This document discusses qualitative data analysis (QDA) procedures and types. It outlines the 5 main steps of QDA: 1) organize data, 2) identify a framework, 3) sort data into the framework, 4) use the framework for descriptive analysis, and 5) conduct second order analysis. It also describes common types of QDA like content analysis, narrative analysis, and discourse analysis. Finally, it lists some commonly used computer software for assisting with QDA tasks like coding, data storage, and reporting.

1. Data Analysis Procedure and
Types of Quality Data Analysis
Mohammad Aslam Shaiekh
Master of Public Health (MPH)

2. Contents
Introduction of qualitative data analysis.
Procedure of qualitative data analysis
Types of qualitative data analysis.
List of Computer software in qualitative
data analysis.
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3. QDA
 Qualitative Data Analysis?
 Qualitative Data Analysis(QDA)is the range of processes
and procedures whereby we move from the qualitative
data that have been collected into some form of
explanation, understanding, feelings, opinion, behavior,
perceptions, ideas or interpretation of the people and
situations we are investigating.
 QDA is usually based on an interpretative philosophy.
The idea is to examine the meaningful and symbolic
content of qualitative data
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4. Tools for helping the QDA process
 Summaries: Should contain the key points
that emerge from undertaking the specific
activity
 Self Memos: Allow you to make a record
of the ideas which occur to you about any
aspect of your research, as you think of
them
 Researcher Diary
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5. Noticing, Collecting andThinking
Model
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6. Procedures of QDA
 Step 1: Organize the data
 Step 2: Identify framework
 Step 3: Sort data in to framework
 Step 4: Use the framework for descriptive
analysis
 Step 5: Second order analysis
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7. Step 1: Organize the data
 Transcribe the data (you can use hyper
TRANSCRBE software)
 Translate the data (You can use language
translation software like SYSTRAN)
 Data cleaning
 Label the data
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8. Step 2: Identify framework
 Read, Read, Read...
 Identify a Framework – should be
Explanatory (explain) –Guided by the
research question
Exploratory (New identify) -Guided by the
data
 Framework will structure, label and define
data
 Framework=Coding plan
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9. Step 3: Sort data in to framework
 Code the data
 Modify the Framework
 Data entry if use computer packages
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10. Step 4: Use the framework for
descriptive analysis
 Descriptive analysis
Range of responses in categories
Identify recurrent themes
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11. Step 5: Second order analysis
 Identify recurrent themes
 Notice patterns in the data
 Identify respondent clusters
 Build sequence of events
 Search data to answer research questions
 Develop hypothesis and test
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12. Types of QDA
 Content analysis
 Narrative analysis
 Discourse analysis
 Framework analysis
 Grounded theory
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13. Content Analysis
 Content analysis is the procedure for the
categorization of verbal or behavioral data
for the purpose of classification,
summarization and tabulation
The content can be analyzed on two levels
Descriptive:What is the data?
Interpretative: what was meant by the data?
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14. Narrative analysis
 Narratives are transcribed experiences
 Every interview/observation has narrative
aspect-the researcher has to sort-out and
reflect up on theme/story, enhance them, and
present them in a revised shape to the reader
 The core activity in narrative analysis is to
reformulate stories presented by people in
different contexts and based on their different
experiences
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15. Discourse (Discussion) analysis
 A method of analyzing a naturally occurring talk (spoken
interaction) and all types of written texts
 Focus on ordinary people method of producing and making
sense of everyday social life: How language is used in everyday
situations?
 Sometimes people express themselves in a simple and
straightforward way
 Sometimes people express themselves vaguely and indirectly
 Analyst must refer to the context when interpreting the
message as the same phenomenon can be described in a
number of different ways depending on context
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16. Framework Analysis
 Familiarization:Transcribing & reading the data
 Identifying a thematic framework: Initial coding
framework which is developed both from a priori
issues and from emergent issues
 Coding: Using numerical or textual codes to identify
specific piece of data which correspond to different
themes
 Charting: Charts created using headings from
thematic framework (can be thematic or by case)
 Mapping and interpretation: Searching for patterns,
associations, concepts and explanations in the data
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17. Strategies for analyzing observations
 Chronology: describe what was observed
chronologically overtime, to tell the story from the
beginning to the end
 Key events: describing critical incidents or major
events, not necessarily in order of occurrence but in
order of importance
 Various settings: describe various places, sites, settings,
or locations in which events/behaviors of interest
happen
 People: describing individuals or groups involved in the
events
 Process: describing important processes (e.g. Control,
recruitment, decision-making, socialization,
communication)
 Issues: Illuminating key issues –how did participants
change
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18. Uses of computer software in QDA
 Transcribing data
 Writing/editing the data
 Storage of data
 Coding data (keywords or tags)
 Search and retrieval of data
 Data linking of related text
 Writing/editing memos about the data
 Display of selected reduced data
 Graphic mapping
 Preparing reports
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19. Common qualitative softwares
 Atlas ti 6.0 (www.atlasti.com)
 Hyper RESEARCH 2.8
(www.researchware.com )
 Max QDA (www.maxqda.com )
 The Ethnograph 5.08
 QSR N6 (www.qsrinternational.com )
 QSR Nvivo (www.qsrinternational.com )
 Weft QDA (www.pressure.to/qda )
 Open code 3.4 (www.8.umu.se )
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20. References:
 www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/qualdata.
php
 http://onlineqda.hud.ac.uk/Intro_QDA/what_
is_qda.php
 www.researchware.com/ht
 http://onlineqda.hud.ac.uk/Intro_QDA/how_
what_to_code.php
 http://onlineqda.hud.ac.uk/methodologies.ph
p
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21. Cont…
 http://writing.colostate.edu/guides/researc
h/content/pop2a.cfm
 http://faculty.chass.ncsu.edu/garson/PA765
/narrativ.htm
 http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/extract/3
37/aug07_3/a879
 http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/320/7
227/114
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