Cyber security or information technology security are the techniques of protecting computers, networks, programs and data from unauthorized access or attacks that are aimed for exploitation.
The document discusses cyber security issues related to industrial control systems (ICS) and critical infrastructures. It notes the increasing interdependence between critical infrastructures and the potential for cyber threats to cause disruptions. The document outlines the heterogeneous nature of ICS/SCADA environments and some historical reasons they were considered secure. However, technological changes like increased connectivity now expose these systems to threats. The document advocates a "defense-in-depth" approach to secure ICS, including segregating networks, controlling remote access, and adopting security practices from frameworks. Failure to properly secure ICS could allow threats to cause availability issues, data loss or corruption, and operational disruptions impacting public safety.
VAPT (Vulnerability Assessment and Penetration Testing) involves evaluating systems and networks to identify vulnerabilities, configuration issues, and potential routes of unauthorized access. It is recommended for SMEs due to common security issues like phishing and ransomware attacks targeting them. The document outlines the types of VAPT testing, why SMEs need it, example data breaches, and estimated costs of common cyber attacks and security services.
AlienVault MSSP Overview - A Different Approach to Security for MSSP'sAlienVault
- Overview of the AlienVault USM Platform
- Differentiation through Delivery "Threat Detection That Works"
- Ways to Engage via Managed Services, Security Device Management and Professional Services
- AlienVault MSSP Program Details
This document discusses vulnerability assessment and penetration testing. It defines them as two types of vulnerability testing that search for known vulnerabilities and attempt to exploit vulnerabilities, respectively. Vulnerability assessment uses automated tools to detect known issues, while penetration testing employs hacking techniques to demonstrate how deeply vulnerabilities could be exploited like an actual attacker. Both are important security practices for identifying weaknesses and reducing risks, but require different skills and have different strengths, weaknesses, frequencies, and report outputs. Reasons for vulnerabilities include insecure coding, limited testing, and misconfigurations. The document outlines common vulnerability and attack types as well as how vulnerability assessment and penetration testing are typically conducted.
This document discusses penetration testing and ethical hacking. It provides an overview of penetration testing methodology and the services offered by Endava, including regular vulnerability scans, penetration tests, PCI assessments, security trainings, audits, and intrusion monitoring solutions. The presenter, Maxim Catanoi, is an IT security consultant at Endava with over 9 years of experience and multiple security certifications.
This document discusses cloud security governance and related challenges. It begins by outlining key cloud security concerns like lack of visibility, loss of control, and multi-tenancy issues. Major risks are then examined, such as data leakage, account hijacking, and insecure cloud software. The document also explores the shared responsibility model between cloud service providers and consumers. It notes that many breaches are due to customer misconfiguration rather than provider vulnerabilities. Finally, challenges in implementing cloud security governance are mentioned, such as cloud discovery, gaps in contracts, and rapidly changing cloud services and architectures.
The document discusses the NIST Cybersecurity Framework, which provides guidelines for critical infrastructure security and management of cybersecurity risks. It was created through a collaboration between government and industry to help organizations manage and reduce cybersecurity risks. The framework consists of five concurrent and continuous functions - Identify, Protect, Detect, Respond, Recover. It also outlines implementation tiers from Partial to Adaptive to help organizations determine their cybersecurity risk management practices. The framework is meant to be flexible and not prescriptive in order to accommodate different sectors and risks profiles.
IronPort provides email and web security gateway products that include features like URL filtering, anti-virus, anti-phishing, and spam protection. The appliances run on a customized FreeBSD kernel and were acquired by Cisco Systems in 2007. Cisco continues to deliver the security capabilities of IronPort products as part of its overall security strategy and vision. Key IronPort appliances include the Web Security Appliance for web proxy and security, the Email Security Appliance for email security, and the Management Appliance for centralized management of multiple security gateways. IronPort products provide threat protection through techniques like reputation filtering, multiple anti-malware scanning engines, and real-time sharing of security intelligence.
The document discusses cyber security issues related to industrial control systems (ICS) and critical infrastructures. It notes the increasing interdependence between critical infrastructures and the potential for cyber threats to cause disruptions. The document outlines the heterogeneous nature of ICS/SCADA environments and some historical reasons they were considered secure. However, technological changes like increased connectivity now expose these systems to threats. The document advocates a "defense-in-depth" approach to secure ICS, including segregating networks, controlling remote access, and adopting security practices from frameworks. Failure to properly secure ICS could allow threats to cause availability issues, data loss or corruption, and operational disruptions impacting public safety.
VAPT (Vulnerability Assessment and Penetration Testing) involves evaluating systems and networks to identify vulnerabilities, configuration issues, and potential routes of unauthorized access. It is recommended for SMEs due to common security issues like phishing and ransomware attacks targeting them. The document outlines the types of VAPT testing, why SMEs need it, example data breaches, and estimated costs of common cyber attacks and security services.
AlienVault MSSP Overview - A Different Approach to Security for MSSP'sAlienVault
- Overview of the AlienVault USM Platform
- Differentiation through Delivery "Threat Detection That Works"
- Ways to Engage via Managed Services, Security Device Management and Professional Services
- AlienVault MSSP Program Details
This document discusses vulnerability assessment and penetration testing. It defines them as two types of vulnerability testing that search for known vulnerabilities and attempt to exploit vulnerabilities, respectively. Vulnerability assessment uses automated tools to detect known issues, while penetration testing employs hacking techniques to demonstrate how deeply vulnerabilities could be exploited like an actual attacker. Both are important security practices for identifying weaknesses and reducing risks, but require different skills and have different strengths, weaknesses, frequencies, and report outputs. Reasons for vulnerabilities include insecure coding, limited testing, and misconfigurations. The document outlines common vulnerability and attack types as well as how vulnerability assessment and penetration testing are typically conducted.
This document discusses penetration testing and ethical hacking. It provides an overview of penetration testing methodology and the services offered by Endava, including regular vulnerability scans, penetration tests, PCI assessments, security trainings, audits, and intrusion monitoring solutions. The presenter, Maxim Catanoi, is an IT security consultant at Endava with over 9 years of experience and multiple security certifications.
This document discusses cloud security governance and related challenges. It begins by outlining key cloud security concerns like lack of visibility, loss of control, and multi-tenancy issues. Major risks are then examined, such as data leakage, account hijacking, and insecure cloud software. The document also explores the shared responsibility model between cloud service providers and consumers. It notes that many breaches are due to customer misconfiguration rather than provider vulnerabilities. Finally, challenges in implementing cloud security governance are mentioned, such as cloud discovery, gaps in contracts, and rapidly changing cloud services and architectures.
The document discusses the NIST Cybersecurity Framework, which provides guidelines for critical infrastructure security and management of cybersecurity risks. It was created through a collaboration between government and industry to help organizations manage and reduce cybersecurity risks. The framework consists of five concurrent and continuous functions - Identify, Protect, Detect, Respond, Recover. It also outlines implementation tiers from Partial to Adaptive to help organizations determine their cybersecurity risk management practices. The framework is meant to be flexible and not prescriptive in order to accommodate different sectors and risks profiles.
IronPort provides email and web security gateway products that include features like URL filtering, anti-virus, anti-phishing, and spam protection. The appliances run on a customized FreeBSD kernel and were acquired by Cisco Systems in 2007. Cisco continues to deliver the security capabilities of IronPort products as part of its overall security strategy and vision. Key IronPort appliances include the Web Security Appliance for web proxy and security, the Email Security Appliance for email security, and the Management Appliance for centralized management of multiple security gateways. IronPort products provide threat protection through techniques like reputation filtering, multiple anti-malware scanning engines, and real-time sharing of security intelligence.
A Big Picture of IEC 62443 - Cybersecurity Webinar (2) 2020Jiunn-Jer Sun
• Why An Industrial Cybersecurity Standard
• What Is IEC 62443 About
• How It Impacts On You - The Security Lifecycle
• IEC 62443 Certificates
• Reference: Some Ongoing Projects
• Summary
1. Vulnerability assessment and penetration testing (VAPT) involves identifying security vulnerabilities in an organization's network and systems through scanning and manual exploitation techniques.
2. The process includes information gathering, scanning to detect vulnerabilities, analysis of vulnerabilities found, and penetration testing to manually exploit vulnerabilities.
3. The final report documents the findings by risk level, technical details of vulnerabilities discovered, and recommendations for remediation.
Complete coverage of CISSP 7th Chapter - Security Operations. I have made sure to cover all topics from three books in this presentation. For corrections, clarifications, please feel free to reach me.
Summarize the design and build approach for SOC (Security Operation Center) for both end user company and service providers. Defines the approach flow for SOC building and various components and phases involved. Defines design thumb rules and parameters for SOC Design.
