American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
The paper deals with the scope of linguistic description. It thus highlights the idea of idealization and how models of linguistic descriptions rely thoroughly on abstracting linguistic data.
It is a short detailed presentation on Misconceptions about Linguistics. In this presentation only general misconceptions are written only to make the students well acquitted of linguistics.
The paper deals with the scope of linguistic description. It thus highlights the idea of idealization and how models of linguistic descriptions rely thoroughly on abstracting linguistic data.
It is a short detailed presentation on Misconceptions about Linguistics. In this presentation only general misconceptions are written only to make the students well acquitted of linguistics.
This purpose of this workshop is to facilitate novice participants through the typical steps recommended for the design of a research survey (or questionnaire). The focus in on the design and development of surveys; it is not about data analysis.
FM 2019 Sociolinguistics A Language Study in Sociocultural Perspectives-7-20.pdfFatchulMuin
A language is not only studied from the internal
viewpoint but also from the external one. Internally, it is studied
based on its internal structures; whereas, externally, it is based
on the linguistic factors in relation to the factors beyond the
language.
A study of internal language structures (or, it is based on
the sub-systems of a language) will result sub-discipline of
linguistics such as phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax
and semantics. It is conducted through theories and procedures
belonging to the discipline of linguistics; it is not related to the
problems beyond the language.
This guide for students and practitioners is introduced by Christopher J. Hall, Patrick H. Smith, and Rachel Wicaksono. This presentation talks about discourse analysis and its several definitions including the pervasive relevance of discourse (analysis), linguistic approaches to discourse analysis, social approaches to discourse analysis, and themes in contemporary discourse analysis. This will discuss the nature of discourse analysis in context significant to all PhD Language Studies students around the globe.
Covers the definitions of Language, Elements used in defining the term Language and the characteristics of Language (Both peculiar to human Language and those shared by other species) according to the Tanzanian English syllabus for Advanced level learners.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
1. Licenciatura en Lengua Inglesa y Pedagogía en Inglés Sede: Los Ángeles
Applied Linguistics I, Questionnaire
1- WHAT'S LANGUAGE?
Along with history there have been a great deal of argumentation regarding this matter, and
given that language is at the very core of human life, there the complexity of a staightforward
definition.
Language can be viewed, in an abstract sense, as a restrictively human capacity.
A cultural phenomenon that joins or separates people.
A tool for human interaction.
A structured and accesible product of human evolution and human mind. In this regard,
particular languages (Farsi, Hindi, Urdu, Enlgish, etc. ) would be the factual evidence of the
latter.
Saussure claims that language is a conventional and arbitrary system of signs : ‘Language is a
structure, a functioning whole in which the different parts are determined by one another"
(Course in General Linguistics).
Language, states Saussure, manifests itself as speech (parole), the actual performance of
speakers when they speak or write, also language (langue), which represents the knowledge or
competence that all speakers possess of their language (Course in General Linguistics); He
states that langue, should not be confused with human speech, it is a system or structure of
speech codes.
Later on, other perspectives of language arose in a way of contesting and complementing
Saussure’s definition of language.
The perspectives have gone from claiming that language is a brain device that carries a
‘universal grammar’ (Noam Chomsky) to language as a social phenomenon.
The perspective of ‘Universal Grammar’ claims that according to the stimuli our innate
acquisition apparatus might receive, different ‘parole’s’ (particular language, ‘lengua’ in Spanish)
would be developed by the individual.
Other, not at all less relevant perspective has been the inclusion of aspects of socialization
stating that language is a systematic resource for expressing meaning in context (MAK Halliday).
Nonetheless great efforts to define and stablish what language is, it has not yet been possible to
entirely be defined.
2- WHAT ARE THE STUDY AREAS OF LINGUISTICS?, DEFINE EACH.
Phonetics, the study of the physical properties of sounds of human language.
Phonology, the study of sounds as discrete, abstract elements in the speaker's mind that
distinguish meaning.
Morphology, the study of internal structures of words and how they can be modified.
Syntax, the study of how words combine to form grammatical sentences .
Semantics, the study of the meaning of words (lexical semantics) and fixed word combinations
(phraseology), and how these combine to form the meanings of sentences.
