricultural crops, mulberry requires the all sixteen nutrients. Off which phosphorous is an
important macronutrient required in large quantity next to nitrogen for mulberry for quality linked productivity
maintenance of leaf for silkworm rearing for production of silk cocoons. Based on the high cost involved in
application of nitrogenous and phosphorous chemical fertilizers and to maintain the soil health in an eco-friendly
manner, Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) approach in agriculture sector became popular. The same has
2. Studies on Mass Multiplication of…
26
been followed in mulberry cultivation also. Introduction of bio-fertilizers application in mulberry garden brought
improvements in maintaining the soil health and curtailment of expenditure towards the cost of chemical
fertilizer and its requirements considerably. “Phosphofert” a bio-fertilizer contains Glomus mosae [Arbuscular
Mycorrhizal Fungus] multiplied in soil, its application in mulberry garden proved to reduce about 70%
requirement of phosphorous fertilizer and expenditure to that effect without affecting the quality linked leaf
productivity in mulberry garden.
In the present work, under Part-I studies on the procedure of mass multiplication of Glomus moseae
[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus] for Phosphofert bio-fertilizer production and in Part-II the efficacy of
Phosphofert on phosphorous fertilizer saving in mulberry garden was planned with two objectives namely Mass
multiplication of Glomus mosae [Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus] for production of “Phosphofert” a Bio-
fertilizer production and to find out the efficacy of Phosphofert on phosphorus fertilizer saving and productivity
in mulberry garden.
To complete life cycle normally, living organism requires a large numbers of substances from outside
are called nutrition. Green plants being autotrophic, requires only inorganic substances from outside (Pandey and
Sinha, 1972). Only certain elements have been determined to be essential for plant growth. An essential element
is defined as one whose absence prevents plants from completing its life cycle or one that has clear physiological
role (Arnon and Stout, 1939). The inorganic substances are absorbed by plants in ionic forms from the soil by
roots. Other mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen fixing bacteria, often participate with roots in the acquisition of
nutrients. In addition to nutrients being added to the soil as fertilizers, some mineral nutrients can be applied on
leaves as sprays, known as foliar application (Taiz and Zeiger, 2003). Nutrients uptake by plants through leaves
is most effective when the nutrients solution remains on the leaf as a thin film (Mengel and Kirkby, 1987).
High agricultural yields depend strongly on fertilization with mineral nutrients (Taiz and Zeiger 2003).
In fact, yield of most crop plants increase linearly with the amount of fertilizer they absorb and crop plants,
however, typically use less than half of the fertilizer applied (Loomis and Conner, 1992).Phosphorous is a
mineral element required in larger amounts by plants. It serves as a constituent of nucleotides particularly in
Adenosine Tri Phosphate synthesis and cell division and development of meristematic tissues in plants.
Deficiency of phosphorous rapidly inhibits plant growth; stunted root, shoot growth, leaves turn dark green in
color and turn reddish purple with necrosis at later stage.
Powdery mildew prominent in phosphorous deficient leaves. Under severe condition, the leaves become
completely yellow and fall off the plant. Phosphorous deficient plants may have dark green upper leaves and
reddish purple lower leaves (Taiz and Zeiger 2003). Excessive uses of nitrate and phosphatic fertilizers have led
to extensive contamination of surface and ground waters were reported by Dahama (2003). The fate of nitrogen
fertilizers in the soil environment is controlled by several physical, chemical and biological factors that interact
with each other. The percentage of recovery of nutrients varies between the different types of fertilizers were
reported as 50-60; 5-15; and 75% of N P K respectively and nitrogen deficiency is observed in plants grown on
soils with low organic matter (< 0.4 % organic carbon) (Anonymous, 2011).
Mycorrhizal fungi can increase the yield of a plot of land by 30%-40%. It can absorb phosphorus from
the soil and pass it on to the plant. Mycorrhizal plants show higher tolerance to high soil temperatures, various
soil- and root-borne pathogens, and heavy metal toxicity. The use of biofertilizers is currently gaining interest as
a cheap, safe alternative to conventional chemical fertilizers (Sharma, 2002). Biofertilizers can make significant
contribution towards the development of strategies for productivity improvement which do not lead to an
exponential rise in the consumption of non- renewable forms of energy (Subba Rao, 1982). The germination and
hyphal growth from asexual spores in the soil is stimulated by signaling compounds released by roots (top right).
