The document summarizes the work and ideas of Néstor García Canclini, an Argentine academic known for theorizing the concept of "hybridity." Some key points: - García Canclini got his PhD from University of Paris X and currently works in Mexico City, directing urban culture studies. - His books include "Hybrid Cultures" and "Consumers and Citizens," which discuss how mass media have contributed to a reshaping of Latin American cultures rather than erasing local forms of expression. - He believes cultures are becoming "hybrid" through a mixing of local traditions and global influences, and sees this as contributing to understanding failures in certain political models based on modern notions of autonomy

1. HYBRID CULTURES,
OBLIQUE POWERS
M.Sohaib Afzaal

2. NÉSTOR GARCÍA CANCLINI
• Néstor García Canclini (born Dec,1,1939) is an Argentine-born academic and
anthropologist, known for his theorization of the concept of "hybridity."
• He got a PhD in Philosophy at University of Paris X: Nanterre at the late 70s.
• He currently works at the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana in Mexico City
and is the director of its programme of studies in urban culture.
• His books include Hybrid Cultures, published by the University of Minnesota
Press in 1995 and recipient of the first Ibero-American Book Award for the
best book about Latin America chosen by the Latin American Association,
and Consumers and Citizens, also published by the University of Minnesota
Press, in 2001. Canclini also sits on the Editorial Collective of the academic
journal Public Culture.

3. WHAT IS HYBRID CULTURE
• A culture that has been formed from two or more other cultures. One that has
much of both but not all of each.
• For Example Pakistan is mixture of Indian culture , Turkish , Iranian or Europe
who rule at India.

4. WHAT IS OBLIQUE POWERS
• The crossing of some postmodern transformations of the symbolic market
and of everyday culture contributes to understanding the failure of certain
ways of doing politics that are based on two principles of modernity the
autonomy of symbolic processes and the democratic renewal of the cultured
and the popular.

5. CULTURE

6. POPULAR

7. HYBRID CULTURES, OBLIQUE
POWERS
• The mass media have not erased the Latin American forms of cultural
expression, but rather they have contributed to a reshaping that has
displaced established modes of thinking about culture.
• To put that into a general context, the article is about the relationship between
a "first world" country and a "third world" country.
• Many people speculate that their relationship is "cultural imperialism", where
the "third" is dependent to the "first".
• Mr. Canclini believes that despite two different cultures are mixed, the people
can still make distinctions of what is cultural and what is popular.
• Despite these distinctions, the world is becoming a better place because of
the developments that was made open for the world to improve and adapt.

8. • The popular are influences from the colonizers, while the cultural are already
what is there. The popular provides a better field for development for our
country to grow as one.
• Philippines can relate to what Latin America had gone through in the past.
Both countries were colonized by Spain or Portugal, then after they left, both
countries were heavily influenced by the United States of America.
• And over the course of their time with both countries, they promoted their
own brand of living, namely their culture, and since they promote this
everywhere and then, since they both

9. FIRST WORLD

10. THIRD WORLD
• There was a similar historical path between the subcontinent of Latin America
and the Philippines:
• Latin America - 1800's Philippines - 1800's

11. FROM THE PUBLIC SPACE TO
TELEPARTICIPATION
• Perceiving that the cultural transformations generated by the latest
technologies and by changes in symbolic production and circulation were not
the exclusive responsibility of the communications media induced a search
for more comprehensive notions.
• As the new processes were associated with urban growth, it was thought that
the city could become the unity that would give coherence and analytical
consistency to the studies.
• The urbanization predominant in contemporary societies is intertwined with
serialization and anonymity in production, with restructurings of immaterial
communication (from mass media to the telematic) that modify the
connections between the private and public.

12. • The city’s loss of meaning is in direct relation to the difficulties of political parties and
unions in calling people to collective tasks that do not produce income or are of
doubtful economic gain.
• The lesser visibility of macrosocial structures, their subordination to nonmaterial and
different circuits of communication that mediatize personal and group interactions, is
one of the causes for the decline in the credibility of all-encompassing social
movements, such as the parties that concentrated the entirety of labor demands and
civic representation.
• The emergence of multiple demands, enlarged in part by the growth of cultural
protests and those relating to the quality of life, raises a diversified spectrum of
organizations to speak for them urban, ethnic, youth, feminist, consumer, ecological
movements, and so on. Social mobilization, in the same way as the structure of the
city, is fragmented in processes that are more and more difficult to totalize.

13. • The investigations of these processes should articulate the integrating and
disintegrating effects of television with other processes of unification and atomization
generated by the recent changes in urban development and the economic crisis.
• The groups that get together now and then to analyze collective questions – parents
at school, workers at their workplace, neighborhood organizations – tend to act and
think as self-referential and often sectored groups because economic pressure forces
them down the economic ladder.
• This has been studied chiefly by sociologists in the southern cone, where military
dictatorships suspended political parties, unions, and other mechanisms of grouping,
mobilization, and collective cooperation.
• The repression attempted to reshape the public space by reducing social participation
to the insertion of each individual in the benefits of consumption and financial
speculation. Up to a point, the media became the great mediators and mediatizers,
and therefore substitutes for other collective interactions.

