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Cuban Missile Crisis: USA response to Soviet missiles in Cuba

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An overview.

Education
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Cuban Missile Crisis USA response to Cuban Revolution
Cuban Revolution Fidel Castro • Cuba is 160km from Florida USA. • Cuba was a US economic ally. • USA supported dictator, Batista as he was anti-communist. • In 1959 after a three year civil war, Castro replaced Batista. • Castro was charming, clever and ruthless. • He was a clever propagandist and charismatic. • His vision for a better Cuba won the people over. USA • Taken by surprise at the coup, the USA recognized Castro. • Relations grew worse very quickly. • 1000’s of exiles fled Castro to Florida, USA. • Castro nationalised US businesses, took agricultural land and distributed it. • June 1960 President Eisenhower gave the CIA permission to overthrow Castro. • American companies in Cuba refused to co-operate with him. • He responded by assurances to Americans living in Cuba. • July 1960 Castro sided with the USSR with Khrushchev giving Cuba $100 million in aid. And arms.
Bay of Pigs invasion and impact • President Eisenhower had secretly empowered the CIA to overthrow Castro. • Kennedy inherited a completed plan and policy. • Kennedy broke off diplomatic relations with Cuba as he did not tolerate a Soviet ally in the US sphere of interest. • Kennedy supplied arms, equipment and transport to 1,400 Cuban exiles to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro. • Castro met them with 20,000 soldiers fully equipped with tanks and modern weapons. The exiles failed disastrously. • This ineffective invasion suggested that the USA was not prepared to invade fully. • Soviet leader, Khrushchev thought Kennedy to be too weak. • The Bay of Pigs fiasco strengthened Castro’s position. • Castro and Khrushchev now suspicious of US policy toward Cuba.
Aftermath Khrushchev arms Castro • After the Bay of Pigs fiasco, Khrushchev sent arms flooding into Cuba. • By July 1962 Cuba had the best equipped army in Latin America. • 5000 Soviet technicians had arrived to maintain the weapons. • On 11 September Kennedy warned Khrushchev that the USA would do anything necessary to prevent Cuba becoming an offensive military base. • Khrushchev assured the USA that it would not place nuclear missiles on Cuba. October crisis • 14 October an American U2 took detailed photographs of missile sites on Cuba. • Military experts advised that the USSR was building nuclear rocket bases on Cuba. • On 15/16 October, more photo’s revealed the vast extent of the construction. • Some sites had missiles ready for erection. • Experts advised Kennedy that they would be able to launch in 7 days. • US spy planes also photographed 20 Soviet ships approaching Cuba carrying missiles.
Options for Kennedy. • Do nothing: USA had a vast array of nuclear weapons and could destroy the USSR. USSR would never use their nuclear weapons. If they did nothing, the USSR would confirm Kennedy’s weakness. • Surgical air strike: Destroy the sites before they were ready. If one was left undamaged it could be used against the USA. USSR might retaliate because of Russian casualties. Immoral to attack secretly. • Invasion: Missiles and Castro could be destroyed. US forces were ready. Could spark soviet retaliation in Berlin. • Diplomatic pressure: Avoid conflict. If USA was forced to back down it would show weakness. • Blockade: USA was serious. Put burden on Khrushchev to respond. Soviets could still retaliate in Berlin.
Sequence of events 1962 • 23 October: Kennedy receives a letter saying that Soviet ships would not observe a blockade. No admission of nuclear missiles on Cuba. • 24 October: First missile carrying ships and submarines approached the US blockade zone. • At 10.32 a.m. the Soviet ships stopped or turned around. • 25 October: Aerial photos showed intensive work on Soviet missile sites to get them completed as rapidly as possible and make them operational. • 26 October: Kennedy received a personal letter from Khrushchev. If USA would guarantee no invasion of Cuba and lift the blockade, the USSR would dismantle and destroy missile bases. • 27 October: A second letter revised the proposals saying the USA had to remove missiles in Turkey. US spy plane shot down over Cuba. • Kennedy decided to delay a reprisal attack on Cuba. • 28 October: Khrushchev backed down and the missiles were to be dismantled and returned to the USSR
Why did the USSR place nuclear missiles on Cuba? • To bargain with the USA. • To test the USA. • Trap the USA. • Close the missile gap. • Defend Cuba. • Excellent propaganda for the USSR and Castro. • For Khrushchev to strengthen his own political position in the USSR • Outcomes – page 109.