These hyphae form infection structures (appresoria) on the surface of host roots the fungus grows into the root
forming hyphae between cells and arbuscles that penetrate cell walls without killing the plant cells. Hyphae also
grow out into the soil forming a branched mycelium that functions to explore the soil and take up mineral
nutrients. Spores are formed by this external mycelium, completing the life cycle. Movement of nitrogen from
soil to plants via AMF through the symbiosis was reprted by Jin et al., (2005).
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are considered as obligate symbiotic biotrophs, in that they can’t grow
without a host plant supplying them with carbohydrates (Muchovej, 2001; Harrison, 2005; Martin et al., 2007;
Hamel and Plenchette, 2007). Arbuscular mycorrhizal associations are reported to occur in about 80% of
terrestrial plants (Gregory, 2006). Inorganic N (NO3
-
and NH4
+
) is taken up by the external mycelium,
assimilated and converted to arginine, which is transported (probably in association with Polyphosphate) within
3. Studies on Mass Multiplication of…
27
the fungus to the fungal mycelium inside plant roots. George (2005) reported that Azotobacter use a variety of
carbohydrates, alcohols and salts of organic acids as sources of carbon and can grow in the pH range from 4.8 to
8.5. However the growth favored at a temperature of 20- 30 °C (Tepper et al., 1979).AMF colonization was
positively correlated with soil total nitrogen in spring in Pyrus glabra. factors like temperature, luminosity,
dynamics of plant species, rainfall, soil fertility, root exudations and competition with other microorganisms as
well as possible interactions influence the AMF life cycle was studied by Touran Feyzi Kamareh et al., 2011.
Suitable combinations of AM fungi (by contact or by inoculation) and rhizobia increase the plant growth
and the P use efficiency, enhancing N2 fixation under limited P supply conditions in common bean (Phaseolus
vulgaris L.) was reported by Fatma Tajini, Mustapha Trabelsi and Jean-Jacques Drevon. (2012). A few studies
have shown that some bacterial species respond to the presence of certain AM fungi (Andrade et al., 1997;
Artursson et al., 2006), suggesting a high degree of specificity between bacteria associated with AM fungi. Thus,
the specific bacteria together with AM fungi may create a more indirect synergism for plant growth (Barea,
1997) including nutrient acquisition (Barea et al., 2002) and enhancement of root branching (Gamalero et al.,
2004).
In addition, the AM fungi themselves have also been shown to have an impact on the composition of
bacterial communities in their mycelium environment (Artursson et al., 2006). The rhizobia - bean symbiosis
when in association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is known to benefit from a better supply of
phosphorus (Sanginga et al., 2000). The AMF is also able to acquire phosphorus in organic form that is not
directly assimilated by plants (Bucher et al., 2001). The mechanisms affecting the efficiency of absorption and
utilization of phosphorus in plants are related to colonization by mycorrhizae (Jia et al., 2004).
Furthermore, Jin et al. (2010) found that dual inoculation with AMF and rhizobia decreased the harmful
influence of sulphate salinity on plant growth and nutrient accumulation (P, N and Proline) in Lathyrus sativus,
compared with the control treatments. Both symbioses share parts of signalling pathways, indicating intimate
interactions between all three partners during co-evolution (Demir and Akköpru, 2007; Stancheva et al., 2006;
Xiao et al., 2010). Xiaomei Cheng et al., (2008) suggest that even low rates of fertilizer, which are typical of
wine grape production, may be incompatible with legume crop incorporation with respect to both AMF-mediated
N capture and root uptake of N. If organic matter is used as a primary means of modifying soil fertility, as in
organic vineyards where mineral fertilizers are forbidden, it may be important to incorporate the material into
vineyard soil with the highest root densities and roots had a dominant role over hyphae in N uptake.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Part-I : Mass multiplication of Glomus moseae [Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus] for Phosphofert bio-
fertilizer production.
