The document discusses an M2M (machine-to-machine) video scrambling scheme based on an extended Fibonacci sequence, aimed at improving encryption for video streams in various applications such as environmental protection and emergency logistics. It explains the encryption methods, including both symmetric and asymmetric encryption, and emphasizes the need for efficient key generation especially in networks with numerous cameras. The study includes simulations and experiments demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed encryption method, highlighting its benefits in maintaining video quality while ensuring security.

1. Scrambling M2M Motion Image with
Extended Fibonacci Sequence
By
Hong Xuan QIAN, Qing ZOU, Jun Steed HUANG
19920 Pacific Heights Boulevard, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
Suqian College, 399 South Huanghe Road, 223800, China
June 13-14, 2015
2015 International Conference on Computer Science and Communication Engineering, Suzhou

2. Number Matters.
Agenda
1.Introduction
2.Encryption Method
3.M2M Scrambling Scheme
4.Simulation and Experiments
5.Conclusion and Future Work
2015 International Conference on Computer Science and Communication Engineering

3. Number Matters.
1. Introduction
There are four different ways to explain what is M2M video
streaming:
Machine2Man (for security applications),
Man2Man (for commercial fast delivery services),
Man2Machine (for mining and oil industries) and
Machine2Machine (for environmental protections).
1. Analog video monitoring system is the first generation.
2. Digital Video Recorder is the second generation.
3. The third generation is based on Internet Protocol (IP).
The IP through WiFi, WiMax, WiGig, LiFi, LTE or Terahertz-wave.
Here we focus on the end-to-end encryption aspect of the latest
system.

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911 After Effects
In the law enforcement and homeland security, with third
generation solution, greater numbers of sensitive sites can be
monitored in less bandwidth than can be covered with conventional
video techniques. In the event of a major occurrence, small low-
bandwidth drop-off cameras provide the command post with real
time video of the event scene, through the machine-to-man remote
settings.
Knowing the exact situation is crucial for mining rescue authorities.
First responder mine worker can carry miniature video systems on-
site to provide data center server with all sensor readings for the
computer to summarize the CO density map, to allow decision-
makers to call action plans. This is the man-to-machine quick
sensor data gathering system.

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Cloud After Effects
The hand held cameras send real-time video back to the courier
center over existing radio channels, can be used for potential users
range from online fast delivery to just in time of rapid inventory
control and other emergency logistics situations. This is mainly for
man-to-man verification video communications.
Flood-prone streams and rivers can be monitored for rising water
levels with the machine-to-machine settings. The extreme portability,
low bandwidth and low power requirements of such live video
system supports rapid temporary deployment of video monitoring, for
example in late winter and early spring when ice jams can cause
water flows to reach dangerous levels with little or no warning.

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Mobile is Going Everywhere
The advanced digital wireless camera, overcomes the
disadvantages of the analogue one, and brings advantages of longer
distance reach, better penetration through obstacles, light weight,
easy set up, added encryption feature, flexible storage formats
(MPEG4/H265, MJPEG/JPEG or proprietary) and flexible
transportation formats (native or IP).
The typical M2M network configuration for wireless camera is shown
in Fig. 1. The first block is the video capture end, transmitter (Tx). It
transmits encrypted video to the receiver, and at the same time it
can also receive commands from the laptop, tablet or BlackBerry
through the cloud. The transmitter (on robot) can also transmit the
sensor data along with the scrambled video signal to mac book etc.

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Figure 1: Sample M2M Network Configuration
Tx Rx Apple
Black
Berry
CDMA/
GSM
M2M
Scra
mblin
g
400MHz

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Each Blocks
The receiver (Rx), relays bi-directional signal between transmitter and the
laptop. The interface between receiver and the laptop is USB interface. The
link between transmitter is a licensed 400MHz FHSS (Frequency Hopping
Spread Spectrum) radio. The third block can be a tablet, laptop or mac book.
The transmitter transmits the video signal from a remote site to the control
center (software installed on any machine). Control Center (CC) transmits
commands back to the remote camera site, such as turn on hazard flashing
light etc.
The next two blocks are CDMA (or GSM) network and handheld devices such
as BlackBerry or WinCE device. When BlackBerry is used, push server can
be set up to introduce more inter-activities between a handheld and a camera.
When Android phone is used, P2P protocol is preferred, this will simplify the
server construction.

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2. Encryption Scheme - Mathematics Background
When the network cloud is a private system, the existing encryption
might be sufficient; however when the network cloud includes public
network, a better encryption becomes necessary. Maintaining
several passwords across a number of wired and wireless networks
can be cumbersome. An end-to-end pass phrase and time stamp
based encryption in this case is highly desirable for most end users.
A Fibonacci number sequence is defined as the next number in the
sequence being made from the summation of previous two
numbers, if the very first two numbers are 1, then it is called original
Fibonacci sequence, if the very first two seeds are any numbers, we
call it Extended or Generalized Fibonacci sequence.