** CyberSecurity Certification Training: https://www.edureka.co/cybersecurity-certification-training **
This Edureka tutorial on "Cybersecurity Frameworks" will help you understand why and how the organizations are using the cybersecurity framework to Identify, Protect and Recover from cyber attacks.
Cybersecurity Training Playlist: https://bit.ly/2NqcTQV
This document provides an overview of an IBM Security QRadar SIEM Foundations course. The course covers topics such as QRadar data flow architecture, deployment options, navigating the user interface, building searches and reports, managing assets and rules. It describes how QRadar integrates various security tools and uses correlation to detect threats. The document highlights how QRadar provides security intelligence through network flow analysis, cognitive analytics, and an open ecosystem.
The document outlines a cybersecurity reference architecture that provides:
1. Active threat detection across identity, apps, infrastructure, and devices using tools like Azure Security Center, Windows Defender ATP, and Enterprise Threat Detection.
2. Protection of sensitive data through information protection, classification, and data loss prevention tools.
3. Management of identity and access to securely embrace identity as the primary security perimeter.
Security Information and Event Management (SIEM)k33a
This document provides an overview of security information and event management (SIEM). It defines SIEM as software and services that combine security information management (SIM) and security event management (SEM). The key objectives of SIEM are to identify threats and breaches, collect audit logs for security and compliance, and conduct investigations. SIEM solutions centralize log collection, correlate events in real-time, generate reports, and provide log retention, forensics and compliance reporting capabilities. The document discusses typical SIEM features, architecture, deployment options, and reasons for SIEM implementation failures.
The presentation is about information risk management. It covers information threats, risks, vulnerabilities and importance of risk assessment for information security for software companies in India.
http://www.ifour-consultancy.com
The Internet-of-Things (IoT) is a upcoming field which aims to provided any time, any place, anywhere connectivity by seamlessly integrating devices with solutions. In this presentation we have shared some of the real time product design challenges with IoT. The presentation was done in the Electronics Rocks conference held at NIMHANS convention center, Bengaluru, India
Secure Systems Security and ISA99- IEC62443Yokogawa1
With the new Industrial Network standards like ISA-IEC62443 companies are evolving their IT and OT networks to face evolving threats. This presentation will cover industrial networking best practices, secure architectures and segregation techniques that can be used by all businesses to prevent a minor business network breach from becoming an industrial catastrophe.
Topics Covered in this Seminar Include:
Overview Of Cyber Threat
Introduction - ISA IEC Industrial Control Security Standards
An Example - Advanced Persistent Threat (APT)
ISA/IEC 62443-3-2 Network Separation - An APT countermeasure
The next step in APT defenses System Certification to ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Standards
ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Standards Current Efforts
The Future of ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Standards
The document discusses auditing IT infrastructure including hardware, networks, and telecommunications devices. It provides details on objectives of IT audits such as assessing continuity, management/maintenance, and security of systems. It also discusses standards and guidelines for auditing such as CobiT, ISO 27001, and reviewing hardware assets, network design, security, backups, and telecommunication agreements and invoices.
This document discusses access control and protection states. It provides an overview of access control matrices, which represent protection states by defining the access rights of subjects over objects. Protection state transitions occur through commands that modify the access control matrix using primitive operations like creating/destroying subjects/objects and adding/deleting rights. Conditional commands and special rights like ownership are also covered. The principle of attenuation of privilege restricts giving rights that a subject does not possess.
The document discusses several popular network monitoring tools, including SolarWinds Network Performance Monitor, Datadog Network Performance Monitoring, Paessler PRTG Network Monitor, Atera, Site24x7 Cloud Network Monitoring System, ManageEngine OpManager, Nagios Core, Zabbix, Icinga, and Spiceworks Connectivity Dashboard. For each tool, the document outlines their key features and provides an example screenshot of their monitoring dashboard interface. The tools generally utilize SNMP to monitor network devices and provide features like automatic device discovery, customizable dashboards, alerts, and reports.
What is SASE and How Can Partners Talk About it?QOS Networks
Security + SD-WAN is the next step in the network story. Customers today are keen to identify how to keep their ecosystems secure and business continuity intact. Join us as we discuss the SASE approach and how to have that conversation with your customers.
Hp arc sight_state of security ops_whitepaperrickkaun
The document summarizes findings from security operations maturity assessments conducted by HP on 69 security operations centers (SOCs) globally since 2008. Key findings include:
1) The average maturity level of SOCs remains below the ideal level of 3 on HP's 5-level scale, with 24% unable to provide consistent security monitoring and only 30% meeting business/compliance goals.
2) Having experienced a public data breach is often the fastest path to a more capable SOC, as companies then have a clear business case for investment.
3) Reliance on technology alone is insufficient - investment in skilled security analysts is also needed to effectively detect and respond to modern threats.
4) Industry alignment can directly impact
The document is the user's guide for the FFIEC Cybersecurity Assessment Tool. It provides an overview of the tool and guidance for institutions on how to complete the assessment. The assessment consists of two parts - an Inherent Risk Profile to identify inherent cyber risks, and a Cybersecurity Maturity assessment across five domains to determine preparedness levels. It describes how to determine risk levels for inherent risk factors and maturity levels for controls. The goal is to help institutions measure cybersecurity risks and preparedness over time to enhance risk management.
A Big Picture of IEC 62443 - Cybersecurity Webinar (2) 2020Jiunn-Jer Sun
• Why An Industrial Cybersecurity Standard
• What Is IEC 62443 About
• How It Impacts On You - The Security Lifecycle
• IEC 62443 Certificates
• Reference: Some Ongoing Projects
• Summary
1. Vulnerability assessment and penetration testing (VAPT) involves identifying security vulnerabilities in an organization's network and systems through scanning and manual exploitation techniques.
2. The process includes information gathering, scanning to detect vulnerabilities, analysis of vulnerabilities found, and penetration testing to manually exploit vulnerabilities.
3. The final report documents the findings by risk level, technical details of vulnerabilities discovered, and recommendations for remediation.
Complete coverage of CISSP 7th Chapter - Security Operations. I have made sure to cover all topics from three books in this presentation. For corrections, clarifications, please feel free to reach me.
Summarize the design and build approach for SOC (Security Operation Center) for both end user company and service providers. Defines the approach flow for SOC building and various components and phases involved. Defines design thumb rules and parameters for SOC Design.
** CyberSecurity Certification Training: https://www.edureka.co/cybersecurity-certification-training **
This Edureka tutorial on "Cybersecurity Frameworks" will help you understand why and how the organizations are using the cybersecurity framework to Identify, Protect and Recover from cyber attacks.
Cybersecurity Training Playlist: https://bit.ly/2NqcTQV
This document provides an overview of an IBM Security QRadar SIEM Foundations course. The course covers topics such as QRadar data flow architecture, deployment options, navigating the user interface, building searches and reports, managing assets and rules. It describes how QRadar integrates various security tools and uses correlation to detect threats. The document highlights how QRadar provides security intelligence through network flow analysis, cognitive analytics, and an open ecosystem.
The document outlines a cybersecurity reference architecture that provides:
1. Active threat detection across identity, apps, infrastructure, and devices using tools like Azure Security Center, Windows Defender ATP, and Enterprise Threat Detection.
2. Protection of sensitive data through information protection, classification, and data loss prevention tools.
3. Management of identity and access to securely embrace identity as the primary security perimeter.
Security Information and Event Management (SIEM)k33a
This document provides an overview of security information and event management (SIEM). It defines SIEM as software and services that combine security information management (SIM) and security event management (SEM). The key objectives of SIEM are to identify threats and breaches, collect audit logs for security and compliance, and conduct investigations. SIEM solutions centralize log collection, correlate events in real-time, generate reports, and provide log retention, forensics and compliance reporting capabilities. The document discusses typical SIEM features, architecture, deployment options, and reasons for SIEM implementation failures.
The presentation is about information risk management. It covers information threats, risks, vulnerabilities and importance of risk assessment for information security for software companies in India.
http://www.ifour-consultancy.com
The Internet-of-Things (IoT) is a upcoming field which aims to provided any time, any place, anywhere connectivity by seamlessly integrating devices with solutions. In this presentation we have shared some of the real time product design challenges with IoT. The presentation was done in the Electronics Rocks conference held at NIMHANS convention center, Bengaluru, India
Secure Systems Security and ISA99- IEC62443Yokogawa1
With the new Industrial Network standards like ISA-IEC62443 companies are evolving their IT and OT networks to face evolving threats. This presentation will cover industrial networking best practices, secure architectures and segregation techniques that can be used by all businesses to prevent a minor business network breach from becoming an industrial catastrophe.
