Cytopathology of lesions in bone
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Cytopathology of lytic lesions in bone can be helpful to diagnose infectious processes as well as neoplastic lesions. Tuberculosis, hydatid disease of bone are illustrated. Haemosiderosis of bone is also discussed,
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The document discusses various conditions that can cause acute scrotal pain, including testicular torsion, epididymitis, Fournier's gangrene, hernias, and referred pain from other sources. Testicular torsion is a medical emergency requiring immediate surgical intervention to prevent testicular infarction, while epididymitis is usually treated with antibiotics as an outpatient. Physical examination, ultrasound, and urine testing can help differentiate between potential causes of acute scrotal pain.
Bone and joint infection in children
Bone and joint infections are common in children and can cause permanent damage if not treated promptly. The most common types are osteomyelitis (bone infection) and septic arthritis (joint infection). Staphylococcus aureus is a frequent cause, though other bacteria may also be responsible depending on factors like age and location of infection. Diagnosis involves physical exam, lab tests like blood cultures and imaging studies. Treatment requires antibiotics tailored to the suspected bacteria as well as possible surgical drainage of abscesses. With appropriate treatment, most children recover fully, but complications can include bone or joint damage if not addressed promptly.
tuberculosis of the skeletal system
This document provides an overview of tuberculosis of the skeletal system. It discusses the epidemiology and prevalence of skeletal tuberculosis and describes the various types of bone and joint involvement, including the spine, hip, knee, and shoulder. For each joint, it outlines the clinical presentations, radiological features, and stages of disease. It also reviews the pathology, diagnosis, treatment with anti-tubercular drugs, and surgical management of skeletal tuberculosis.
Chronic osteomyelitis seminar and case report ortho patho
A seminar and case report on chronic osteomyelitis focussing on radiological and histological features, differentials plus recent advances.
Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly contagious respiratory disease in chic...
Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly contagious respiratory disease in chickens caused by an avian coronavirus called infectious bronchitis virus (IBV)
Transient synovitis of the hip
Transient synovitis of the hip is a common cause of hip pain in children. It involves acute onset of unilateral hip pain without systemic illness, causing the child to limp. While the exact cause is unknown, it is thought to be related to infection or trauma. The condition typically resolves on its own within 10 days without treatment in most cases. Strict bed rest is recommended until symptoms subside.
Septic arthritis in children
This document discusses septic arthritis in children. It notes that septic arthritis is a joint inflammation caused by infection, most commonly involving synovial joints. The most common age for septic arthritis is 1 month to 5 years. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common causative organism. Symptoms include fever, pain and reluctance to move the joint. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging like x-rays and ultrasound, and joint aspiration. Treatment involves antibiotics, rest, and sometimes surgical drainage of the joint. Complications can include joint destruction and deformity if not treated properly.
Septicarthritis
This document discusses septic arthritis of the knee. It begins with an introduction and overview of pathogenesis. Septic arthritis is caused by bacterial infection of the synovial membrane, usually by Staphylococcus aureus. Clinical features include pain, swelling and limited movement of the infected joint. Investigations may include blood tests, synovial fluid analysis, x-rays and ultrasound. Treatment involves antibiotics, surgery drainage and splinting the joint to promote healing. Complications can include bone and cartilage destruction, joint dislocation, growth disturbances or secondary osteoarthritis.
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Tuberculosis of the skeletal system - surgical needs
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Tuberculosis is a highly contagious disease which is spreading through communities where the inidence of HIV is high , in many areas in South Africa. A simple device which recognises individual TB bacilli on sputum specimens has been designed. It is inexpensive accurate and 'proof of concept "has been tested. The problem is to get hundreds of thee machines manufacted and installed in to the 480 TB labs, as well as the mobile Tb labs ( called Tutu testers ) in South africa.The incidence of significant lesions on cervical smears in women under thirty...