About 100 kg of garden soil collected from the field of CSR&TI., Berhampore loaded in horizontal
autoclave and sterilized at 15 lb pressure per cm2
for one hour, after cooling the same process was repeated for
double sterilization of the soil. After cooling of the soil transfer it to commercial AMF growth chamber and equal
quantum of Glomus moseae (AMF) mother culture soil maintained 100 numbers of spores (Annexure : 1 Plate :
1) per 5 gram of soil in mother culture growth chambers was thoroughly mixed to it and spread. Maize seed at a
distance of 10 cm sown at a depth of 3 cm and apply water at frequent interval to maintain available soil moisture
around 50% (ASM) from its total capacity for better germination and growth of the maize plants.
The AMF spore germinate, hyphae grow profusely in the soil (Annexure : 1 Plate: 2) and multiply on
establishment of maize plants due to symbiotic relationship with the roots of the maize plants. The maize
plantation was maintained for about 60 days and just before initiation of flowering in maize plants, soil sample
was collected to check the spore population per 5 gram soil.
On ascertaining the multiplication of AMF spore population @ 100 numbers per 5 gram soil, maize
shoots at ground level were harvested leaving its roots intake in the soil. The soil contains 100 AMF spore
population per 5 gram soil packed in polythene bag as 1 kg packet as “Phosphofert” as per standard procedure
followed in AMF culture (Annexure : 1 Plates :3 - 7) Sudhakar et al., 1999). Maintaining the required soil
moisture of 50% available soil moisture of field capacity of the soil and temperature around 20
C facilitate better
growth and multiplication of AMF in the soil.
4. Studies on Mass Multiplication of…
28
Part-II Efficacy of Phosphofert on phosphorous fertilizer saving in mulberry garden in the field:
The experiment was carried out in the mulberry garden (Plot No. A9) of Agronomy section at Central
Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Central Silk Board, Berhampore, Murshidabad, West Bengal during
July to September 2013. Well established irrigated mulberry garden raised in alluvial soil with S1635 improved
high yielding variety under Paired Row System with plant spacing (150+90) x 60 cms. The plants were pruned at
a height of ¾ foot, removed weeds and inter-cultivation operation carried out by using Power Tiller & Power
Weeder (Annexure : 1 Plate : 8) and 20 plots were demarked each with two paired rows with 20 plants each and
thus a total 40 number of plants (Chaturvedi and Sarkar, 2000) in Completely Randomized Design [CRD]
(Annexure : 2 Plate : 9) as described by Sukhatme and Amble (1985).
The experiment consists of 5 treatments and 4 replications each. In T1 recommended FYM manure @
20 ton FYM ha-1
year-1
in two equal split doses and chemical fertilizers NPK @ 336 : 180 : 112 kg. ha-1
year-1
in
5 equal split dose (Ray et al., 1973) as control and in T2 - T5 except for 25; 50; 75 & 100% reduced dose of
phosphorous fertilizer respectively with additional 75 kg of Phosphofert bio-fertilizer (Annexure : 2 Plates : 10 -
12) as below
T1: 20 tons FYM + (RDF) NPK 336:180:112 (5 split doses) ha-1
yr-1
[Control].
T2: 20 tons FYM + NPK 336:135:112 (5 split doses) ha-1
yr-1
+ 75 kg Phosphofert ha-1
once in 4 years.
T3: 20 tons FYM + NPK 336:90:112 (5 split doses) ha-1
yr-1
+ 75 kg Phosphofert ha-1
once in 4 years.
T4: 20 tons FYM + NPK 336:45:112 (5 split doses) ha-1
yr-1
+ 75 kg Phosphofert ha-1
once in 4 years.
T5: 20 tons FYM + NPK 336:0:112 (5 split doses) ha-1
yr-1
+ 75 kg Phosphofert ha-1
once in 4 years.
70th
day after pruning observations were made in all plots in two treatments from 5 randomly selected
plants on the following parameters and yield was estimated (Annexure : 2 Plates : 13 - 16) as suggested by
Sreenivasa Shetty et al., (1990).
a) Growth Parameters :
i. Average number of branches / plant,
ii. Average height of branch (cm),
iii. Average total shoot length / plant (m),
iv. Average number of leaves / branch,
v. Average number of leaves / plant,
vi. Average leaf weight / plant (g) [Green weight],
vii. Average shoot weight / plant (g) [Green weight],
viii. Average leaf weight ha-1
crop-1
(ton),
ix. Average shoot weight ha-1
crop-1
(ton),
x. Average green biomass weight ha-1
crop-1
(ton),
xi. Average dry biomass weight ha-1
crop-1
(ton),
b) Leaf quality Parameters :
i) Moisture Content of leaf (MC (%) :
50 leaves between 5th
to 9th
position from the top were randomly collected from 10 different branches at
8.30 a.m. from each treatment plot in each crop, after recording the initial weight, the leaves were allowed to
release moisture at room temperature for 48 hours and then dried in an oven at 80C for 48 hours and the MC
were calculated using the following formula (Vijayan et al., 1997).