Topics Covered in this Seminar Include:
Overview Of Cyber Threat
Introduction - ISA IEC Industrial Control Security Standards
An Example - Advanced Persistent Threat (APT)
ISA/IEC 62443-3-2 Network Separation - An APT countermeasure
The next step in APT defenses System Certification to ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Standards
ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Standards Current Efforts
The Future of ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Standards
The document discusses auditing IT infrastructure including hardware, networks, and telecommunications devices. It provides details on objectives of IT audits such as assessing continuity, management/maintenance, and security of systems. It also discusses standards and guidelines for auditing such as CobiT, ISO 27001, and reviewing hardware assets, network design, security, backups, and telecommunication agreements and invoices.
This document discusses access control and protection states. It provides an overview of access control matrices, which represent protection states by defining the access rights of subjects over objects. Protection state transitions occur through commands that modify the access control matrix using primitive operations like creating/destroying subjects/objects and adding/deleting rights. Conditional commands and special rights like ownership are also covered. The principle of attenuation of privilege restricts giving rights that a subject does not possess.
The document discusses several popular network monitoring tools, including SolarWinds Network Performance Monitor, Datadog Network Performance Monitoring, Paessler PRTG Network Monitor, Atera, Site24x7 Cloud Network Monitoring System, ManageEngine OpManager, Nagios Core, Zabbix, Icinga, and Spiceworks Connectivity Dashboard. For each tool, the document outlines their key features and provides an example screenshot of their monitoring dashboard interface. The tools generally utilize SNMP to monitor network devices and provide features like automatic device discovery, customizable dashboards, alerts, and reports.
What is SASE and How Can Partners Talk About it?QOS Networks
Security + SD-WAN is the next step in the network story. Customers today are keen to identify how to keep their ecosystems secure and business continuity intact. Join us as we discuss the SASE approach and how to have that conversation with your customers.
Hp arc sight_state of security ops_whitepaperrickkaun
The document summarizes findings from security operations maturity assessments conducted by HP on 69 security operations centers (SOCs) globally since 2008. Key findings include:
1) The average maturity level of SOCs remains below the ideal level of 3 on HP's 5-level scale, with 24% unable to provide consistent security monitoring and only 30% meeting business/compliance goals.
2) Having experienced a public data breach is often the fastest path to a more capable SOC, as companies then have a clear business case for investment.
3) Reliance on technology alone is insufficient - investment in skilled security analysts is also needed to effectively detect and respond to modern threats.
4) Industry alignment can directly impact
The document is the user's guide for the FFIEC Cybersecurity Assessment Tool. It provides an overview of the tool and guidance for institutions on how to complete the assessment. The assessment consists of two parts - an Inherent Risk Profile to identify inherent cyber risks, and a Cybersecurity Maturity assessment across five domains to determine preparedness levels. It describes how to determine risk levels for inherent risk factors and maturity levels for controls. The goal is to help institutions measure cybersecurity risks and preparedness over time to enhance risk management.
Assessing and Managing IT Security RisksChris Ross
Data privacy and protection has become the gold standard in IT. Scale Venture Partners and Wisegate share what they learned from over 100 IT professionals questioned about the risks and technology trends driving their security programs. Read about the move towards data centric security and the need for improvement in automated security controls and metrics reporting.
The results of this year’s Internal Audit Capabilities and Needs Survey show that, not surprisingly, cybersecurity represents a major focus for internal audit programs, but it is far from the only pressing issue on internal audit’s plate
Key Concepts And Principles Of Internal Quality Assurance...Lanate Drummond
The document discusses strategies for quality improvement and innovation at Dover Saddlery, Inc., an equestrian tack and apparel retailer. It outlines concepts like total quality management, balanced scorecards, six sigma, and benchmarking that Dover Saddlery could implement. The company aims to enhance customer satisfaction and retention by applying these quality assurance methods and developing new products based on customer data and feedback.
This document provides information about Module 002 of the course IT 411 - Information Assurance and Security 2. The module aims to examine fundamental computer security techniques and identify potential security issues. It covers topics like cryptography, application security, incident response, risk assessment, and compliance with regulations. The module outlines learning objectives, outcomes, resources, tasks, content items, and assessments. It also includes detailed lessons on topics like the financial impacts of cybercrime, developing a security strategy using the 10 steps approach, techniques for protecting against attacks like examining the perimeter and network segregation, and methods for detecting attacks through logging.
A cyber security audit evaluates an organization's cyber security policies, procedures, and controls to identify vulnerabilities. It assesses whether preventative tools like firewalls and antivirus software are in place and properly maintained, and whether users receive security awareness training. A cyber security audit follows standards from the National Institute of Standards and Technology and examines threats from both internal and external factors. The audit process involves management, which owns risk decisions; risk management professionals, who assess risks and solutions; and internal auditors, who provide an independent evaluation of controls.
If you have problem of not knowing how to build a foundation for information security, if you are faced with questions such as where to start and how to start then this white paper may have the solutions and answers for you. In this paper you learn how to build the foundation step by step. It is written by the expert but in a simple language that is easy to understand. I have seen many papers that addressed this issue but none in the style of this paper.
Information Assurance Guidelines For Commercial Buildings...Laura Benitez
The document discusses how ISO 9000 standards for quality management systems relate to service quality and ergonomics. While ISO 9000 focuses on technical specifications, total quality management (TQM) emphasizes additional human factors like teamwork and customer satisfaction. The article questions whether ergonomic workplace aspects and customer satisfaction are sufficiently addressed in ISO 9000, suggesting a need for a more human-centered approach.
A survey of nearly 100 companies found that most had nascent or developing cyber risk management capabilities, with 45% at the nascent level and 34% at the developing level. A robust level of maturity requires both qualitative and quantitative risk evaluation and defined security governance with clear accountability. Most technology executives say that cyber threats are increasing faster than their ability to defend against them and struggle to manage security capabilities holistically. As cyber security becomes more embedded into business functions, controls can be tighter with less friction while protecting high value assets.
Hewlett-Packard Enterprise- State of Security Operations 2015Kim Jensen
This document summarizes findings from 118 security operations maturity assessments of 87 organizations in 18 countries. It finds that the median maturity level remains below the ideal level of 3, and 20% of organizations scored below the minimum level of 1. The top issue facing security operations is the shortage of skilled resources. While organizations are investing in new technologies, many neglect operational budgets and processes, resulting in immature capabilities. Visible breaches have increased focus on security from executive leadership and boards.
An Effective Cybersecurity Awareness Training Model: First Defense of an Orga...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the importance of cybersecurity awareness training for organizations and proposes an effective training model. It analyzes how artificial intelligence (AI) can enhance security awareness programs. Specifically, it examines the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and how AI-enabled tools like the viCyber system can help design training based on the National Initiative for Cybersecurity Education (NICE) framework. The study concludes that regular, comprehensive security awareness training is critical to address the human factors that can weaken an organization's cyber defenses. AI tools show promise in developing trainings but require further evaluation of their usability and reliability.
This document provides a summary of findings from Hewlett Packard Enterprise's (HPE) annual assessment of the capabilities and maturity of cyber defense organizations. Some key findings include that only 15% of assessed organizations have achieved recommended maturity levels, the median maturity level remains below optimal, and adoption of hybrid infrastructure, staffing models, and automation has increased due to skills shortages and the need to monitor complex IT environments. HPE believes that most organizations should target a maturity level of 3, defined processes, but that truly innovative security operations are moving towards threat hunting, data analytics, and intelligence sharing.
State of Security Operations 2016 report of capabilities and maturity of cybe...at MicroFocus Italy ❖✔
As businesses continue to adopt new cloud and mobile functionality rapidly, we find the
edges of the network even more blurred, and our definitions of data ownership and breach
responsibility continue to evolve. Staffing and training continue to be the foremost challenge
of the modern SOC. This is paving the way to hybrid staffing models and hybrid infrastructures
that require less in-house expertise. As a result, highly skilled security team members can then
be utilized for a more specialized hunt and analytics-focused work.
There is no question this year has been both an exciting and challenging time to be in the field
of cyber security. On one hand, it is disheartening to see the continued decline in the maturity
and effectiveness of security operations, while, on the other, I know that we are in the middle
of an exciting and transformative change in our field. You can feel it. We must go where the
data leads us, and we believe that is to widen our definition of security operations to leverage
analytics, data science, Big Data, and shared intelligence to become more effective in protecting
today’s digital enterprise.
Xevgenis_Michail_CI7130 Network and Information SecurityMichael Xevgenis
- The document discusses a security assessment of an organization that provides secure data storage for clients. It outlines the organization's key assets including proper system operation, data security, software, hardware, and employees.