14. HISTORICAL MEMORY AND
URBAN CONFLICTS
• Culture and politics of memory (the policies and practices of commemoration, reparation
and reconciliation after conflict and dictatorship; theoretical approaches to the study of
memory and society; remembering in text and film)
• Cultural diplomacy
• Identity discourses and practices (the discourses of local, national and transnational
identity, and of gender/ethnic identity; place and identity in contemporary writing;
migration museums; national identity in cinema; women’s writing)
• Narratives of social and environmental change
• Intercultural comparisons
• Frame and discourse analysis, and their application to forms of cultural production
• The extreme right in the 19th and 20th centuries
• 20th-century gender history in France and Spain
• France since the Occupation
• Contemporary Russian history

15. "URBAN CULTURES" INCLUDE”
• Expansion of metropolitan areas - development of cities with more buildings
and brighter lights around. With the many choices already provided by the
"dark" side of the world (which are the urban spots), a person can take his
own personality and put them in check while being here.

16. • Decrease in collective public action - one downside of the urban culture is
that groups being into action has decrease since today's culture often
promotes individualism. One can live for their own and one can be
responsible for their own. This is somehow in contrast with the Eastern type
of culture, where the important of group and family is very well emphasized.

17. • Unfinished project of political change - another downside of urban culture is
that when people adapt the popular culture so much to the point that there is
no room for their traditional culture to grow, since the notions of culture is
unclear.

18. DEFINE DECOLLECTING
• The Process by which historical artifacts and materials are permanently removed
from a museum organization collection. Identify The object(s), determine Legal
Status, draft justification deacessioning committee, after action.
• Establishes the proper authority to approve a deaccession decision.
• States level of delegation of authority in extreme cases
• Establishes a deaccessioning committee. Possible composition of such committee:
• Curator
• Museum Director
• Exhibit staff representative
• Administration

19. DECOLLECTING
• Distinctions between cultures starts to be irrelevant because cultures are no longer
fixed as it is, as time goes on, the cultured and the popular started get a good mix.
• Technologies of production is an example of cultured and popular making a great
combo. Before those, there are old, worn-out stuff, people missing history and simply,
no innovation to keep moving forward. It is part of the postmodern times to use types
of technology, but these are used to keep and preserve the historical stuff. Using the
new wave of thinking in keeping the culture alive.
• Photocopying - keeping important documents in check
• Videocassette Recorders - preserving the moments captured through recording.
• With this help, people will never miss programs of their own choosing, as this can be
watched all over. Also, people can trade tapes for more viewing options.
• Videos - an intergenre of music, text and image that defines history as seen itself
• Video Games - an interactive video; a participative version of videos.

20. DEFINE DETERRITORIALIZING
• The term deterritorialization first occurs in French psychoanalytic theory to
refer, broadly, to the fluid and dissipated nature of human subjectivity in
contemporary capitalist cultures (Deleuze & Guatarri 1972). Its most common
use, however, has been in relation to the process of cultural globalization.
Though there are different inflections involved, the general implication that
globalization needs to be understood in cultural-spatial terms as much as in
institutional or political-economic ones is common to all accounts. In this
broad sense, deterritorialization has affinities with the idea of the
“disembedding” of social relations in, for example, Anthony Giddens's (1990)
analysis of the globalizing properties of modernity

21. DETERRITORIALIZING
• Taking out what is already established around the place
• With different races and ethnicity coming around more as the world grows
from time to time, it seems that we are all fine with each other as we learn to
be with one another. Because of mixed cultures, labeling has been reduced,
and the world is coming together.

22. IN THE PHILIPPINES
• Another, since there is no more territorializing in our country, anybody can explore
one's culture. At some point, language is a key to vast communication. If one is good
in speaking, obviously he or she can explore the world.
• With the American influence on us, English became the second major language in our
country, almost 90% of our population knows how to speak English, and it can be
anyone.

23. OBLIQUE POWERS
• It can help us explain the generalized success of neoconservative politics and
the lack of socializing or more democratic alternatives adapted to the level of
technological development and the complexity of the social crisis.
• In addition to the economic advantages of the neoconservative groups, their
action is facilitated by their having better captured the sociocultural meaning
of the new structures of power.

24. • The Manichaean and conspiratorial representations of power find partial
justification in some contemporary processes. The central countries use
technological innovations to accentuate the asymmetry and inequality
between them and the dependent countries.
• The hegemonic classes take advantage of industrial reconversion to reduce
workers’ employment, cut back the power of the unions, and commercialize
goods – among which are educational and cultural ones – about which, after
historic struggles, agreement had been reached that they were public
services.
• It would seem that the big groups in which power is concentrated are the
ones that subordinate art and culture to the market, the ones that discipline
work and daily life.

25. HEGEMONIC, SUBALTERN
• Heavy words that helped us to name the divisions between people but not to
include movements of affection and participation in solidary or complicit
activities in which hegemonic and subaltern groups are needed.
• Those who work on the border in constant relation with the tourism, factories,
and language of the United States look strangely at those who consider them
to be absorbed by the empire.
• For the protagonists of those relations, the interferences of English in their
speech (to a certain extent equivalent to the infiltration of Spanish in the
South of the United States) express the indispensable transactions in which
everyday exchanges happen.
• It is not necessary to look at those transactions as phenomena exclusive to
zones of dense interculturalism.

26. HYBRIDIZATIONS
• The hybridizations described throughout this book bring us to the conclusion
that today all cultures are border cultures.
• All the arts develop in relation to other arts: handicrafts migrate from the
countryside to the city; movies, videos, and songs that recount events of one
people are interchanged with others.
• Thus cultures lose the exclusive relation with their territory, but they gain in
communication and knowledge.
• There is yet another way in which the obliquity of the symbolic circuits allows
us to rethink the links between culture and power.