MC (%) = Fresh weight - Oven dry weight x 100
Fresh weight
ii) Moisture Retention Capacity of leaf (MRC(% ) :
50 leaves between 5th
to 9th
position from the top were randomly collected from 10 different branches at
8.30 a.m. from each treatment plot in each crop, after recording the initial weight, the leaves were allowed to
release moisture at room temperature at 6th
hr. weight of leaves were recorded again and then at 48th
hr. and were
dried in an oven at 80C for 48 hrs. and the MRC in % after 6 hours of harvest were calculated using the
following formula (Vijayan et al., 1997).
5. Studies on Mass Multiplication of…
29
MRC (%) = Weight after 6hrs - Oven dry weight x 100
Fresh weight - Oven dry weight
All data of the experiment are subjected to statistical analysis using AGRES Software and the results are
tabulated and discussed separately.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Part-I : Mass multiplication of Glomus moseae [Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus] for Phosphofert bio-
fertilizer production.
From 100 kg double sterilized garden soil mixed with equal quantity of AMF mother culture soil
consists of 100 AMF spores per 5 gram of soil in 60 days culturing in AMF commercial growth chamber 200 kg
of Phosphofert Bio-fertilizer was prepared and packed as one kg packet in polythene bags printed with all
specifications for use in mulberry garden and preservation of the Phosphofert.
Part-II Efficacy of Phosphofert on phosphorous fertilizer saving in mulberry garden in the field :
Studies conducted by IARI, New Delhi, showed that inoculation with Azotobacter or Azospirillum and
phosphate solubilising bacteria culture in the presence of 1% rock phosphate is a beneficial input to obtain good
quality compost rich in Nitrogen (1.85%) and AMF inoculation saves as much as 70% phosphorous fertilizers
(Sharma, 2002).
Microbial inoculants in carrier based preparations containing beneficial microorganisms in a viable state
intended for seed or soil application and designed to improve soil fertility and help plant growth by increasing the
population and biological activity of desired microorganism in the root environment (Subba Rao, 1982).
Inoculation of Azotobacter and VAM Fungus or co-inoculation of all these organisms in mulberry has
proved beneficial in terms of economizing N and P fertilizer application by 50% without any adverse effect on
leaf yield and quality (Das et al, 1994).
Further it has been observed from the field studies at farmers level that application of n-triacontanol
(Vipul) as foliar spray and use of Azotobacter bio-fertilizer could increase the leaf yield by 15-20% besides, 50%
reduction in nitrogenous fertilizer application (Rajanna et al, 2005) and Phosphofert bio-fertilizer application @
75 kg ha-1
once in four years was able to curtail 70% phosphorous fertilizer requirement of mulberry without
affecting yield and quality of leaves (Sudhakar et al, 2000). Similar results were obtained in the present study are
discussed as below :
a) Growth Parameters:
i) Average number of branches / plant : An average of 12.95; 12.2; 10.75; 11.0 and 12.6 number of
branches recorded per plant in T1; T2; T3; T4 and T5 respectively with over all grand mean average of 11.9
number of branches per plant and the difference in number of branches per plant between the treatments
were statistically non-significant @ CD 5% level (Table : 1).
ii) Average height of branch (cm) : An average height of 121.49; 120.55; 127.48; 124.83 and 108.85 cm. per
branch was recorded per plant in T1; T2; T3; T4 and T5 respectively with over all grand mean average of
120.6 cm. height per branch.
iii) Average total shoot length / plant (m) : An average total shoot length of 15.65; 14.73; 13.67; 13.63 and
13.63 m. per plant was recorded per plant in T1; T2; T3; T4 and T5 respectively with over all grand mean
average of 14.26 m. length per plant.
iv) Average number of leaves / branch : An average of 30.38; 30.32; 33.49; 31.23 and 26.06 number of
leaves per branch recorded in T1; T2; T3; T4 and T5 respectively with over all grand mean average of 30.29
number of leaves per branch.
v) Average number of leaves / plant : An average of 391.73; 370.30; 358.25; 340.83 and 325.13 number of
leaves per plant recorded in T1; T2; T3; T4 and T5 respectively with over all grand mean average of 359.25
number of leaves per plant.
