CSPro Training Slides

Introduction Data Dictionary Module Data Entry Module The CSPro Language Tabulation Applications CAPI Mode
CSPro Training Slides
Taddesse Kassahun
Department of Statistics
Addis Ababa University
: +251911835082
: taddesse.kassahun aau.edu.et
February 28, 2017
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Introduction
What is CSPro?
Trees in CSPro
A CSPro Application
Data Dictionary Module
Introduction
Data ﬁle structure
Basic Concepts of Dictionary
Creating a Dictionary
Data Entry Module
Data Entry Forms
Data Entry
Data Entry Editing
The CSPro Language
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Logics
Language Elements
Batch Editing Applications
Tabulation Applications
Create a New Tabulation Application
Run a Tabulation Application
CAPI Mode
Create a New CAPI Application
Multiple Languages in CAPI
Android Data Entry
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What is CSPro?
What is CSPro?
The Census and Survey Processing System (CSPro) is a
software package for entry, editing, tabulation, and
dissemination of census and survey data.
CSPro runs under Windows OS. It does not run under
other operating systems such as Linux or Mac.
It is a public domain product. It can be used and
distributed at no cost.
It processes data on a case basis (one or more
questionnaires),where a case can consist of one or many
data records.
CSPro uses data dictionaries to provide a common
description of each data ﬁle used.
The data are stored in text ﬁles. 4 / 125

What is CSPro?
CSPro is not intended to provide database management
capabilities.
The data generated and/or manipulated by a CSPro
application may be imported into a database system.
CSPro was developed jointly by the U.S.Census Bureau,
Macro International,and Serpro,SA,with major funding
from the U.S.Agency for International Development.
CSPro includes the following modules:
Data Entry Applications
Batch Edit Applications
Cross Tabulation Applications
Tools
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What is CSPro?
CSPro is used in a number of countries by:
National statistical oﬃces
NGOs
Universities
Hospitals
Militaries
Businesses
Other government oﬃces
CSPro processes
Censuses
Demographic and labor force surveys
Household income and expenditure surveys
Major international projects such as:
Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS)
Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS)
Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS)
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What is CSPro?
Data Entry Applications
A Data Entry application contains a set of forms
(screens) and logic that a data entry operator uses to key
data to a disk ﬁle.
We can have the following run-time features:
Add new cases (questionnaires) or retrieve & modify
existing cases.
Logic can be executed with messages displayed after any
ﬁeld is entered.
Consistency checks and skip patterns of unlimited
complexity.
Cases indexed to avoid duplication and for easy retrieval.
We use CSPro to develop the data entry application.
WE use CSEntry to run the data entry application.
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What is CSPro?
Batch Edit Application
This contains logic that we can apply against one set of
ﬁles to produce another set of ﬁles and reports.
We can incorporate the following run-time features:
Write edits (logic) using powerful CSPro language
Validate individual data items
Test consistency between items
Modify data values
Generate edit reports automatically or create a
customized report
Create additional variables
We use CSPro to develop the batch editing application.
We use CSBatch to run the application.
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What is CSPro?
Tabulation Applications
These contain a set of table specifications and a data
dictionary describing a data file to be tabulated.
In a Tabulation application, we can:
Cross-tabulate unlimited number of variables.
Select the universe of tabulation.
Tabulate values and weights.
Tabulate simple counts and percents.
Tabulate mean, median, mode, standard deviation,
variance, n-tiles, proportions, min, max.
Save tabulations in several file formats.
Copy tables to spreadsheets or word-processing
documents.
Produce tables by geographic area.
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What is CSPro?
CSPro Initial Screen Layout
To open CSPro, click on the CSPro6.3 icon on the
desktop.
Two parts on the screen: the left is reserved to display
ﬁle trees; and the right window is reserved to display the
actual application.
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Trees in CSPro
Trees
Once an application is created, the tree will display the
opened application(s) and associated files.
There are five kinds of trees in CSPro:
1. Files tree shows all the applications that are open, and
the files they contain.
2. Dictionaries tree shows all the dictionaries that are
open and their contents.
3. Data entry forms tree shows all the form specifications
that are open, and their forms and fields.
4. Batch edits tree shows all opened edits specifications.
5. Tables tree shows all the table specifications that are
open.
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A CSPro Application
Creating a CSPro Application
If you click the New short cut on the toolbar or click File
> New, you will have:
Enter the ﬁle name of the application and press Create.
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A CSPro Application
The File Associations Dialog will be displayed.
Specify the names of other ﬁles that make up the
application, such as the data dictionary ﬁles.
A name for the input dictionary is given.
It is possible to change the name of the input dictionary
and/or add the names of additional external lookup
dictionaries.
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A CSPro Application
Open an Existing Application
Click on the Open short cut on the toolbar, or File >
Open.
In CSPro, we can open either an application or a file.
Each time we open or create an application or file, it is
added to the files tree.