Pragmatics, the study of how utterances are used (literally, figuratively, or otherwise) in
communicative acts.
Discourse analysis, the analysis of language use in texts (spoken, written, or signed)
Applied Linguistics I, Questionnaire 1 Lic. Jordán Masías O.
2. Licenciatura en Lengua Inglesa y Pedagogía en Inglés Sede: Los Ángeles
3- GRAMMAS IS COMPOSED BY …SYNTAX AND SEMANTICS.
Being that grammar (in a very broad sense) is the study of how words and their component
parts combine to form sentences, then, the way words are ordered and combined in a language
(or in language) is called Syntax. And the way in which words are created, and how inflections
change the meaning, [e.g. the form in which the suffix ‘un’ in english make the word carry a
contrary meaning to the one it originally has] is called Morphology.
4- WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CHOMSKY'S AND HALLIDAY'S VISION OF LANGUAGE?
The main difference lies on the perspective of language they hold.
On the one hand, Chomsky asserts than language is an innate universal feature of human beings
and that the different languages are mere manifestations of this feature.
To Chomsky humans have an innate "language faculty" and that the universal principles of
human language reflect intrinsic properties of this language faculty. The specific rules that
determine the sound and meaning of utterances in particular languages (Spanish, English,
Afrikaans, etc) reflect, in a deep-structur perspective, this ‘universal grammar’ that is only one
and should be discovered.
“ [...]Chomsky begins from the view that although different groups of people speak different
languages, yet all human language is essentially governed by common rules, or principles, that
are universal. "
On the other hand, Halliday views language in terms of the function of grammar, places the
function of language as central (what language does, and how it does it); starts at social
context, and looks at how language acts upon, and is constrained by, this social context.
Halliday views language as a system and claims Language use is functional. In his perspective,
the function of language is to create meaning and these meanings are determined by the
context in which they are exchanged. Language use is a semiotic process
that is based on choices.
Under Halliday’s view, language, even if it were a universal feature, cannot be separated from
context (and thus culture) and in this sense language must be defined including its function and
occurrence. Hence, this ‘universal grammar’ would not have relevance at all without a real life
situation.
5- DISCOURSE IS…
In order to define discourse we have to make difference between a wide and narrow perspective.
From the wide perspective, discourse is a social practice that takes form through language use.
From a narrow perspective, Discourse is “a continuous stretch of (especially spoken) language
larger than a sentence, often constituting a coherent unit such as a sermon, argument, joke, or
narrative" (Crystal 1992:25)
From the latter, we can infere that a novel, a short piece of text and even a groan could be
considered ‘Discourse’ (Cook, 1990).
Hence, discourse can be considered to be :
• language above the sentence or above the clause
• a continuous stretch of spoken language larger than a sentence, often constituting a
coherent unit.
Applied Linguistics I, Questionnaire 2 Lic. Jordán Masías O.
3. Licenciatura en Lengua Inglesa y Pedagogía en Inglés Sede: Los Ángeles
• a stretch of language perceived to be meaningful unified, and purposive; language in use
(viewed) as social practice determined by social structures
6- THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 'LANGUE' AND 'PAROLE' IS…
Saussure in his lectures introduced the terms langue and parole, refering, from a incipient
perspective, to language and speech, however, the implications go far beyond.
Langue is the whole system of language that precedes and makes speech possible, it is the
system that enables people to speak as they do.
Langue is understood as a system because through the arragement of the large number of
elements that compose La Langue, new meanings might be created. However, the consequent
relationships between these arranged elements should be taken into consideration.
The way in which the users make usufruct of Langue, is named Parole.
Parole, therefore, is understood as is the tangible use of the language. It is the language as
spoken, the real manifestation of Langue. It is the use of the system ‘but not the system itself’.
7- NAME 3 FEATURES OF TEXTS
Texts are manifestation of language, they are social phenomena and thus must be considered as
part of discourse.
They are presented in coherent and conventional graphical systems, being these, a writing
system, a symbolic system and even, a visual-artistic system.
Texts, to be considered so, need to be codified in a conventional system, in this way the readers
of it can have access to the information they might contain.