- An analysis team is formed to conduct the security assessment using the OCTAVE framework. The team includes specialists in networking, IT, human resources, security, and business.
- The assessment will identify vulnerabilities and develop security strategies to mitigate risks to the organization's reputation, data protection, availability, and proper operation. Countermeasures proposed will focus on improving the organization's defensive capabilities.
Cybersecurity risks must be addressed at the executive level through an enterprise-wide risk management framework. While cybersecurity has traditionally been viewed as a technical issue managed by IT, it is critical that top management be fully engaged in cybersecurity risk governance to ensure proper protection is incorporated as a business goal. There are various models for integrating cybersecurity management into risk management structures, with the most effective approach ensuring board visibility, balanced governance of both IT and non-IT risks, and authority across the organization to enforce protocols.
Discussion 1Recommend three countermeasures that could enhance.docxelinoraudley582231
Discussion 1
Recommend three countermeasures that could enhance the information security measures of an enterprise. Justify your recommendations.
1. Upon extensive review of existing IT EBK and what new measures needed to be taken, Homeland Security came to the conclusion that a comprehensive approach information security including the steps of manage, design, implement, and evaluate would best serve to safeguard against future threats. Manage: calls for the oversight of security programs to come from the highest levels of chains of command with constant focus on “ensuring its currency with changing risk and threat” (2007, p. 9). Design: calls for analyzing a program to assess what types of “procedures and processes” will best direct its successful execution. Implement: refers to how programs and policies are instituted within the company. Evaluate: this final step calls for a final critique of the new program or policy’s successful ability to [achieve] its purpose (2007, p. 9).
2. Homeland Security also recommended a “Competency and Functional Framework for IT Workplace Development” that placed strong emphasis on a clear chain of command and communication with clear job titles and IT employee roles being placed into a group of Executive, Functional or Corollary employees (2007, p. 17).
3. The report stressed the primary role of “the IT Security Compliance Professional is . . . overseeing, evaluating, and supporting compliance issues pertinent to the organization” (Homeland Security, 2007, p.16). Thus, the report logically concluded that IT professionals must know and be able to properly define terms such as evaluation, compliance and assessment in order to properly perform their duties (p. 14).
Propose three cybersecurity benefits that could be derived from the development of a strategic governance process. Select the benefit you find most important and explain why.
The National Computing Centre points out that there are numerous benefits to having a rigorous strategic governance process in place. Among them, increased transparency and accountability which leads to an “improved transparency of IT costs, IT process, [and] IT portfolio (2005, p. 6). This increased transparency and accountability also leads to an “improved understanding of overall IT costs and their input to ROI cases” which in turn often brings about “an increased return on investment/stakeholder value” (p. 6). Finally, the authors point to the fact that with increased transparency comes increased accountability and companies avoid “unnecessary expenditures” (p. 7).
Discussion 2
Categorize the roles described by the Information Technology Security Essential Body of Knowledge (EBK), in terms of executive, functional, and corollary competencies. Select two of these roles that you believe enhance the security countermeasures of an organization the most and justify your response.
As mentioned previously, Homeland Security’s 2007 report emphasized the importance of properly .
This document discusses cyber security risk assessments. It provides objectives for risk assessments such as determining organizational risk tolerance and identifying risks to confidentiality, integrity and availability of data. Risk is defined as the threat times vulnerability times information value. The benefits of risk assessments are outlined, including better organizational knowledge, avoidance of data breaches and regulatory issues. Types of risk assessments like qualitative and quantitative are described. Key aspects of confidentiality, integrity and availability are also summarized.
The document is a summary report of the 2023 Global Cybersecurity Outlook study conducted by the World Economic Forum in collaboration with Accenture. Some of the key findings from the study include:
- Business and cyber leaders now believe that a catastrophic cyber event in the next two years is likely due to increased global geopolitical instability.
- 43% of organizational leaders think it is likely their organization will experience a cyberattack that materially affects them in the next two years.
- Data protection and cybersecurity concerns created by geopolitical fragmentation are increasingly influencing business operations and investment decisions.
- In response, leaders plan to strengthen third-party controls and re-evaluate business partners and countries. However,
NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS’ NEED TO ADDRESS SECURITY FOR EFFECTIVE GOVERNMENT C...IJNSA Journal
The need for information security within small to mid-size companies is increasing. The risks of information security breach, data loss, and disaster are growing. The impact of IT outages and issues on the company are unacceptable to any size business and their clients. There are many ways to address the security for IT departments. The need to address risks of attacks as well as disasters is important to the IT security policies and procedures. The IT departments of small to medium companies have to address these security concerns within their budgets and other limited resources.Security planning, design, and employee training that is needed requires input and agreement from all levels of the company and management. This paper will discuss security needs and methods to implement them into a corporate infrastructure.
Similar to CYBER SECURITY audit course report (20)
Xiaomi is the China based leading and popular electronic company, which is busy in
manufacturing mobile phones, tablets, HDTVs and wifi routers. This company has its
headquarter in Beijing and it got success in the local market and now it is going to target the big
markets of Russia, Indonesia, India and others to expand its business. It has introduced wide
range of mobile phones and tablets, which are very economical for the low income groups. This
company uses the resources of social media group rather than electronic or print media for the
transfer of their information about its products. The professionals from other leading companies
joined it, which enhanced its workforce and it got success in short time. The analysis of
strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats has been carried out.
Apple Inc. has a contour of planned and marketed phone series known as iPhone. The ever first
mobile phone from Apple.co (iPhone) was launched on 29th June 2007.
The
creation and entry of 5G technology into the mobile marketplace will launch a new
revolution in the way international cellular plans are offered. The global mobile
phone is upon the cell phone market. Just around the corner, the newest 5G
technologies will hit the mobile market with phones used in China being able to
access and call locally phones in Germany.
An effective road safety management system covers three linked elements: institutional management functions, interventions and results. All countries should ensure that an effective road safety management system is in place.
The document provides details about various water management techniques used in watershed management. It discusses loose boulder bunds, which are small barriers constructed of rock or gravel that reduce slope and water velocity. It also describes sunken ponds, which are dug ponds constructed in stream valleys for livestock water and groundwater recharge. Gabion structures are discussed as well, which are retaining walls made of stacked wire cages filled with stone used to stabilize shorelines and slopes against erosion.
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patient, delete patient, search patient, view patient diagnosis, etc. Traditionally, it was done
manually. The main function of the system is register and store patient details and doctor details
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meaningfully. The Hospital Management System can be entered using a username and
password. It is accessible by an Admin, Doctor & Receptionist. Only they can add data into
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and Computer program. This project report consists of basic idea of BULK SMS
receiving and sending through personal computer. This project basically support to
busy people who want to save the time. We have provide easy interaction for user for
adding new contact name & contact number. And also we can store information of
that person. We have provide MySQL database for store information of the person.
There are two types of BULK SMS services i.e Promotional and Transactional. We
are mainly emphasis on promotional SMS. SMS will be delivered 9 am to 9 pm only.
The Promotional SMS will deliver only to Non-DND numbers.
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CYBER SECURITY audit course report
1. An
Audit Course Report
On
“CYBER SECURITY”
Submitted to
Department of Computer Engineering,
PDEA’s College of Engineering, Manjari BK,
Pune-412307
Submitted by
Gaurav Kumar Singh
TE Computer
Roll No. 48
Seat No.
2. CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the below mentioned third year engineering students
have carried out the necessary an audit course report work on “CYBER
SECURITY” in the department of Computer Engineering, PDEA’s College of
Engineering, Manjari BK, Pune-412307. They have completed this audit course
work under my guidance in satisfactory manner in October 2019 of third year
engineering.
Gaurav Kumar Singh TE Computer Roll No. 48 Seat No.
Computer Engineering students have successfully completed an audit course
report on “CYBER SECURITY” towards the fulfillment of their Degree in
Computer Engineering in academic year 2019-2020. The performance of each of
these students during the course was very good.
Place:
Date:
Prof. B.S. Kankate Dr. R.V. Patil
Guide Principal/H.O.D.
3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Apart from the efforts of all the team members, the section of this an audit
course topic depends largely on the encouragement and guidance of our teachers.
We take this opportunity to express our gratitude to the teachers who have been
instrumental in the approval of this audit course topic.
We would like to show our greatest appreciation to Prof. B.S. Kankate and
other staff members. We cannot think them enough for their tremendous support and
help. They motivated and encouraged use very time while selecting the proper an
audit topic. Without their encouragement and guidance, we would not have been
able to select the proper topic.
The contribution and support received from all the team members including
Gaurav Kumar is vital. The team spirit shown by all has made an audit course
report work successful.
Gaurav Kumar Singh TE Computer Roll No. 48 Seat No.