We may open a data dictionary and make changes to it.
We may also open a forms file and make changes to it.
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A CSPro Application
Save an Application
Click on the Save short cut toolbar; or, File > Save.
The file associated with the current frame will be saved.
If that file belongs to an application that is open, the
entire application will be saved.
If the file belongs to more than one application, CSPro
will ask you which one you want to save.
When an application is saved under a new name, we have:
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A CSPro Application
Pack an Application
We may collect all the ﬁles in an application to:
Move them to another computer (for example to move
data entry applications to all your data entry
computers).
Give the application to a colleague to use.
Send the application when requesting help.
To use this tool in CSPro, go to the Tools menu and
select Pack Application.
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Introduction
Data Dictionary
A Data Dictionary describes the overall organization of a
data file.
It allows to describe the organization of each record in
the file and the characteristics of each item in the record.
Each dictionary allows us to give text labels for all levels,
records, items, and value sets in the file.
CSPro requires that a data dictionary be created for each
different file being used.
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Introduction
Questionnaire and Dictionary Organization
Questionnaire Data Dictionary
Form File
Section
A record includes a set of questions
Questionnaire ID File Identiﬁcation is the identiﬁca-
tion items to uniquely identify the
questionnaire
Questions Data Items are questions, e.g., age,
marital status, etc.
Responses Value Sets are the responses in the
questionnaire 18 / 125

Introduction
Example
Identify the File, Record, File ID, Data Items and Value
Sets for the following.
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Data File Type Structure
Two types of data file structures: single-record
questionnaires or multiple-record questionnaires.
Single record types per questionnaire
In single-record data file, each line of data from the data
file equates to a distinct questionnaire.
Example. A student survey at a university.
First student: 00011122122
Second student: 00021122122
Third student: 00031122122
The blue text refers to the student identification number.
The black text describes the individual data items for
each specific record.
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Multiple record types per questionnaire
Several lines of data (and therefore several records) from
the data ﬁle equate to one questionnaire.
There is a relationship between records in the data ﬁle.
For example, a typical household questionnaire might
consist of the following record:
Section: Household Roster the response corresponding
to each household member is recorded separately.
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Multiple record types ...
A sample ﬁle structure could be as follows
Households with 3 persons Households with 2 persons
2101001AAAA1M451101 2101002DDDD1M371301
2101001BBBB2F381102 2101002EEE2F301302
2101001CCCC3M252104
Red text refers to the record type. In this case 2 is the
household roster.
Blue text refers to the Id Items.
Black text describes the individual data items for each
speciﬁc record.
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Dictionary Hierarchy
A dictionary has three hierarchies where the top is the
case, followed by the level, then record.
A case is the primary unit of data in the data ﬁle. A case
usually corresponds to a questionnaire.
A level is a type of questionnaire.
A level can have many records corresponding to diﬀerent
record types.
A record usually corresponds to a section of a
questionnaire.
For example, data items related to household roster would
form a household roaster record.
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Names in Dictionary
Names are required for the dictionary and its elements.
Names consist of upper case letters (A − Z), digits
(0 − 9), and embedded underlines ( ).
The ﬁrst character of a name must be a letter; the last
character cannot be an underline ( ).
Names cannot be duplicated within a dictionary.
Names can vary in length from 1 to 32 characters
The dictionary tree displays either the labels or names of
dictionary elements.
You can press Ctrl+T or View > Names in Trees at
any time to toggle between labels and names.
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Record Properties
Select the questionnaire to view a record’s properties
under the Dicts tab.
Label is a descriptive text which identiﬁes a record
Name is the name given to a record for use in the CSPro
language procedures. This should be unique for each
record
Type Value is a code that identiﬁes a record. This
should be unique for each record.
Required: is it mandatory that a questionnaire contains
this kind of record? (Yes/No)
For example, if data are to be collected from both
homeless people and those having home, then the housing
record is not required but the person record is required. 25 / 125

Record Properties . . .
On the other hand, if data are to be collected from
people having house, then both the housing record and
the person record will be required.
Max is the maximum number of times this type of record
can appear in any one questionnaire.
Consider designing a dictionary for a questionnaire having
housing and person records.
There should be only one occurrence of the housing
record.
The person record can have more than one occurrence,
and hence the Max value can be 2, or, 3, or, . . . , n.
The maximum number of occurrences that may be
speciﬁed for any record is 9,999. 26 / 125

Item Properties
An item is the most basic element of a questionnaire.
An item’s properties can be viewed by selecting the record
to which it belongs.
1. Label is a descriptive text that identiﬁes the item.
2. Name is the name given to an item for use in CSPro
language procedures.
3. Start indicates the starting position of the item within
the record.
4. Len refers to the number of characters necessary to
represent the values for the item.
5. Data Type indicates the type of data (numeric or
alphanumeric) in the item.
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Item Properties ...