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Cuban Missile Crisis: USA response to Soviet missiles in Cuba

  • 1. Cuban Missile Crisis USA response to Cuban Revolution
  • 2. Cuban Revolution Fidel Castro • Cuba is 160km from Florida USA. • Cuba was a US economic ally. • USA supported dictator, Batista as he was anti-communist. • In 1959 after a three year civil war, Castro replaced Batista. • Castro was charming, clever and ruthless. • He was a clever propagandist and charismatic. • His vision for a better Cuba won the people over. USA • Taken by surprise at the coup, the USA recognized Castro. • Relations grew worse very quickly. • 1000’s of exiles fled Castro to Florida, USA. • Castro nationalised US businesses, took agricultural land and distributed it. • June 1960 President Eisenhower gave the CIA permission to overthrow Castro. • American companies in Cuba refused to co-operate with him. • He responded by assurances to Americans living in Cuba. • July 1960 Castro sided with the USSR with Khrushchev giving Cuba $100 million in aid. And arms.
  • 3. Bay of Pigs invasion and impact • President Eisenhower had secretly empowered the CIA to overthrow Castro. • Kennedy inherited a completed plan and policy. • Kennedy broke off diplomatic relations with Cuba as he did not tolerate a Soviet ally in the US sphere of interest. • Kennedy supplied arms, equipment and transport to 1,400 Cuban exiles to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro. • Castro met them with 20,000 soldiers fully equipped with tanks and modern weapons. The exiles failed disastrously. • This ineffective invasion suggested that the USA was not prepared to invade fully. • Soviet leader, Khrushchev thought Kennedy to be too weak. • The Bay of Pigs fiasco strengthened Castro’s position. • Castro and Khrushchev now suspicious of US policy toward Cuba.
  • 4. Aftermath Khrushchev arms Castro • After the Bay of Pigs fiasco, Khrushchev sent arms flooding into Cuba. • By July 1962 Cuba had the best equipped army in Latin America. • 5000 Soviet technicians had arrived to maintain the weapons. • On 11 September Kennedy warned Khrushchev that the USA would do anything necessary to prevent Cuba becoming an offensive military base. • Khrushchev assured the USA that it would not place nuclear missiles on Cuba. October crisis • 14 October an American U2 took detailed photographs of missile sites on Cuba. • Military experts advised that the USSR was building nuclear rocket bases on Cuba. • On 15/16 October, more photo’s revealed the vast extent of the construction. • Some sites had missiles ready for erection. • Experts advised Kennedy that they would be able to launch in 7 days. • US spy planes also photographed 20 Soviet ships approaching Cuba carrying missiles.
  • 5. Options for Kennedy. • Do nothing: USA had a vast array of nuclear weapons and could destroy the USSR. USSR would never use their nuclear weapons. If they did nothing, the USSR would confirm Kennedy’s weakness. • Surgical air strike: Destroy the sites before they were ready. If one was left undamaged it could be used against the USA. USSR might retaliate because of Russian casualties. Immoral to attack secretly. • Invasion: Missiles and Castro could be destroyed. US forces were ready. Could spark soviet retaliation in Berlin. • Diplomatic pressure: Avoid conflict. If USA was forced to back down it would show weakness. • Blockade: USA was serious. Put burden on Khrushchev to respond. Soviets could still retaliate in Berlin.
  • 6. Sequence of events 1962 • 23 October: Kennedy receives a letter saying that Soviet ships would not observe a blockade. No admission of nuclear missiles on Cuba. • 24 October: First missile carrying ships and submarines approached the US blockade zone. • At 10.32 a.m. the Soviet ships stopped or turned around. • 25 October: Aerial photos showed intensive work on Soviet missile sites to get them completed as rapidly as possible and make them operational. • 26 October: Kennedy received a personal letter from Khrushchev. If USA would guarantee no invasion of Cuba and lift the blockade, the USSR would dismantle and destroy missile bases. • 27 October: A second letter revised the proposals saying the USA had to remove missiles in Turkey. US spy plane shot down over Cuba. • Kennedy decided to delay a reprisal attack on Cuba. • 28 October: Khrushchev backed down and the missiles were to be dismantled and returned to the USSR
  • 7. Why did the USSR place nuclear missiles on Cuba? • To bargain with the USA. • To test the USA. • Trap the USA. • Close the missile gap. • Defend Cuba. • Excellent propaganda for the USSR and Castro. • For Khrushchev to strengthen his own political position in the USSR • Outcomes – page 109.