4. “Cyber Security”
PDEA’S COE, Department of Computer Engineering
ABSTRACT
Human error is the leading cause of data breaches, so you need to equip staff with the
knowledge to deal with the threats they face. Training courses will show staff how security threats
affect them and help them apply best-practice advice to real-world situations. Web application
vulnerabilities are a common point of intrusion for cyber criminals. As applications play an
increasingly critical role in business, it is vital to focus on web application security. Network
security is the process of protecting the usability and integrity of your network and data. This is
achieved by conducting a network penetration test, which scans your network for vulnerabilities
and security issues. Leadership commitment is the key to cyber resilience. Without it, it is very
difficult to establish or enforce effective processes. Top management must be prepared to invest
in appropriate cyber security resources, such as awareness training.
Cyber-attacks cost organizations billions of pounds and can cause serious damage.
Impacted organizations stand to lose sensitive data, and face fines and reputational damage. IT
Governance has a wealth of security experience. For more than 15 years, we’ve helped hundreds
of organizations with our deep industry expertise and pragmatic approach.
5. “Cyber Security”
PDEA’S COE, Department of Computer Engineering
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sr. No. Contents Page
No.
1 Preface. 1
2 Introduction. 2
3 Relation Manager in Cybersecurity.
3.1 Information technology
3.2 Information security
4
4 Risk management.
5.1 Compliance and another team
9
5 Goals of A Cyber Audit Program.
6.1 Vulnerability Assessments
6.2 Penetration testing
11
6 Specialized Cyber Assessments. 15
7 Internal Audit’s Role in Cybersecurity Child’s pose. 17
8 Cyber security Framework Reclining bound angle. 18
9 Future Skills Requirements Headstand.
9.1 System Administration
9.2 Network Designing and Configuration
9.3 Software Designing.
22
10 Conclusion 25
11 References 26
6. “Cyber Security”
1
1. Preface
Over the course of just a few years, cybersecurity has grown into one of the most
significant risk management challenges facing virtually every type of organization. Is the internal
audit function keeping pace with this rapidly changing area of risk? This report examines this
question and, based on a survey of internal audit and cybersecurity professionals, offers some
observations on how internal audit departments are adapting in order to address cybersecurity
risks.
A decade ago, the internal audit function evolved and adapted to the increasingly
important role that information technology (IT) was playing in all aspects of business operations.
Today, internal audit faces the need to adapt once again to address the critical risks associated
with cybersecurity.
Recognizing this need, the Internal Audit Foundation and Crowe, in collaboration with
The Institute of Internal Auditors’ (IIA’s) Audit Executive Center, conducted a limited survey of
IIA members in order to understand how internal audit has begun to adapt to this new risk
landscape.
This report offers a summary of key findings from that research and provides insights
into some current internal audit and cybersecurity policies and practices. In addition, the report’s
authors draw on industry experience and observation based on their working relationships with
internal audit functions across a broad range of industries.
7. “Cyber Security”
2
2. Introduction
Evolving relationships. Cybersecurity concerns are driving organizations to redefine the
boundaries across the three lines of defense, and static relationships will not be equipped to
address the emerging risks. This means that internal audit’s relationships with other key players,
such as IT departments, information security (InfoSec) professionals, and risk management
groups, must continue to evolve.
Internal audit’s increasing role. To maintain effectiveness and credibility, internal audit
professionals must have a clear grasp of the larger issues and interdependencies involved. This
grasp includes understanding how much emphasis should be given to the prevention, detection,
and response elements of a cybersecurity program as well as the sufficiency of the controls and
testing. Internal audit must assert itself in independently assessing the rapidly evolving and
escalating risk environment. Because the costs of any failure in the first or second lines of
defense are so high, internal audit must be extra vigilant.
Access to cybersecurity expertise. As internal audit’s role evolves, it will require access
to personnel resources with technical expertise that is currently in high demand. However, such
resources can be difficult and expensive to attract and retain. How can internal audit ensure its
readiness to meet this challenge and position itself as knowledgeable, competent, and ready to
address the issues? In many cases, internal audit will need to revisit its relationships with IT and
InfoSec professionals in order to fill in the gaps.
The goal of this report is to examine current industry perceptions regarding those areas of
concern. It also aims to synthesize contemporary industry perspectives into actions that could
help audit shops prepare to address cyber risk by building relationships, identifying and adapting
their role, and developing or acquiring the knowledge needed to get the job done.
Cybersecurity began as an isolated, sometimes mysterious, technical area within
companies. Nevertheless, it has quickly grown into a global governance, risk, and control issue
involving nation states, organized crime, individual hackers, government agents, business users,
and other organizations.
8. “Cyber Security”
3
The stakes are high, with significant risks and potential rewards for all involved. Internal
audit teams are encouraged to consider the findings in this report in order to be prepared to
respond proactively to this rapidly evolving area of risk.
9. “Cyber Security”
4
3. Relationship Management in Cybersecurity
Maintaining effective relationships with other groups and departments within the
organization is always a critical concern for the internal audit function. It is important for internal
audit to understand the universe of relationships within an organization in order to better protect
it.
Although internal audit also must develop and maintain sound relationships with various
external groups — such as regulatory agencies, industry standard-setting and professional
organizations, and relevant law enforcement authorities — the focus of this report is on internal
audit’s relationships with other groups within the organization. Cooperative, positive
relationships with those being audited can greatly expedite the audit process and improve the
quality of the audit results.
At the same time, however, internal audit must be careful not to allow such relationships
to compromise its necessary independence. While independence is essential, a confrontational or
adversarial approach can hinder internal audit’s effectiveness. It is a matter of striking the right
balance, and the methods for determining and achieving that balance will vary widely from one
organization to another.
In the case of cybersecurity, the ability to strike the right balance can be further
complicated by the need for specialized expertise and technical knowledge, which often are
available only within the IT or InfoSec departments themselves. The internal audit function can
benefit when audit professionals make a special effort to understand the backgrounds,
mentalities, and motivations of the technical personnel who are being audited and who also must
provide some of the technical expertise that internal audit needs to perform its function.
To gauge how effectively internal audit communicates with personnel in the
cybersecurity realm, survey participants were asked specifically about the collaboration they
experience within their own organizations in relation to four specific departments: IT,
information security, risk management, and other compliance functions. The survey asked
participants to rate the level of collaboration they experienced on the following scale 0: We do
not perform audits of this area or have no relationship at this time.
10. “Cyber Security”
5
1: There is little communication and few pre-agreed upon responsibilities for assessments.
2: Communication with audit is formalized but limited to assessment requests.
3: Communication is frequent and goes beyond audit requests and assessments.
4: Communication by the department is prioritized, frequent, and includes sharing of ideas and
resources.
5: There is a high degree of trust between audit and the department, including being consulted
as a priority, albeit independent, partner throughout the year.crowe.com theiia.org/foundation
The results revealed that internal audit is more likely to at least have formalized audits and
communication with the IT and InfoSec departments, which is good. The results also suggested
such audits and communication are less likely to be in place with the compliance and risk
management functions, although these results could be skewed by smaller organizations that may
lack formalized departments in these areas.
Relational Intelligence, or awareness of the variety of relationships a customer can have with a
firm, is an important component to the main phases of CRM. Companies may be good at
capturing demographic data, such as gender, age, income, and education, and connecting them
with purchasing information to categorize customers into profitability tiers, but this is only a
firm's mechanical view of customer relationships.
Some CRM software is available as a software as a service (SaaS), delivered via the internet
and accessed via a web browser instead of being installed on a local computer. Businesses using
the software do not purchase it, but typically pay a recurring subscription fee to the software
vendor, Data warehouse technology, used to aggregate transaction information, to merge the
information with CRM products, and to provide key performance indicators. For compliance, the
combined responses for ratings zero, one, four, and five was 62 percent. For risk management,
the combined responses for these very strong and very weak relationships were 61 percent.
On the other hand, the percentage of companies stating that they maintain a relationship
characterized by the sharing of resources and high trust levels was lowest with the IT and
11. “Cyber Security”
6
InfoSec teams, despite the fact that they reported a higher level of communication with these
departments. This situation reinforces the perception that barriers exist between the internal audit
function and the IT and InfoSec departments.
3.1 Information Technology:
Because technology is a key component in any organization’s ability to achieve its goals
and objectives, the relationship between audit and IT is one of the most critical to the success of
technology assessments. Unfortunately, in many organizations, the traditional relationship
between the audit and IT teams has not been fully collaborative. In some cases, this situation
might stem from IT team members’ understandable pride in the tools, systems, and processes
they have built. Preventing this natural pride from growing into defensiveness can require some
relationship-building skills on the part of the auditors. In other instances, IT auditors who lack
sufficient cybersecurity-specific skills can damage the relationship with the IT department due to
a lack of credibility.