6. Item Type indicates whether or not the item is part of
another item. If the item is part of another item, it is
considered a ”subitem”.
7. Occ is the number of times an item or a subitem will
repeat within the record.
For example, for the item ”Age at death” in a
household, there can be more than one occurrence.
8. Dec helps to specify how many digits of the numeric item
represent the decimal portion of the item.
9. Dec Char specifies whether the item should be stored in
the data file with an explicit decimal character.
This applies only to items or subitems with Dec≥ 1. For
example, the value 3.75 can be defined as:
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Item Properties ...
Length Dec Dec Char Appears as
3 2 No 375
4 2 Yes 3.75
10. Zero Fill states whether the numeric data item should
contain leading zeros or blanks.
For example, consider a numeric item with length 3. A
value 27 can be stored in a data ﬁle as:
Zero Fill Value appears as
Yes 027
No 27
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Sub-items
Sub-items allow items to be broken up into smaller pieces.
Consider a date item (DDMMYYYY)
Item Label Item Type Start Len
Date of birth Item 20 8
Let us redeﬁne into sub-items
Item Label Item Type Start Len
Date of birth Item 20 8
Day of birth Subitem 20 2
Month of birth Subitem 22 2
Year of birth Subitem 24 4
Identiﬁcation items cannot have sub-items.
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Value Sets Properties
Value sets let us specify one or more group of values for a
data item or subitem.
A value set’s properties can be viewed by selecting the
item to which it belongs.
1. Value Set Name is the name of an item for use in the
CSPro language procedures.
2. Value Label is a descriptive text for a collection of
categories of an item.
3. From indicates a starting value of a range associated
with the value label.
4. To refers to the upper limit of the range of values.
If only a single value is associated with the value label,
the To value may be blank. 31 / 125

Value Sets Properties ...
5. Special indicates one of the three special values missing,
notappl, default for a numeric data item.
6. Image. CSPro allows to associate an image in addition
to the response values for a ﬁeld.
To associate an image with a value, click on the ...
button at the end of the value row and then select the
image.
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Dictionary for a New File
Click on File > New.
In the Object window select
Other and then Data
Dictionary.
Provide a name for the new
dictionary.
Select the folder where the
dictionary (object) is to be
stored.
Press ”Next” to advance to the
Summary Screen.
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Data Dictionary Screen layout
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Exercise
Let us now use the questionnaire prepared by your
ministry to create a data dictionary.
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Dictionary Layout View
Press from the toolbar or select View > Layout to
display
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Adding & Modifying Dictionary Elements
To add a level, record, item, value set, or value to a
dictionary:
1. position the cursor in the location where you want to
add the dictionary element;
2. click on the toolbar, or Edit >”Add [element]”.
You can add from either the tree or view.
If you add to the wrong place, press the Esc key to stop
adding.
You can modify dictionary elements from either the tree
or view.
Right click on the element that you would like to modify
and select Modify [element] or Edit > Modify
[element].
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Linked Value Sets
In some cases, several items in a dictionary share the
same list of possible values.
For example, ”the country where someone lives” and ”the
country where that person was born”.
To create a value set link:
1. Create the value set for one of the items and then copy
the value set to the clipboard.
2. Go to the value set window for the item to which you
want to link the value set.
3. Right-click on the window and select ”Paste Value Set
Link”.
If the user modiﬁes entries for one item, the values for the
linked items are also modiﬁed.
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Converting Items to Sub-items
Select the items you want to convert to sub-items.
Click Edit > Convert to Subitems or right-click on the
item list in the view and select Convert to Subitems.
Enter information about the item that will include these
subitem(s).
To convert subitems back to items, delete the item.
When asked you wish to ”Delete subitems too?” answer
No.
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Data Dictionary Toolbar
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Data Dictionary Toolbar ...
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Introduction to Data Entry
The Data Entry module allows us to create, using a single
dictionary, one or more forms [screens] for data entry.
We can also incorporate logic in a program to check for
consistency between variables and to set up skip patterns.
After the forms are developed, use CSEntry to input the
data.
We may enter the data in the oﬃce or we might use
CAPI feature, in which the interviewer uses a laptop
tablet, or mobile device to enter responses as they occur.
In CSEntry, the + key on the numeric keypad is always
active as a ‘skip’ key.
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Data Entry Elements
A form is a collection of ﬁelds, text and/or rosters which
appears on the screen at the same time during data entry.
A roster is a grid that shows multiple occurrences of a
group at the same time.
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Data Entry Forms
Issues to Consider When Designing a Form
It is a good idea to make the data entry forms look just
like the questionnaire itself.
it is possible to mix items from different single records on
the same form.
We can mix ID items with items from single records on
the same form. We can split items from the same record
onto different forms.
We cannot mix items from different multiple records on
the same form.
We cannot mix items from different levels on the same
form
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Data Entry Forms
Creating the Data Entry Forms
CSPro can automatically generate data entry forms that
places all dictionary items onto forms.