The incidence of significant lesions on cervical smears in women under thirty...Genevieve Warner Learmonth
The incidence of HIgh Grade Lesions ( HSIL) on cervical smears from women under 30 years in Cape Town, South Africa is recorded. Women in SA are only offered a free cervical smear at age 30 and then every ten years until age 50.. The clinical, public health, and psycho social implications of this issue are discussed.Parotid gland cyst
A doctor in South Africa encountered a case where Echinococcus Granulosus was found in a fine needle aspirate of a cystic mass in a patient's parotid gland. The parotid gland is a salivary gland located near the ear. Echinococcus Granulosus is a tapeworm that can cause cysts to grow in organs and tissues of the body.
97 2003 histopath contrasts
This document describes Genevieve Warner Learmonth's experience working in anatomical pathology laboratories in the UK and South Africa. It provides details on the facilities and physical layout of laboratories in both countries, with UK laboratories described as underground, tiny rooms or windowless, while South African laboratories were initially large and purpose-built but are now state-of-the-art. Case loads between the two countries are also compared, with South Africa seeing more cases of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, liver diseases and cancers due to parasites, while the UK saw more breast, cardiac and bone/soft tissue cases. The work culture is described as having staggered starts and fewer meetings in the UK compared to early starts and meetings in South Africa, along
Parotid gland cyst
A doctor in South Africa encountered a case where Echinococcus Granulosus was found in a fine needle aspirate of a cystic mass in a patient's parotid gland. The parotid gland is a salivary gland located near the ear. Echinococcus Granulosus is a tapeworm that can cause cysts to grow in organs and tissues of the body.
The incidence of significant lesions on cervical poster
This document discusses cervical cancer screening in South Africa. It finds that 21% of cervical smear tests in Cape Town from 2010-2011 were from women under 30 years old, and 19% of women referred to colposcopy for suspicious lesions or high-grade abnormalities were under 30. This suggests that starting cervical cancer screening at age 30, as currently recommended in South Africa, may be too late to identify pre-cancerous lesions in many young women. Given risk factors like early sexual debut, HPV infection rates of 21%, and peak HIV rates in women aged 25-29, revising national screening guidelines to start screening earlier is imperative to prevent morbidity and mortality from cervical cancer in South Africa.
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Abnormal Cervical Cytology requiring Colposcopy in Women under Thirty Years i...
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A review of the High Grade lesions of the cervix in women under 30years of age in Cape Town , South AfricaParotid gland cyst
A fine needle aspirate was taken from a cystic mass in a patient's parotid gland. The aspirate was found to contain Echinococcus Granulosus, a type of tapeworm. The cyst was located in the patient's parotid salivary gland near the ear.
The Groote Schuur Hospital breast clinic
The breast clinic at GSH hospital was founded in 1951 and was one of the earliest breast clinics in South Africa. In 1982, they introduced an on-site, real-time cytology service led by three professors/doctors which provided physical exams, imaging, needle biopsies, and immediate cytology results. Over the years the clinic has seen thousands of patients and conducted research on their methods and results, finding high accuracy rates for diagnosing breast cancer. The multidisciplinary team and on-site cytology have improved patient care and reduced anxiety while also serving educational purposes through workshops and international visitors seeking to replicate the clinic's model.
The incidence of significant lesions on cervical poster
Women under 30years of age are not offered free cervical screen. However some women with symptoms present for a diagnostic cervical smear. These women have a high incidence of High Grade Lesions requiring Colposcopy and treatment.
Histopathology in great britain and south africa in order
This document compares and contrasts Genevieve Warner Learmonth's experiences working in anatomical pathology laboratories in the United Kingdom and South Africa. It notes key differences in the facilities and infrastructure between older UK laboratories located underground, in small rooms, and with few microscopes, compared to larger, newer South African laboratories with more equipment. The document also discusses differences in caseloads and diseases encountered between the two countries, as well as differences in work culture and schedules.
The incidence of significant lesions on cervical smears poster final edit
In South Africa women under 30years of age are not offered free cervical smear screening. Howeve it has been noted that a significant percentage of women under 30years are found to have High Grade Lesions in the community which we serve.