The responses to the Foundation’s survey indicated that the majority of internal audit
departments (93 percent) had working relationships with IT, which is a positive sign. However,
just over 28 percent of internal audit departments had what would be considered collaborative
relationships with the IT departments. A sound relationship between audit and IT is important for
cybersecurity as well. Such a relationship can provide an excellent foundation for tackling cyber
risks, which will require even greater coordination and collaboration among these groups. By
working together, the internal audit and IT teams can bring greater clarity and understanding of
the organizational risks and business objectives through joint assessments that might have
traditionally been performed exclusively by internal audit.
3.2 Information Security:
In addition to the IT function, the information security team will often have significant
responsibilities that will need to be assessed throughout the organization. Although sometimes
the InfoSec and IT organizations are combined, they also can operate separately. In fact, a
growing number of regulatory agencies are starting to require the separation of these two
functions, which, in turn, requires a different approach for each audit.
Further distinction should be made between the information security function in general
and the cybersecurity team. Cybersecurity is generally understood to be a subset of the broader
information security function, which is responsible for numerous areas that are not necessarily
driven by technology issues. In an ideal world with unlimited resources, the responsibilities of
these two functions would be clearly distinct and carefully delineated.
12. “Cyber Security”
7
In reality, however, considerable crossover frequently exists, with general InfoSec team
members often responsible for specific cybersecurity duties and concerns. Additionally, many
organizations outsource a portion of their cybersecurity program to third-party vendors,
including managed security service providers (MSSPs) and penetration testing providers. It is
critical that internal audit reviews the services these third parties provide, which means audit
must first understand the objectives, scope, and results of these services to ascertain if they are
meeting expectations, mitigating relevant risks, and providing value to the organization.
Penetration testing in support of regulatory requirements provides one example of how
this understanding is pertinent. The Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS)
requires that organizations perform penetration testing on a regular basis, but this testing is
focused on the cardholder environment. If this is the only penetration testing that an organization
is performing, it is likely that the majority of the corporate infrastructure is not being assessed.
The responses to the Foundation’s survey indicated that the majority of internal audit
departments (87 percent) had a working relationship with InfoSec, which is a positive sign.
However, just over 26 percent of internal audit departments had what would be considered a
collaborative relationship with the InfoSec department. These results are very similar to those
with the IT department, which is expected, as duties are often shared between the two functions.
In many instances, the InfoSec team might have a stronger, more positive relationship
with the audit team than other groups do because, in part, it focuses less on running infrastructure
or maintaining access and capacity and more on monitoring and detecting risk. As a result, the
InfoSec team might have a more intuitive understanding of internal audit’s function and value.
As the audit team seeks to build its capabilities, it is possible the InfoSec team could help audit
gain an even greater perspective of the risks faced by the IT infrastructure.
Internal audit, InfoSec, and cybersecurity also can take active steps to help strengthen
their relationships. Examples include co-sponsoring joint research projects or co-hosting
security-related training sessions or luncheon topics. In addition to bolstering much-needed
technical expertise and improving overall awareness of cybersecurity concerns, such activities
also help develop a closer professional relationship among the individuals most directly involved
in cybersecurity risk management.
13. “Cyber Security”
8
One complicating factor in such relationships is the necessary independence that internal
auditors must maintain. For example, IT auditors typically must use external security
frameworks such as banking regulations as a baseline to perform their audits. When a significant
or material finding pops up, it is the auditor who must bring bad news to the chief information
security officer (CISO) and the rest of the InfoSec team. It can be difficult to maintain a
collaborative approach in such circumstances, no matter how much the IT auditor and CISO
wish to maintain a positive relationship.
14. “Cyber Security”
9
4. Risk Management
At its heart, information security is the process of understanding, managing, and
mitigating risks. Ultimately, this focus on risk can help the risk management team within an
organization develop critical relationships with both information security and internal audit.
Furthermore, it will be critical that the risk management team tracks personnel, procedural, and
technical controls to help mitigate and control cybersecurity risk. As with all other areas of the
organization, audit must be prepared both to review the risk management and identification
procedures and to make sure that cybersecurity feeds into the organization’s enterprise risk
management framework.
It is worth noting that, broadly speaking, industry observation indicates that the most
effective organizations take a risk-based, rather than a controls-based, approach to cybersecurity.
The internal audit team is heavily involved and works closely with various participants in the
risk management process, including operational risk, business risk, and the chief risk officer.
The responses to the Foundation’s survey indicated that 72 percent of internal audit
departments had a working relationship with risk management, which was the lowest of all
departments surveyed. The results showed that more than a quarter of internal audit departments
were not working with risk management on cybersecurity, reinforcing the mindset that
cybersecurity is an IT issue. It is incumbent on internal audit to work intentionally to create
awareness that cybersecurity is an enterprise governance, risk, and control issue.
4.1 Compliance and Other Teams:
From helping with the development and deployment of policies to performing critical
roles during the incident response process, an effective cybersecurity program must rely on the
support of the legal, compliance, and other teams. In some organizations, disaster recovery,
business continuity planning, incident response, legal, and compliance teams are all key players
in a cohesive cybersecurity effort.
Recognizing the number of significant players involved, the internal audit team must be
prepared to work with these teams to assess their organization’s understanding of risk and the
15. “Cyber Security”
10
roles they play in cybersecurity. The Foundation’s survey showed that the relationship with
compliance had the highest percentage of respondents (42 percent) reporting the relationship was
considered collaborative. This result seems to indicate that organizations view cybersecurity
compliance as a goal or a destination, which can be a shortsighted approach in managing overall
exposure.
It is important to reinforce that internal audit collaboration with these various teams
cannot come at the expense of objectivity. As internal audit works to attract, retain, and train
individuals with the skills and expertise necessary in cybersecurity, it must work closely with
other teams to develop and understand the appropriate processes and standards. Furthermore,
when collaborating with other teams, internal audit must also balance the opportunities for
learning and development with the need for independence.
In the end, all teams are still working toward a common goal: the ultimate success of the
organization.
16. “Cyber Security”
11
5. Goals of a Cyber Audit Program
As high-profile breaches continue to demand a focus on cybersecurity, internal audit
departments are challenged to upgrade their capability to assess the procedural, personal, and
technical controls related to their organizations’ data and information security practices. In
stepping up to this challenge, it can be helpful to recognize and address the ongoing evolution of
the well-established three lines of defense model and to clearly delineate both the broad goals of
a cyber audit program and the specific activities that must be carried out — and audited — in
pursuit of those goals.
5.1 The Lines of Defense:
The IT, InfoSec, and internal audit groups are involved in helping to defend the
organization from cybersecurity risk. Although the traditional three lines of defense risk
management model provides roles for each of these functions, in many organizations the
boundaries between these departments — as well as many others — are blurring.
It is incumbent on audit professionals to resist — or at the least question — any blurring
of these lines. Nevertheless, as a practical matter, they must acknowledge the ongoing blurring of
the traditional lines of defense and be willing to reassess how the model can be applied more
effectively.
The first line of defense in this model is composed of business process owners and
management. In the case of cybersecurity, this includes the lines of business and employees
around the organization, but also focuses on IT, which is responsible for the data infrastructure,
systems, and processes where the risk resides.
The second line of defense — the actual implementation and execution of risk
management processes — is the responsibility of the InfoSec function. The InfoSec team either
installs and monitors controls to detect malicious activity or employs third-party vendors to
perform this function. When an attack is detected, the InfoSec team is also responsible for
responding effectively. In many organizations, however, particularly those without a dedicated
InfoSec department, the responsibility for information security monitoring and response often
falls to the IT team — and the boundaries between the first two lines of defense begin to blur.
17. “Cyber Security”
12
As the third line of defense, internal audit is responsible for verifying that the cybersecurity
effort is, in fact, a risk-based approach that properly identifies and prioritizes the risks, gathers
the right information, and prescribes appropriate responses. In reality, internal audit frequently
lacks the resources and background to evaluate the existing program. Instead, many internal
audit organizations look to cybersecurity professionals and outside vendors to assess their
cybersecurity program. This assessment includes ethical hacking, specialized evaluations, risk
assessments, and assessing InfoSec governance. Many of these assessments can be performed by
the second line as well.
While such blurring of the three lines is not necessarily desirable, it is in many cases
unavoidable. That said, it is incumbent on internal audit to develop cyber audit plans more
judiciously in order to minimize redundancy and duplication of effort and to minimize the
possibility of gaps or oversights. The relationships among all the groups involved are critical.