One form will be created for each dictionary record.
To generate new data entry forms:
1. Select File > New and click on the Data Entry
Application option.
2. Click on OK and provide the ﬁle name.
3. Provide the Data File Name for the input dictionary.
4. either press Ctrl+G or, select Edit > Generate Forms.
Whenever we automatically generate data entry forms,
the following dialog box will appear.
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Data Entry Forms
Forms ...
Text Options select either the item’s
label or the item’s name.
Roster Options.
”Horizontal” - occurrences are the
rows and the ﬁelds are columns.
Don’t Roster - CSPro will make
forms that repeat.
Use Occurrence Labels in Roster -
the roster’s rows will use the
occurrence labels.
Require Enter Key on Entry?
determines whether the Enter key
must be pressed in data entry. 46 / 125

Data Entry Forms
Manually Creating Forms
Click on the toolbar to display a blank gray form on
the right hand side of the screen.
Make sure the items on the tree are expanded so you can
see them all.If any item has a + sign next to it,click on
the +sign.
Drag and drop the records from the tree to the top of the
form.
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Data Entry Forms
Adding a Form
There are three basic ways to add a new (blank) form.
1. Form Designer Tree tab— Right-click over any of the
tree entries (i.e., a Form File, Level, Form, or Item). and
then select the Add Form option.
2. Form Designer’s Menubar — Select Edit, then the
Add Form option.
3. The Form itself — Right-click anywhere over a form
and then select the ”Add Form” option.
A text to the form can be added by right-clicking on the
form and then selecting Add Text.
A box to the form can also be added by right-clicking on
the form and then selecting Add Boxes.
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Data Entry Forms
Field Properties
Persistent fields are ID fields that take the value from
the previous case in the data file as their default.
Sequential fields automatically increment at data entry
time. They are commonly used as occurrence-number
fields in multiple groups.
Protected fields are not keyed during data entry. They
are commonly used to display a value that is calculated
elsewhere.
Upper Case fields — all alphanumeric fields should be
upper case.
Mirror fields show the value of a previously-entered field
on the screen.A common use is to show the geographic
IDs on all screens. 49 / 125

Data Entry Forms
Data Entry Toolbar
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Data Entry Forms
Data Entry Toolbar . . .
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Data Entry Forms
File Types in Data Entry Application
The files created in data entry application have the
following extensions.
ENT: Data Entry application
ENT.APC: Logic
ENT.MGF: Message
ENT.QSF: Question
FMF: Forms
DCF: Data Dictionary
IDX: Data file index (binary format)
LST: Listing of data entry activity for each data file.
LOG: Operator statistics.
NOT: Notes for data.
STS: Status of data (partial save, verification)
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Data Entry Forms
Exercise.
Let us now create forms for the data dictionary we formed
earlier.
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Data Entry
Entering Data
After the forms are created we can run the application to
start entering data in CSEntry.
Press or press Ctrl+R, or select File > Run to
launch CSEntry.
Provide a name to the ﬁle, e.g., MUDH.dat.
CSPro will ask us to create the ﬁle. Click on Yes.
Enter any text e.g., A as an operator ID and click on OK.
CSPro is now ready to accept data.
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Data Entry
Entering Data ...
We will now type in the data for our first case
(questionnaire).
Type ”1” then Enter to fill in the Id item.
Type Addis Ababa in the Region/City Admin. field. The
cursor will move to the Sex field.
Type ”3” in theSex field. CSEntry will tell us this value is
out of range,because it is not in the value set for Sex we
created in the data dictionary.
With the OUT OF RANGE message still showing, type
”1”. The message will go away and the cursor will move
to the Education Level field.
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Data Entry
Entering Data ...
Continue typing in data.
We can move backward to the previous ﬁeld using
Shift+Tab, Left Arrow or Up Arrow.
We can move forward to the next ﬁeld using Enter, Tab,
Right Arrow or Down Arrow.
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Data Entry
Entering Data ...
We will now tell CSPro that we have ﬁnished entering
data.
1. Hold down the Ctrl key.
2. Press the slash key (/) on the numeric keypad.
Alternatively, select Navigation > End Group
Occurrence
CSEntry will ask us to accept the case.
We can select No and go back and make changes to the
data.
If we are satisﬁed that the data are correct, we press
Enter or select Yes.
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Data Entry
Entering Data ...
To stop adding cases:
Click on the stop button ( ) on the toolbar, or
Press ESc, or Ctrl+S, or Mode > Stop.
When these steps are completed, we will see the following
screen.
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Data Entry
Modify a Case
Data entry applications can be used to add new data to a
ﬁle and to modify existing data.
To modify existing data:
Click on the modify button ( ) on the toolbar, or press
Ctrl+M.
Press F12 to indicate that we have ﬁnished making
changes.