Other importan characteristic of texts is their informative nature, they are created with the
purpose of communicating, hence their ‘informativeness’.
And, another important feature is their cohesion and coherence. A text, to be considered so,
must be ‘readable’, carry information and its information should be purposeful which imply the
need that they would be coherent and cohesive, being so, Cohesion is the grammatical
relationship between parts of a sentence (and text as a whole) essential for its interpretation;
and Coherence is the way the order of statements relates one another by sense.
8- WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DISCOURSE ANALYSIS AND CRITICAL DISCOURSE
ANALYSIS (CDA)?
On the one hand: ‘[Discourse Analysis deals] with the examination of discourse attempts to
find patterns in communicative products as well as and their correlation with the
circumstances in which they occur, which are not explainable at the grammatical level’ (Carter
1993:23) (see online: http://www.tlumaczenia-angielski.info/linguistics/discourse.htm).
On the other hand, CDA intends to “uncover the ideological beliefs that are concealed in the
words of our texts or oral speech, so as to resist and prevail over the diverse forms of power
(control) or to obtain an appreciation of the power control we are performing without a proper
realization” (Fairclough, 1989).
9- WHAT'S THE RELATIONSHIP THAT CDA PROPOSES BETWEEN POLITICS AND DISCOURSE?
Applied Linguistics I, Questionnaire 3 Lic. Jordán Masías O.
4. Licenciatura en Lengua Inglesa y Pedagogía en Inglés Sede: Los Ángeles
To CDA, the construction of reality is achieved through cognitive processes subsuming or that
are subsumed by language; in this way, CDA recognizes the existence of a mutual relationship
between language and social reality.
Being so, “The fundamental codes of a culture- the ones that conduct its language, its
percerptive écheme, its changes, its techniques, its values, the hyerarchy of its practices- fix
beforehand, for every man, the empirical orders with which he will have to deal and within
which, he will recognize himself” [translated by J. Masías] (Foucault 1966)
In doing so, beliefs and ideologies are transmitted systematically.
According to van Dijk (1998) Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is a field that is
concerned with studying and analyzing written and spoken texts to reveal the discursive
sources of power, dominance, inequality and bias. It examines how these discursive
sources are maintained and reproduced within specific social, political and historical
contexts.
Summarizes, CDA sees how Politicians might use language to validate their practices and their
power, and also how this leaves an imprint in society and this imprint will also be shown through
language use.
11- DEFINE APPLIED LINGUISTICS.
• “AL is the utilisation of the knowledge about the nature of language achieved by
linguistic research for the improvement of the efficiency of some practical task in which
language is a central component.” (Corder)
12- WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LINGUISTICS AND APPLIED LINGUISTICS.
Linguistics is the scientific study of language aiming at defining what language is and how it is
represented in the mind; Conversely, Applied Linguistics is a problem-solution oriented
discipline, which aims at solving language-related problems, taking into account all the universe
involved in the given problem, and not only language.
13- WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LINGUISTICS APPLIED AND APPLIED LINGUISTICS?
This metathesis implies a difference in the scope or final purpose of the research.
According to Widdowson (see: http://pi2.ingenta.com/content/oup/applij/2000/00000021/00000001/art00003;jsessionid=4ds0mps5nla02.alice), in
Linguistics Applied, problems are reduced and resolved by the IMPOSITION of partial linguistic
importance on the reality of language experience. This, he argues, needs to be distinguished
from Applied Linguistics, which in turn, is a mediating activity, which seeks to accommodate a
linguistic consideration to other partial perspectives on language so as to arrive at a relevant
reformulation of 'real world' problems.
In simpler words, Linguistic Applied is the mere application of linguistic models, whereas Applied
Linguistics studies the whole picture including in the analysis a big ammount of other disciplines
models and theories (psychology, neuroscience, medicine, law, sociology, etc), as well as
linguistic assertions.
14- NAME 6 APPLICATIONS OF APPLIED LINGUISTICS
1. Language teaching and learning 2. Language testing
3. Psycho- and neurolinguistics 4. Sociolinguistics
5. Discourse Analysis 6. Computational linguistics
7. Translation studies
Applied Linguistics I, Questionnaire 4 Lic. Jordán Masías O.