There are several types of crystal defects including point defects, line defects, surface defects, and volume defects. Point defects involve irregularities around a single atom and include vacancies, interstitials, and Frenkel and Schottky defects. Line defects are distortions along a line called dislocations including edge and screw dislocations. Surface defects occur on crystal surfaces and include grain boundaries, twin boundaries, and stacking faults. Volume defects involve larger clusters of missing atoms forming cracks, voids or non-crystalline inclusions. The presence of defects significantly impacts material properties like strength, ductility, and electrical conductivity.

1. CRYSTAL DEFECTS

2. CRYSTAL DEFECTS
* If atoms in the solid are not arranged in
a perfectly manner, it is called defects in crystals.
* The effect of imperfections or defects is
found to be very important in understanding the
properties of crystals.
* Because, the structure sensitive
properties like mechanical strength, ductility,
magnetic hysteresis, dielectric properties, electrical
and electronic properties are greatly affected by the
presence of defects.

3. The various types of structural defects in crystals are
classified as
1. Point defects or 0D defects
(a) Vacancies
(b) Interstitial defects
(c) Self-interstitial defects
(d) Schottky defects
(e) Frenkel defects
2. Line defects or 1D defects or dislocations
(a) Edge dislocations
(b) Screw dislocations
3. Surface defects or plane defects or 2D defects
(a) Grain boundaries
(b) Twin boundaries
(c) Tilt boundaries
(d) Stacking faults
4. Volume defects or 3D defects or bulk defects

4. POINT DEFECTS
Point Defects are the irregularities
or deviations from ideal arrangement around
a point or an atom in a crystalline substance.

5. VACANCY DEFECT

6. INTERSTITIAL DEFECT

7. SCHOTTKY DEFECT

8. FRENKEL DEFECT

9. SUBSTITUTIONAL DEFECT

10. Application of point defects
1. If there is any point defect
introduced by adding some impurities can
improve the hardness of the materials.
2. Similarly, ductility of the
material also improved by creating point
defects.
3. Bearing properties of copper can
be increased.

11. LINE DEFECTS OR DISLOCATIONS OR 1D
DEFECTS
The defects which take place due to dislocations or
distortion of atoms along a line in some direction
is called line defect.

12. EDGE DISLOCATION

13. SCREW DISLOCATION

15. SURFACE DEFECTS OR PLANE DEFECTS OR 2D
DEFECTS
The defects which take place on
the surface of a material are known as surface defects
or plane defects.
These defects are takes place due
to imperfect packing of atoms during crystallization
or defective orientation of the surface.

16. GRAIN BOUNDARIES

17. TWIN BOUNDARIES

18. TILT BOUNDARIES

19. STACKING FAULTS

20. VOLUME DEFECTS
Volume defects such as cracks may arise
when there are only small electrostatic imperfections
between the stacking sequences of close packed
planes in metals.
Whenever a cluster of atoms are missing
large vacancies or voids is produced also volume
defect.
Foreign particle inclusions, not
crystalline regions existed inside the crystals with
dimension of 2nm are also called volume
imperfections.

21. VOLUME DEFECTS

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