CSEntry will ask us to accept the case,like it did in the
previous step.
CSEntry will save our changes and exit from Modify
mode.
Close CSEntry by clicking on the X in the top right
corner,or selecting File >Exit from the main menu.
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Data Entry
Exercise.
Let us now enter data based on the forms we created earlier.
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Data Entry Editing
Structure Edits
Structure edits can be used to check coverage and to
establish that each case has the correct number and type
of records.
The structure edit tests ensure that the questionnaires are
complete before beginning the consistency edit.
In a Population and Housing census, the structure edits
will check that:
For all households within an EA, all required records are
present and are in the proper order.
Each EA batch has the correct geographic codes.
Each household has one and only one housing record.
There is one and only one qualiﬁed head of household,
etc..
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Data Entry Editing
Consistency Edits
Consistency edits examine the validity of each item and
the consistency of each item with respect to other related
items.
For example, the educational attainment of an individual
has some relationship with the person’s age.
It is not expected that a 9 − year − old child will have a
Bachelor degree.
Consistency checks should seek to resolve all errors which
might eventually lead to doubts about the quality of the
data.
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Data Entry Editing
Checking Errors
Errors can be checked at the time the data are entered.
We can also perform interactive editing after the data
have already been entered.
During data entry, the system automatically displays a
message if value for item is out-of-range.
However, we can write our own message (logic) for
missing or out-of-range values.
The logic is executed as the data is being keyed.
The same logic can be run against the data after they are
entered in either batch or interactive mode.
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CSPro Language
The CSPro language lets us write programming logic for
our Data Entry and Batch Edit applications.
In Data Entry applications we can write logic to control
and check the keying operation as it progresses.
In Batch Edit applications we can write logic to identify
and correct errors after data capture is complete.
CSPro logic consists of a collection of events deﬁned as
procedures.
A CSPro program includes a declaration section and one
or more procedural sections.
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The CSPro Program Structure
Declaration Section (PROC GLOBAL)
The declarations and definitions are defined in the global
procedure.
The global procedure always appears at the beginning of
the logic file and begins with the line PROC GLOBAL.
Procedural (PROC) Section
This section contains executable statements and
assignment statements that can be written before
(preproc) or after (postproc) an event.
A comment in CSPro code can be written by enclosing a
specific comment between braces { }.
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Procedural Sections
A procedure contains a series of statements.
Each statement is a complete instruction to the computer.
Executable Statements begin with a command and end
with a semicolon (;).
Example. skip to Q10;
Assignment Statements set a variable equal to the
value of an expression and do not contain commands.
Examples:
Age = 10;
Sex ratio = males / females;
Name = ”AAA”;
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Logics
Proc Statement
Format: PROC procedure-name
The PROC statement declares the beginning of the
procedures.
The procedure name must always be the name of an
object in the forms or edit tree.
Example. PROC AGE
To view the logic in a data entry application, press
icon, or select View >Logic, or press Ctrl+L.
Procedures that add logic to our application can be
created or modiﬁed on the Logic Window.
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Logics
Proc Statement ...
The logic view window is divided into two areas:
Top: Text editor, where we write the logic statements.
Bottom: Message tab.
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Logics
Create and Edit Logic
In a Data Entry application, we must make sure the
screen has Logic View on the right and the data entry
tree on the left.
We can click on the item for which we want to write logic.
Example. Let us write a message for the data entry clerk
if there are Married people under the age of 15.
We have to click on ”Marital Status” ﬁeld on the forms
tree to see PROC Marital Status
if Marital Status = 2 and AGE < 15 then
errmsg(”Too young to get married”);
endif;
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Logics
Create and Edit Logic ...
Example: Programming a skip. Write a skip code
after the marital status question to skip over age at ﬁrst
marriage if the person is never married.
Click on the ”Marital Status” ﬁeld on the forms tree.
PROC MARITAL STATUS
if MARITAL STATUS = 2 then
skip to Educational Level;
endif;
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Logics
Compile Logic
When CSPro compiles our logic, it checks the logic we
have written to see if there are any errors or warnings.
Error messages appear in the panel at the bottom of the
screen and a red dot appears to the left of the line that
contains the error.
Warning messages also appear in the panel at the bottom
of the screen and a yellow dot appears to the left of the
line that contains the warning.
To compile a logic, press on the toolbar or Select File
> Compile,or press Ctrl+K.
If there are errors, we cannot proceed until the errors are
corrected.
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Language Elements
Delimiters
Delimiters separate elements in the CSPro language.
Blank separates any language symbol.
Comma separates parameters within functions.
Quotation mark ” ” / ’ ’ specifies the beginning and
end of strings.
Semi-colon ; specifies the end of statements.
Colon: separates the beginning and end of substrings.
Parentheses ( ) specifies the beginning and end of
function parameters.
Brackets [ ] specifies substrings.