6. Studies on Mass Multiplication of…
30
vi) Average leaf weight / plant (g) : An average weight of 687.66; 701.75; 675.03; 686.90 and 599.95 g leaves
per plant recorded in T1; T2; T3; T4 and T5 respectively with over all grand mean average of 359.25 g
weight of leaves per plant.
vii) Average shoot weight / plant (g) : An average weight of 494.79; 466.43; 452.66; 468.08 and 393.29 g
shoot per plant recorded in T1; T2; T3; T4 and T5 respectively with over all grand mean average of 359.25
g shoot weight per plant.
viii) The above said growth parameters recorded under different treatments were statistically on par and without
significant difference @ CD 5% level (Table : 1).
ix) Average leaf weight ha-1
crop-1
(ton) : An average estimated weight of 9.55; 9.75; 9.38; 9.54 and 8.33 ton
leaves ha-1
crop-1
recorded in T1; T2; T3; T4 and T5 respectively with over all grand mean average of 9.31
ton weight of leaves ha-1
crop-1
.
x) Average shoot weight ha-1
crop-1
(ton) : An average estimated weight of 6.87; 6.48; 6.29; 6.50 and 5.46
ton shoots ha-1
crop-1
recorded in T1; T2; T3; T4 and T5 respectively with over all grand mean average of
9.31 ton weight of shoots ha-1
crop-1
.
xi) Average green biomass weight ha-1
crop-1
(ton) : An average estimated weight of 16.42; 16.22; 15.66;
16.04 and 13.79 ton green biomass ha-1
crop-1
recorded in T1; T2; T3; T4 and T5 respectively with over all
grand mean average of 15.63 ton biomass ha-1
crop-1
.
xii) Average dry biomass weight ha-1
crop-1
(ton) : An average estimated weight of 5.90; 5.79; 5.59; 5.74 and
4.92 ton dry biomass ha-1
crop-1
recorded in T1; T2; T3; T4 and T5 respectively with over all grand mean
average of 15.63 ton biomass ha-1
crop-1
.
The above said economic growth parameters recorded under different treatments were statistically on par and
without significant difference @ CD 5% level (Table : 2 and Figs. 1).
b) Leaf quality Parameters :
i) Moisture Content of leaf (%) : An average moisture content of 81.37; 81.16; 81.96; 81.35 and 81.80 % of
leaf recorded in T1; T2; T3; T4 and T5 respectively with over all grand mean average of 81.53 % of
moisture content of leaf.
ii) Moisture Retention Capacity of leaf (%) : An average moisture retention capacity of 95.07; 95.19; 94.98;
95.22 and 94.87 % of leaf recorded in T1; T2; T3; T4 and T5 respectively with over all grand mean average
of 95.06 % of moisture retention capacity of leaf.
The above said quality parameters recorded under different treatments were statistically on par and without
significant difference @ CD 5% level (Table : 2 and Figs. 2).