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Fibonacci Properties

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Shang Gao Theorem

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3.M2M Scrambling Scheme
There are two types of encryption, symmetrical or asymmetrical.
An asymmetric encryption has keys come in a pairs. One is for encryption, the other for
decryption.
The symmetrical method uses the same key to encrypt and to decrypt the message.
The encryption of video stream is historically called scrambling as well.
Since the same key is used, it is important to safe guard that key. The
recommended method for exchanging the key is through a secured
communication system,
where asymmetric encryption or quantum encryption shall be used.
In this paper we focus on generating the good symmetrical key.
Where the key matches with the motion JPEG, in the sense that the spectrum of
the key is white enough, once applied to the image frame, it will alter the
spectrum of the frame, and make it also white.

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Why not AES
For a small number of cameras or a single camera case, the key
generation is not that complicated, however for M2M network, the number
of cameras can be large, as such we use administrator pass phrase with
the time stamp that contains the camera identification to generate the key,
through the use of the Extended Fibonacci sequence [3]. This way the user
can type in the pass phrase that they feel comfortable with and that is easy
to memorize, and leave the worry about the quality of the key to the
transcendental number theory [4].
There are two main encryption algorithms on the market. They are DES
(Data Encryption Standard) and AES (Advanced Encryption Standard). We
are not using anyone of them due to the computation burden. The method
we used is SES (Swapping Encryption System) explained in reference [5],
in summary it is a convolution based scrambling algorithm, on top of the
interleaving based algorithm. The interleaving part has been explained
already in reference [6]. This paper is focusing on the convolution part [7].

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Productive rather than Additive
MJPEG based video compression has compressed the information so
hard that the resulted code word has a very strong pattern that is
vulnerable to attack. Either DES or AES shuffles the data a number of
rounds, which may make the pattern more obvious, while consume a lot
of energy.
This is fine for uncompressed or lightly compressed data, but not good
for heavily compressed data like Motion JPEG image. The problem is
very much like when you zip a zipped file, the file size will become even
larger. For such data, we just need a good white key to do few rounds, to
balance out the spectrum, as seen later on in simulation and
experiments.

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Detail Algorithm
Here is the pseudo code of the key generation algorithm.
1.Initialize the code
2.Get frame size and image size
3.Determine the encryption key size: root(frameSize/16)/(width mod (height))
4.Find the largest Fibonacci prime that is within root(frameSize) iterations as seed
Key(1)
5.Convert to vector format, as seed Key(2), and compute the spectrum
6.Obtain the user pass phrase
7.Obtain the video time stamp
8.Mix them with Extended Fibonacci formula:
Key(n) = Key(n-1)*passPhrase + Key(n-2)*timeStamp
9.Compute the spectrum and its standard deviation (std)
10.If std is small enough to white out the frame, stop, otherwise go back to step 8.

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4.Simulation and Experiments
We have done a number of trials with customers across the world.
The trial band runs from 300MHz all the way to 2.4GHz.
The distance range from 200 meters underground to 1000 meters for an
open pit area.
Three typical MJPEG files are captured from the field and simulated in
Matlab. They are
– 1. VGA Tx-Rx Color frame, 640x480 pixels size, 62515 bytes
frame size;
– 2. HD Rabbit frame, 1280x960 pixels size, 117745 bytes frame
size;
– 3. VGA Night vision frame, 640x480 pixels size, 16806 bytes
frame size. Following figures show the actual pictures and the
spectrum for each of them before and after the convolution with
the key.

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Figure 2: VGA Frame Head and its Spectrum with the Key

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Figure 3: HD Frame Tail and its Spectrum with the Key

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Figure 4: Night-Vision Middle Frame and its Spectrum with the Key

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5. Conclusion and future work
The main information we offered here is that the transcendental number in general
will provide very white base spectrum, that is needed to cover up the video
information. The best number we have found so far is e^pi.
As such, we mixed the two numbers to generate the Fibonacci like sequence, using
pass phrase as the current non-zero-able weight, and use the time stamp as the
previous zero-able weight. With this extended way, we inherit the white spectrum.
Back to the original story: the extended rabbit family now starts from more than two
rabbits, and when they grow their family numbers along the Fibonacci like way, there
is a chance that the twin babies are expected, also there is a chance that the bobcat
may eat some of their babies very unfortunately!
The example code is available from Matlab file exchange server:
http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/profile/authors/6205312-steed-huang
2015 International Conference on Computer Science and Communication Engineering

21. Number Matters.
Acknowledge
This research was financially supported by
GenieView subsidiaries and partners.
Thanks go to Prof. Yuhui Shi,
Helen Liu and
Mr. Guangqian Lu for discussions.
2015 International Conference on Computer Science and Communication Engineering, Suzhou