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Language Elements
Comments
Comments are used to explain the purpose of speciﬁc
statements or to temporarily disable statements to help
ﬁnd errors.
Any text enclosed by braces { } is a comment.
The text within the brackets will be green.
Any text following double slashes // until the end of the
line is also a comment.
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Language Elements
Variables and Constants
This Item ($)
The dollar sign is a short way of referring to a data item
if used within that data item’s procedure.
Example.
PROC SEX
if ($ = 3) {if SEX=3}
then skip to EXPERIENCE;
endif;
Subscripts
Subscripts are useful to indicate the speciﬁc occurrence
of an item.
Imagine that the SEX is an item in the multiple record
CHILD.
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Language Elements
Variables and ...
SEX(1) refers to the sex of the first child.
SEX(3) refers to the sex of the third child.
SEX(i) refers to the sex of the ith
child.
Numbers
Numbers may be any positive or negative integer or
decimal value.
Negative numbers have a leading minus (-) sign.
Numbers can have up to 15 significant digits.
Text Strings
Any set of characters enclosed between a pair of
quotation marks.
A text string ’a’ is different from a text string ’A’.
The maximum length of a text string is 250 characters.
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Language Elements
Expressions
An expression is a combination of operators and operands.
Operands can be constants, items, variables, functions,
or some combination thereof.
Operators can be arithmetic (+, −, ∗, /), relational
(=, <>, >, <, >=, <=) or logical (and, or, not).
There are three types of expressions: numeric, string, and
logical.
1. Numeric. The following are numeric expressions:
4
4 + 5
A + sqrt(B)
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Language Elements
Expressions ...
2. String. The following are string expressions:
answer=”Yes”;
concat(FIRST NAME, ” ”, LAST NAME);
3. Logical expressions evaluate to true (1) or false (0).
The following are logical conditions:
KIDS > 5
SEX = 2 and AGE > 15
Substring Expressions let us extract a part of a string.
Format: string variable [start:length]
Start gives the starting character position of the
substring within the string.
Length gives the number of characters to include in the
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Language Elements
Expressions ...
If length is not given, then it is assumed to be to the end
of the originating string.
A negative start leads to the basing of the substring
from the end of the string.
Example. Suppose the variable Jobcat has the value
”Professional”:
Jobcat[1] gives ”Professional”
Jobcat[3:1] gives ”o”
Jobcat[2:3] gives ”rof”
Jobcat[-2] gives ”al”
Jobcat[-4:2] gives ”on”
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Language Elements
Special Values
There are three special values in the CSPro language:
missing, notappl, and default.
1. Missing indicates that a data item was supposed to
have a response and no response was given.
2. Notappl indicates that a data item is blank.
Fields that are skipped during data entry are assigned
the value notappl.
3. Default indicates that a data item or variable has an
undeﬁned value.
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Language Elements
Arithmetic Operators
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Language Elements
Relational Operators
Equal to =
Not equal to <>
Less than <
Less than or equal to <=
Greater than >
Greater than or equal to >=
In range in
Has range has
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Language Elements
Logical Operators
Example.
if Age in 1:5 then
is the same as
if Age >= 1 and Age <= 5 then
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Language Elements
Operator Precedence
When operators of the same precedence are in an
expression, they are evaluated from left to right.
The order of precedence can be changed using
parentheses. Operators in parentheses are evaluated ﬁrst.
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Creating a Batch Edit Application
A batch edit application is used to clean data files.
To perform batch editing, we need a data dictionary.
Click on the toolbar, or select File > New to create a
new batch edit.
Select Batch Edit Application and press OK.
Enter the name of the application file and press Save.
Provide the name of the data dictionary and press OK.
Batch edit applications consist of the following files:
Batch Edit Application File (.bch) specifies all other files
contained in the application.
Edit Order File (.ord) specifies the order in which logic
in the application is executed.
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Batch Edit ...
Logic File (.apc) contains CSPro language statements
Message ﬁle (.mgf) contains text for messages displayed
on the output listing.
Batch Application Screen Layout:
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Run a Batch Edit Application
After codes have been written for a given edit level,
record, or item, a check mark will appear superimposed
on the icon for that entity.
Press on the toolbar, or select File > Run, or press
Ctrl+R to have:
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Batch Editing Toolbar
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Batch Editing Toolbar . . .
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File Types in Batch Edit Application
BCH: Batch Edit application
BCH.APC: Logic
BCH.MGF: Message
ORD: Edit Order
LST: Listing (errmsg function output)
FRQ: Impute frequencies (impute statement)
BCH.SVA: Saved arrays
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Exercise.
Let us now practice to write logics and test them using
artiﬁcial data.
Let us also create and run a batch edit application.
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Tabulation
Tabulation applications allow us to produce basic
frequency distributions and complex cross-tabulations
from one or more data ﬁles.
When we create our application, we can use an existing
data dictionary or we may create a new one.