Better collaboration — particularly between the second and third lines of defense — can reduce
duplication while still clearly delineating who takes responsibility for each of the critical
functions. In other words, the various players are independent but integrated.
5.2 Looking Beyond Compliance:
One area in which organizations often struggle is determining how to integrate their
cybersecurity audit program within the organization’s overall risk management framework. For
example, when the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (FFIEC) published its
Cybersecurity Assessment Tool (CAT) in 2014, many banks initially questioned how they would
understand and prioritize the more than 400 individual controls and practices named in the
document.
The FFIEC tool outlined a comprehensive process for identifying an institution’s inherent
risk within five broad domains. It also provided methodologies for evaluating both the current
and desired cybersecurity maturity levels that management would deem acceptable for the
institution. Those organizations that approached the FFIEC assessment as primarily a compliance
function — using it as a checklist of practices that would help them pass regulatory scrutiny —
often had difficulty reaching their desired maturity levels across the five domains. A more
nuanced approach was necessary, in which the board and senior management team determine the
18. “Cyber Security”
13
acceptable level of risk for the organization in each specific area of concern. Similar experiences
occur in organizations that apply any of the other national or global cybersecurity frameworks,
such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework (NIST
CSF), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) Cybersecurity Standards (specifically 27000 to 27008), the European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) Cybersecurity Standards for the European
Union, or Japan’s Cybersecurity Basic Act.
While checklist compliance with the relevant framework is the point of some
cybersecurity tools, those organizations that are ahead of the curve do not regard compliance as
the goal. Rather, they seek to develop appropriate levels of cybersecurity across the various risk
components, recognizing that a completely risk-free environment will never be achievable.
5.3 Prevention, Detection, and Response:
A fundamental tenet of cybersecurity practice in the past few years has been the
realization that, although many attacks can be thwarted, preventing all possible attacks is simply
not feasible. When assessing the likelihood of attack, the popular saying among cybersecurity
professionals is, “It’s not a matter of if, it’s a matter of when.”
This realization has led to the development and widespread acceptance of a three-phased
defense strategy composed of prevention, detection, and response. Although IT and InfoSec do
their best to prevent the vast majority of attacks, it is critical that systems are in place to detect
those that they cannot prevent. By looking for indicators of compromise on the network, gaps in
the preventive controls can be strengthened, allowing the organization to enhance its overall
coverage. Further, knowing that not every attack will be prevented or immediately detected, the
organization should also have in place incident response plans to limit the damages caused by the
loss or compromise of critical data and to hasten a return to normal operations.
Although internal audit’s role in this three-pronged strategy has traditionally focused on
the realm of prevention, best-in-class performers will work to broaden their scope to audit
cybersecurity capabilities related to detection and response as well. Throughout all three of these
stages, audit must be prepared to assess the effectiveness of the controls in place.
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The Foundation’s survey explored this issue and asked participants how extensively their
organizations were auditing cybersecurity capabilities in these three areas. For each area, the
survey asked them to characterize the level of audit testing they performed on a four-level scale
— from “no auditing” to “extensive testing.” Audit helps enterprises with the challenges of
managing cyber threats, by providing an objective evaluation of the controls and making
recommendations to improve them as well as assisting the senior management and the board of
directors understand and respond to cyber risks.
Source: Crowe analysis the survey responses indicated that preventive controls are not only the
most frequently covered, but they also are tested at the highest rates. As cybersecurity evolves,
the ability to detect and respond will be just as crucial as the controls associated with preventing
attacks. Furthermore, the results showed that most organizations do at least a basic auditing of
their cybersecurity, but there is room to grow.
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6. Specialized Cyber Assessments
Although the approach for cybersecurity audits is similar to other assessments performed
by internal audit, cyber assessments require a deep understanding of the applications, systems,
and technologies involved. These specialized assessments focus on both the supporting
technologies — such as network routers and firewalls, servers and workstations, and application
development environments — and the applications themselves.
As noted earlier, the responsibility for conducting and evaluating the results of such
assessments varies from one organization to another, so both the InfoSec function and internal
audit must collaborate on who conducts such assessments and how often they should take place,
taking into account the organization’s agreed-upon risk tolerance levels. Internal audit should be
performing a broad range of specialized assessments in relation to cybersecurity concerns.
Two specific types of assessments in particular are often misunderstood:
6.1 Vulnerability assessments:
A vulnerability assessment typically involves using an automated tool to scan an IT
infrastructure and report the results. The tool’s job is to identify all systems and the associated
applications and services they are running. Based on this information, the tool attempts to
identify issues such as missing patches, default passwords, and known exploits.
6.2 Penetration testing:
Penetration tests, often referred to as “pen tests,” mimic a real-world attacker attempting
to access systems and data by identifying vulnerabilities and combining (or “chaining”) them to
get unauthorized access to information or gain administrative control. Unlike vulnerability
assessments, penetration tests can take into account the human factor, along with mitigating
controls and the issue’s impact on the overall confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the
supporting environment.
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Ultimately, each organization, based on its risk assessment as well as its IT infrastructure,
must determine what particular assessment or combination of assessments best fits its
information security strategy. Typically, a combination of both types of assessments is necessary
for a robust vulnerability management program. Although InfoSec or IT teams will typically
drive this program, it is critical that the internal audit team reviews it to validate the scope,
assessment, and results. In the same way, every organization must determine for itself whether it
is cost-effective — or even possible — to develop the technical capacity to conduct these
assessments in-house. The resources and necessary capabilities can be expensive, but in large
organizations, where the scope of the cybersecurity operation merits ongoing testing, having the
capacity in-house can be desirable.
In many other cases, however, outside vendors can perform these assessments more cost-
effectively. The CAE needs to make an informed, considered decision in this area to determine
when it makes sense to develop in-house capabilities. If this function is contracted out, it is still
important that internal audit assess the efficacy of the arrangement.
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7. Internal Audit’s Role in Cybersecurity
IT’s dramatically larger role in today’s data-driven economy is, without question, one of
the most important business trends of recent decades. Like all other professions, internal audit’s
challenge is to stay current with events while concurrently expanding its role in safeguarding the
security and availability of critical business information. The Foundation’s survey results reflect
this continuing adaptation, but they also suggest that considerable room still exists for internal
audit to play a larger and more proactive role in IT and InfoSec strategies generally and in
cybersecurity concerns specifically. For example, only 20 percent of the survey participants
reported that their organizations consulted with the audit team in the design and planning of
major IT projects and continued to involve internal audit actively throughout the projects’
duration.
In the majority of organizations surveyed, internal audit’s input into IT projects was
limited to an advisory role or less. In 50 percent of the organizations, internal audit had no,
minimal, or limited involvement until projects were completed. Auditing is a security measure—
not an inconvenience. It is critical to protecting an enterprise in today’s global digital economy.
The internal audit department plays a vital role in cyber security auditing in many organizations,
and often has a dotted-line reporting relationship to the audit committee to ensure an independent
view is being communicated at the board level of the enterprise.
Similarly, approximately half (52 percent) of the survey participants reported that the
internal audit function was a member of their organizations’ project or IT governance
committees. This result suggests that internal audit leaders must continue to assert and
demonstrate the value their departments can provide in terms of helping to manage risk
associated with IT initiatives more effectively. In terms of cybersecurity issues specifically, the
survey responses indicate that opportunity exists for greater visibility to cybersecurity concerns
at the board level. Only 39 percent of the respondents said their organizations went beyond
standard audit reports in reporting cybersecurity risk and trends to the board or audit committee.
As the attention paid to cybersecurity concerns continues to grow, internal audit should expect to
take a more proactive role in helping to validate the business’s assessment and management of
this rapidly growing area of risk.
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8. Cybersecurity Frameworks
One of the fundamental first steps internal audit must take in developing a cybersecurity
audit plan is to thoroughly understand the cybersecurity framework the organization uses. The
selection of a framework is a management decision, often determined by IT and InfoSec
executives. The framework sets out the standards that internal audit will audit against. As such,
the framework is a pivotal factor that drives the development of the audit plan. All such
frameworks are designed to provide a way for organizations to begin the management of their
cybersecurity systems and help establish a common language and terminology for all parties
involved. For those reasons, the chosen standard also provides a practical methodology for the
audit team to use as it plans its assessment of the same program compliance.