There’s more to cytology than meets the eye final 3
“I see some cells with
granular cytoplasm”
Review: Eosinophils, Charcot Leyden
Crystals.
Histology: Eosinophilic granuloma
Patient: History of sheep farming.
Heavy worm burden.
Conclusion: Visceral Larva Migrans
Toxocara myelitis poster
Cytological examination of cerebrospinal fluid from a woman who had sudden onset of progressive transverse myelitis revealed a larva like organism, suggestive of toxocariasis, which is occasionally found in peri urban areas near Cape Town. She reccovered very quickly after treatment with Albedazole and small doses of cortison.MRI realed intraspinal lesions a C4 and T8 as well as a "coin" lesion in the parietal lobe of her brain.
Toxocara myelitis poster
Cytological examination of cerebrospinal fluid revealed a larva like organism from a woman with sudden onset orogressive transverse myelitis with lesions at C4, T12 ans in paeital lobe of brain.
There’s more to cytology than meets the eye final 3
This document discusses several cases that highlight the importance of carefully examining cytology samples, as unusual findings may be observed that provide crucial diagnostic information. It describes cases where screening of cervical smears, fine needle aspirations, and cerebrospinal fluid revealed the unexpected presence of melanoma cells, echinococcus worms, and toxocara larvae. In each case, recognizing and investigating these atypical findings led to important diagnoses that explained patients' symptoms and guided
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Cytopathology of lesions in bone
- 1. Cytopathology of Osteolytic Lesions in Bone Dr Genevieve Warner Learmonth Cytopathologist / Histopathologist, Cytopathology Laboratory, Groote Schuur Hospital University of Cape Town
- 3. Lytic lesions in Bone Lytic lesions are easily aspirated using a Jam Shedi needle. Most lytic lesions in bone are metastatic tumours. However infectious lesions of bone due to Tuberculosis and opportunistic infections due to HIV/AIDS are becoming more common in South Africa. Metabolic diseases can also present as lytic lesions in bone
- 4. Bony lesion: A shepherdess aged 60 years has difficulty in walking. X Ray: knee joint destroyed. Clinical Diagnosis: ? Aneurysmal Bone Cyst. Jam Shedi needle aspirated clear fluid for Cytology.
- 5. Clear Fluid with scanty translucent hooklets and laminated membrane
- 6. Clinical Impression: Note extensive involvement of tibia, fibula, knee joint space, patella and soft tissues. No clinical signs of inflammation No sinus formation No pain No clinical evidence of parathyroid dysfunction. No renal disease
- 7. Lytic lesion in Clavicle. Scolices and Rostellum of hooklets
- 8. Histology of lytic lesion in clavicle, cross section of scolex, and laminated membrane
- 9. Life cycle of Echinococcus granulosus in South Africa
- 10. A wolf in sheep’s clothing
- 11. TUBERCULOSIS in BONE 35 year old woman presents with pain in lumbar area for months, then sudden paraplegia X-rays show lytic lesions in lumbar vertebrae Jam Shedi needle aspirate yields necrotic material. Cytology: Papanicolaou stain
- 12. Collapse of spine with Kyphosis
- 13. Necrotising Inflammation, no evidence of granulomata
- 15. Ragged fragments of bone
- 16. TB bacilli, ZN stain and autofluorescence with Papanicolaou stain using LED
- 17. Histology ---Necrotising inflammation. No granulomata.
- 18. Drug-susceptible TB and MDR-TB are spread the same way. TB germs are put into the air when a person with TB disease of the lungs or throat coughs, sneezes, speaks, or sings. These germs can float in the air for several hours, depending on the environment. Persons who breathe in the air containing these TB germs can become infected.
- 19. TB and HIV ---the terrible twins
- 20. When screening a slide, note carefully what you observe, no matter how odd it may seem
- 21. Difficult to reach with health services