We can produce most tables by way of the menu-driven,
point-and-click, drag-and-drop interface.
Data View Contents of a Table
Title: Top line of a table that describes its contents.
Subtitle: An optional informational title below the
(main) title.
Spanner: An informational text box spanning several
columns.
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Tabulation
Column Head: Text box describing the contents of a
column of data.
Stub Head: Text box describing the general contents of
the stubs (rows).
Stub: Text line describing the contents of a row of data.
Caption: Text lines distributed with Stub lines but which
do not have data associated with them.
Page Note: A text line that appears at the bottom of
each page of the table.
End Note: A text line that appears at the bottom of the
LAST page of a table.
Boxhead: This is the union of the Stub Heads, the
Spanners, and the Column Heads 92 / 125

To perform tabulations, we need a data file, and a data
dictionary to describe the file.
We can create the data dictionary as we create the new
Tabulation application.
Click on the toolbar, or select File > New to create a
new Tabulation Application.
Select Tabulation Application and press OK.
Provide the name of the application file and press Save
to get:
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Tabulation ...
Tabulation applications consist of the following files:
Tabulation Application file (.XTB) specifies all other
files contained in the application and includes other
application information.
Table Specifications file (.XTS) contains variable
names and other parameters which define the tables in
the application.
Data dictionary file (.DCF) contains the physical
format of the data file(s) to tabulate.
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Create a Table
To create a table:
Select the Dictionary [Dicts] tab.
Expand the tree until the item(s) you wish to use for row
or column variable(s) appears on the tree.
Drag the desired dictionary item and drop it in the table
window.
To delete a row/column variable, left-click on one of its
value names, then drag and drop it back on the
dictionary tree.
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Create a Table ...
Every table must have at least one row or column variable
speciﬁed.
Any given subtable can have a maximum of two row
variables and two column variables.
Tally Attributes for a Variable
This Dialog Box allows us to choose which additional
calculations should be displayed for a variable in a table.
We can display totals, percents and summary statistics
for each variable in the table.
Right-click on a stub or column header for the variable
whose attributes you wish to modify and choose ”Tally
Attributes (Variable Name)” to have:
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Create a Table ...
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Add, Insert, and Delete Tables
Add Table
Any table added to an existing set of tables will always
be placed after the last existing table.
To add a new table, press ( ) on the toolbar.
We can also add a table by right-clicking anywhere in a
table and selecting Add Table.
Alternatively, we can add a table from Edit > Add
Table.
Insert Table
We can insert a table before another table by
right-clicking anywhere in a table then selecting Insert
Table.
Alternately, we can insert a table by clicking , or Edit
> Insert Table. 98 / 125

Add, Insert ...
Edit
We can delete a table by right-clicking anywhere in the
table or on the table name in the table tree, then
selecting Delete Table.
Alternately, we can use the icon or select Edit >
Delete Table.
To move through the tables press the or buttons
on the toolbar.
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To run a tabulation application, press the Run Tabulation
button ( ) or press Ctrl+R.
The run will request the Input Data being tabulated.
If CSPro prompts you to save the changes, click on Yes.
When these steps are completed, the following type of
screen is displayed:
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Define a Universe for a Table
A universe is a filter, or a way of restricting the table to a
subset of the data records that meet a certain condition.
The definition of a universe is available from the Tally
Attributes for a Table dialog box.
We can type a universe condition statement, as CSPro
logic, in the Universe box.
We press OK when we have completed the universe
condition.
Example. Let us tabulate Educational level versus Sex =
”Female”.
Right-click anywhere on the table.
Select TallyAttributes (Table).
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Universe ...
In the section of the dialog box marked Universe, type
SEX=2.
Click on OK.
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Universe ...
Run the tabulation by clicking on the toolbar,or
pressing Ctrl+R.
When CSPro prompts you to save the changes,click on
Yes.
Select MUDH.dat as the data ﬁle to tabulate,as before.
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Save Table in Different Formats
A CSPro table can be saved in different formats using
File > Save Tables ...
CSPro Tables (.tbw) lets us save tables to be used
later by the CSPro Table Viewer.
Rich Text Format (.rtf) lets us save tables to be used
later by word processors.
HTML files (.htm) lets us save tables to be later
incorporated into Internet applications in table format.
Tab-delimited (.other) lets us save tables to be used
later by a spreadsheet.
We can also copy a table directly into a word processor or
spreadsheet using Edit > Copy.
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Exporting from CSPro
The Export Data tool is available on the Tools menu.
Select the dictionary file and then choose which items to
export from the left panel.
When we export data from more than one record we
should export multiple files – one for each record type.
Choose an export format (.txt, .csv).
We click run and select the data file (MUDH.dat).
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Exporting to SPSS
CSPro exports text files containing the data and syntax
files in SPSS .sps.
The syntax includes commands to read the data and
apply value and variable labels as appropriate.
Open SPSS and use File > Open > Syntax and then
select the file name.