A number of specialized frameworks have been specifically tailored to address certain
industries and control environments. When determining which framework to use, the audit team
must take into account specific industry standards, regulator guidance, and any legal
requirements imposed by authorities in the organization’s jurisdiction, in addition to considering
the advantages and disadvantages of each framework. Some of the most widely used frameworks
that could be applicable to various organizations include:
NIST CSF and NIST SP 800-53. The NIST CSF was published in 2014, following a
presidential executive order. The CSF consists of the framework core, which is a set of about 100
cybersecurity activities (controls) across five functions; the framework tiers, which help define
an organization’s cybersecurity risk management “maturity”; and the framework profiles, which
show the current and target states of the organization. The NIST Special Publication 800-53
provides a catalog of security controls designed for federal information systems. These more
than 170 controls are spread across three security control baselines, which are starting points for
selection of implementation of controls. Both NIST frameworks take a risk-based approach to
recommending controls to implement in order to provide flexibility to organizations of different
sizes, complexity, and objectives.
ISO/IEC 27001. The ISO and the IEC published the 27001-security standard in 2013 as
an update to the 27001:2005 standard. This framework is unique in that organizations can
become 27001-certified, and the framework is used internationally. Similar to the NIST
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frameworks, this framework does not require all 114 controls be in place, but it serves as a basis
for certification and provides a set of risk-based recommended controls for an organization to
implement as well as a process for managing risk.
CIS Top 20. The Center for Internet Security (CIS) published the Critical Security
Controls for Effective Cyber Defense, which is a set of 20 best-practice guidelines. These
guidelines are further broken down into about 150 controls. The CIS Top 20 guidelines are
largely tactical and actionable technical defense controls that don’t emphasize overall cyber risk
management and governance.
HIPAA and HITECH. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
(HIPAA) and the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act
(HITECH) are two standards that focus on protecting electronic personal health information
(ePHI) in the healthcare industry and in other industries that handle employee or customer health
records. These standards are legal requirements, industries must be in compliance with them, and
violations can lead to fines.
COBIT 5. ISACA developed the original version of Control Objectives for Information
and Related Technologies (COBIT) in 1996. COBIT 5 is the latest iteration of this framework,
which places emphasis on managing cybersecurity risk through compliance with effective IT
governance and management and on linking IT and cybersecurity objectives to business strategic
goals.
FFIEC CAT and FDIC InTREx. The FFIEC released its assessment tool, the CAT, in
2014 as a framework against which financial institutions can measure themselves. Institutions
can use this tool to assess their cybersecurity preparedness, which is determined by an
institution’s calculated inherent risk profile and cybersecurity across five domains, while taking
into account risk tolerance and business objectives. Unlike other frameworks, the CAT is more
rigid in requiring a number of the almost 500 maturity controls to be met before achieving
specific maturity levels. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) has incorporated a
portion of the CAT controls into regulatory examination guidance for banks, with the
introduction of the Information Technology Risk Examination (InTREx) program in 2016.
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PCI DSS. The PCI DSS is a continually updated set of information security standards
mandated by the Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council. Unlike other standards and
frameworks, the scope of the PCI DSS only includes cardholder data, such as information
contained on credit cards. The controls in these standards are often very detailed and specific,
and organizations that are found to be in violation of these standards can be fined or might
receive increased fees from payment card brands, such as Visa and Discover.
Coming Changes in Internal Audit: While many internal audit organizations outsource large
portions of their general IT audit processes, the trend toward migrating these capabilities in-
house is clear. As internal audit departments begin to develop internal capabilities surrounding
cybersecurity in the coming years, many of the challenges they can expect to face will be similar
to challenges addressed when absorbing IT audit functions.
Beyond these broad trends, several other immediate opportunities are already presenting
themselves in many organizations. One such opportunity involves internal audit departments
taking a much deeper dive into application controls. In many instances, audits of application
controls are driven primarily by some sort of compliance requirement. For more in-depth
application controls examinations, auditors focus considerable attention on areas such as input
controls, data processing functions, output controls, and access management. As cybersecurity
comes more into focus for these areas, personnel with more advanced technical skills,
particularly with respect to homegrown, customized, or other nonstandard applications, will play
an important role in identifying additional technical controls that might be necessary.
Another area of expected change relates to business continuity planning, specifically
disaster recovery planning. While a good portion of IT auditors’ activities in these areas are
driven by standardized work programs and industry-accepted frameworks, these areas will likely
evolve into collaborative, risk-driven efforts. Most disaster recovery plans are written from an
operational perspective, with a focus on restoring production or other business-critical processes.
In future audits with a stronger cybersecurity focus, internal audit will likely be able to introduce
security questions and to point out how restoring operating capacity in a new environment could
introduce previously unrecognized security issues.
For now, many internal audit departments should concentrate on upgrading their teams’
existing skills in reviewing policies and procedures, confirming documentation for business
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continuity and disaster recovery, and performing similar compliance-oriented tasks. The interim
objective would be to upgrade these capabilities through training and professional development
in order to address cybersecurity issues specifically. This objective would be achievable prior to
attempting to recruit and retain personnel with more technically oriented skills, as discussed in
the next section.
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9. Future Skill Requirements
In order to perform the specialized assessments that will be required as part of the
growing emphasis on cybersecurity, internal audit ultimately will need to expand its skill base.
However, attracting talent with the necessary technical skills can be challenging. As such, it
often could be necessary for internal audit to access these skills by engaging outside resources. It
will be particularly important to develop or have access to specialized expertise in three general
areas:
9.1 System administration:
System administration includes technical understanding of servers, applications, database
platforms, and other functions that could be vulnerable to cybersecurity threats. Internal audit
should have access to individuals with expertise in this area because it will be increasingly
difficult to audit such systems without being able to understand their configurations.
9.2 Network design and configuration:
Internal audit should also have access to individuals with expertise in the design of various
networks, including data and voice, across the organization. Many critical protection and
detection components are configured as part of a network, including firewalls and access control
lists (ACLs), intrusion detection systems (IDSs), and network access control (NAC) solutions.
9.3 Software development:
Internal audit departments do not have to be populated by people who can write code, but it is
important to have access to people who understand software development platforms and
development languages. In the Foundation’s survey, those participants who identified as CAEs
or directors were asked to rate the overall technical skill levels of their internal audit teams in
certain specific competencies within the three broad categories just described.
The competencies addressed were:
Microsoft Windows™ and Microsoft Active Directory™ software UNIX and Linux
Network design and implementation (such as Cisco and Palo Alto networks)
Database administration (such as Microsoft SQL Server™, Oracle, and MySQL databases)
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Security information and event management (SIEM)
Telephony and Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)
Software development
IT governance and risk
Penetration testing
The audit executives were asked to rate their teams on the following scale:
Novice — Understands basic networking, system, and cybersecurity concepts (accounts, etc.)
Intermediate — Retains a more in-depth knowledge of networking, systems administration,
network monitoring, and penetration testing and understands at a high level how these systems
work and the process of how to administer them
Advanced — Has extensive knowledge of IT and InfoSec systems, including hands-on
experience in either cybersecurity or IT
Exhibit 5: Skill Level of Internal Audit Teams
Skills Novice Intermediate Advanced
Microsoft
Windows and
Active
Directory
Software
30% 52% 17%
UNIX and
Linux
74% 22% 4%
Network
Design and
Implementati
on
74% 22% 4%
Database
Administratio
48% 43% 9%
29. “Cyber Security”
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n
SIEM 30% 57% 13%
Telephony/Vo
IP
65% 30% 4%
Software
Development
48% 43% 9%
IT
Governance
and Risk
13% 61% 26%
Penetration
Testing
57% 35% 9%
Source:
Crowe
analysis
High Skill Low Skill
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10. Conclusion
As internal audit departments continue to adapt to their growing responsibilities in
validating the effectiveness of cybersecurity risk management, the responses recorded as part of
the Foundation’s research project can provide a valuable snapshot of the current state of the
profession — as well as a potential road map for the future.
As the survey participants indicated in their responses, a number of opportunities for
improvement exist in terms of improving the level of collaboration and support among the
various groups and interests involved, including IT, InfoSec, and the broad risk management
function. At the same time, the evolving responsibilities of internal audit in addressing
cybersecurity issues mean that audit professionals must develop their own clear understanding of
the principles of data security and the cyber frameworks that apply within their own
organizations.
Finally, recognizing the growing need for technical expertise and experience that is
specifically relevant to cybersecurity, audit executives will need to continue developing creative
ways of attracting and retaining talent with the requisite skills while also strengthening
relationships with other elements within the organization that can provide valuable guidance and
support.
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References
➢ Stevens, Tim (11 June 2018). "Global Cybersecurity: New Directions in Theory and
Methods" (PDF). Politics and Governance. 6 (2): 1–4. doi:10.17645/pag.v6i2.1569
➢ Staff, AOL. "Cybersecurity expert: It will take a 'major event' for companies to take this
issue seriously". AOL.com. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017. Retrieved 22
January 2017.
➢ https://www.symantec.com/en/uk/security-center/threat-report
➢ https://www.fireeye.com/current-threats/annual-threat-report.html