Table: 1 Growth parameters (Average) recorded during the experiment season (Aug-Oct.2013)
Treatment
Number of
branches /
plant
Height of
branch
(cm)
Total shoot
length/plant
(m)
Number of
leaves /
branch
Number of
leaves /
plant
Leaf yield /
plant
(g)
Shoot
weight /
plant (g)
T1 12.95 121.49 15.65 30.38 391.73 687.66 494.79
T2 12.20 120.55 14.73 30.32 370.30 701.75 466.43
T3 10.75 127.48 13.67 33.49 358.25 675.03 452.66
T4 11.00 124.85 13.63 31.23 340.83 686.90 468.08
T5 12.60 108.85 13.63 26.06 325.13 599.95 393.29
Gr. mean 11.9000 120.6445 14.2615 30.2940 357.2500 670.2570 455.0490
SEd 0.9602
(NS)
7.6268
(NS)
0.9912
(NS)
2.5497
(NS)
28.8053
(NS)
66.6450
(NS)
63.0570
(NS)
CD@5% 2.0467 16.2564 2.1128 5.4346 61.3975 142.0518 134.4040
CV % 11.41 8.94 9.83 11.90 11.40 14.06 19.60
7. Studies on Mass Multiplication of…
31
Table: 2 Average yield & quality parameters recorded during the experiment season (Aug-Oct.2013)
Treatment
Leaf yield ha-1
crop-1
(t)
Shoot weight
ha-1
crop-1
(t)
Total green
biomass ha-1
crop-1
(t)
Total dry
biomass ha-1
crop-1
(t)
Leaf moisture
content (%)
Leaf moisture
retention
capacity (%)
T1 9.55 6.87 16.42 5.90 81.37 95.07
T2 9.75 6.48 16.22 5.79 81.16 95.19
T3 9.38 6.29 15.66 5.59 81.96 94.98
T4 9.54 6.50 16.04 5.74 81.35 95.22
T5 8.33 5.46 13.79 4.92 81.80 94.87
Gr. mean 9.3080 6.3215 15.6290 5.5880 81.5280 95.0630
SEd 0.9260 (NS) 0.8752 (NS) 1.7736 (NS) 0.6550 (NS) 0.3313 (NS) 0.1886 (NS)
CD@5% 1.9737 1.8655 3.7804 1.3961 0.7063 0.4021
CV % 14.07 19.58 16.05 16.58 0.57 0.28
Gr. mean. : Grand mean; NS. : Non singnificant; CD.: Critical difference; CV.: Coefficient of variation
Fig : 1 Graph showing average yield details recorded during the experiment season (Aug-Oct.2013)
Fig : 2 Graph showing average yield details recorded during the experiment season (Aug-Oct.2013)
Fig. 2 Graph showing Leaf, shoot & biomass weight
9.55
9.75
9.38
9.54
8.33
6.87
6.48
6.29
6.50
5.46
16.42
16.22
15.66
16.04
13.79
5.90
5.79
5.59
5.74
4.92
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
18.00
Ton
Leaf weight ha-1crop-1 Shoot weight ha-1crop-1 Biomass(green) ha-1crop-1 Biomass(dry) ha-1crop-1
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
81.37
81.16
81.96
81.35
81.80
95.07
95.19
94.98
95.22
94.87
70.00
75.00
80.00
85.00
90.00
95.00
100.00
Percentage
Moisture content of leaf Moisture Retention Capacity of leaf
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
8. Studies on Mass Multiplication of…
32
IIVV.. CCOONNCCLLUUSSIIOONN AANNDD SSUUMMMMAARRYY
It is summarized that the maintenance of Glomus moseae [Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus] mother
culture and mass multiplication of the same in sterilized garden soil with maize roots under controlled conditions
for production “Phosphofert” a Bio-fertilizer [Microbial inoculants] is viable.
The “Phosphofert” (with 20 AMF spores per gram soil inoculants) application in mulberry garden as
recommended @ 75 kg ha-1
once in four years may help to sericulture farmers in curtailment of about 75%
phosphorus chemical fertilizer requirement in high yielding mulberry garden maintenance without affecting the
quality and productivity in mulberry sericulture and thus saves expenditure considerably to farmers.
In addition to the above, application of “Phosphofert” helps to improve the soil health in mulberry
garden in eco-friendly manner through increasing the population of economically important microorganisms,
availability of nitrogen and other micro nutrients in the soil.
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Annexure: 1 Plates showing different stages in mass multiplication of Glomus moseae
[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus] & Phosphofert bio-fertilizer production
Plates : 1 & 2 AMF spores and germination
Plate: 3 & 4 Maize seed sowing & growth in AMF mass multiplication chamber
Plate : 5 AMF ready for harvest Plate : 6 Packing of Phosphofert
Plate : 7 Phosphofert bio-fertilizer Plate : 8 Experiment plot preparation
Annexure: 2
11. Studies on Mass Multiplication of…
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Plates showing different activities in the field during experiment
Plate : 9 AMF incorporated plot Plate : 10 NPK for application in plot
Plate : 11 Application of NPK Plate : 12 Experiment plot
Plate : 13 Plot ready for harvest Plate : 14 Harvesting for data record
Plates : 15 & 16 Recording of data