A DATA LIST command with instructions for reading
the data file.
A VARIABLE LABELS command for labelling the
variables.
A VALUE LABELS command for picking up the relevant
labels from the value sets we created.
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Tabulation Toolbar
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Tabulation Toolbar . . .
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File Types in Tabulation Application
XTB: Tabulation Application
XTB.APC: Logic
XTB.MGF: Message
XTS: Tabulation specification
ANM: Area names
LST: Listing (errors in tabulation)
TBW: Output tables (for Table Viewer)
MPC: Map file (compressed)
MDF: Map Data file
TAB: Table Matrices File
TAI: Table Matrices Index File
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Exercise.
Let us now tabulate the data we inserted earlier.
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CAPI Features
In CAPI (Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing), the
interviewer uses a laptop, tablet, or mobile device to enter
responses as they occur.
CATI (computer assisted telephone interviewing) is similar
to CAPI, but interviews are conducted over the phone
instead of in person.
Question text is a customized text for each question to
be displayed at the top of the entry form.
Help text is a help hot-key (F2) to bring up customized
help.
Multiple languages can be used to write questions and
help text.
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CAPI Features ...
Response boxes are a pick-list of valid values for each
question.
Notes for ﬁeld-level can be added.
Support for partial save
Customized branching helps to determine which forms
or questions to present based on the user’s previous
responses.
Immediate editing
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CAPI Strategies
In CAPI fields, Use enter key is usually selected,
because otherwise the application will automatically
advance to the next field.
Question text can be customized using fills, or text
substitutions.
They are identified by name of the variable or item
surrounding by percent characters (%).
”How old was %FIRST NAME% on January 1?” can be
transformed into ”How old was Girma on January 1?”.
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A New CAPI Application
1. Open CSPro and select Create New Application.
2. Click on OK.
3. Click on CAPI Data Entry Application and then OK.
4. Provide the name of the application.
5. Provide the name of the dictionary.
6. Fill every information required in the dictionary.
7. Switch to the forms tab by clicking on the Forms button.
8. Select Edit > Generate Forms.
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CAPI Application ...
9. We will then create the CAPI questions.
Click on the Forms tab on the bottom of the screen.
Right click on the item in the forms tree and select
View CAPI Question to enter the question.
Customize question text by embedding variables or
dictionary items into the text and surrounding them with
percent characters (”%”).
For example, What is the %NAME%’s Sex?.
10. Click on to run the application.
11. Write the name of the application,e.g., CAPI.
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Create Helps for Fields
A CAPI application can have help information for each
question.
Use the F2 key to display a question’s help text during
entry.
1. Select View > CAPI Questions
2. Select an item from the tree on the left.
3. Switch from editing questions to editing helps by
pressing .
4. Enter help text into the editing window.
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Deﬁning Languages
A CAPI application can contain question text in multiple
languages.
The interviewer can switch among available languages as
needed.
1. From the CAPI Options menu, select Change CAPI
Languages.
2. We can add, remove, or modify our application’s CAPI
languages.
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Multiple Languages
Once our application has more than one language, a
toolbar will appear showing the names of the languages:
It is possible to specify our dictionary’s labels in more
than one language.
To do this, while editing our dictionary, select Edit >
Languages or press Ctrl+Alt+L.
Let us select Amharic (AMH).
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Multiple ....
In CSEntry, we can use Options > Change Language
or press Ctrl+L to switch between languages.
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Multiple Languages ...
The following functions are helpful in managing multiple
languages.
setlanguage dynamically modiﬁes the current language
being used.
Example.
PROC CAPI FF
preproc // set the language at the start of the program,
defaulting to Amharic
setlanguage(loadsetting(”ENG”, ”AMH”));
onchangelanguage provides control over actions to occur
after a user has changed the CAPI language.
Example.
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Multiple Languages ...
function OnChangeLanguage()
savesetting(”AMH”,getlanguage());
end;
getlanguage returns the current language being used.
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Android Data Entry
Overview
CSEntry is available as an Android application from the
Google Play store.
It runs on Android version 4.0 or higher.
In the Android environment, we will only be able to run
binary data entry applications (.pen files).
This .pen file, along with the .pff runtime script, are
needed to run thw application on an Android device.
Install CSPro from Play Store.
Transfer the application created on Windows to the
device.
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Android Data Entry
Steps to Transfer an Application
1. Create the .PFF ﬁle if it is not there.
Run the application on windows.
2. Create the .PEN ﬁle.
Click on File > Publish Entry Application (.pen)
Select Save.
3. Use a USB to connect and then set up the folder for
application within the CSEntry folder on the device.
4. Copy the .PFF and .PEN to the CSEntry folder on the
device.
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Android Data Entry
Running the Application
Tap on CSEntry to launch CAPI data entry.
Select the application to open.
Start adding new case by tapping on Start New Case
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Android Data Entry
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