Integration of Cryogenic Treatment and Cryogenic Cooling with EDM process results in a newer process called as the Cryogenically Assisted Electric Discharge Machining (CEDM) process. It is one of very recent developments for the enhancement of process capabilities of EDM. In this technique, either the tool or the workpiece, or tool and workpiece both, may be, cryogenically treated down to sub zero temperatures or the EDM tool is cryogenically cooled with an objective to modify their properties. The modifications in properties result in the reduction of tool wear rate (TWR) and surface roughness (SR) and to increase material removal rate (MRR). An experimental set up for both the variants of CEDM has been discussed in the presented paper
Reducing And Analysizing of Flow Accelerated Corrosion at Thermal Power Plant...IJERA Editor
The document summarizes a study analyzing and reducing flow accelerated corrosion in heat recovery steam generators at thermal power plants. The study was conducted at a 16-year-old combined cycle power plant in Turkey between 2011-2015. Samples of corroded carbon steel pipes were analyzed using ultrasonic thickness measurement. Formulas were used to calculate critical thickness, time to failure, and thickness as a function of time. The results found the estimated time to failure of a 2-inch pipe to be 50.57 annual power years based on the plant's operating pressure and stresses on the pipe material. This provides a method to predict failure and minimize corrosion impacts at similar power plants.
Effect of chromium powder mixed dielectric on performance characteristic of a...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In this paper, the effect of chromium powder mixed dielectric fluid on machining characteristics of AISI D2 die steel has been studied. Peak current, pulse on time, pulse off time, concentration of powder are the process parameters. The process performance is measured in terms of material removal rate (MRR), tool wear rate (TWR) and surface roughness (SR). The research outcome will identify the important process parameters that maximize MRR, minimize TWR and SR. The design of experiment has been undertaken using Taguchi method. ANOVA analysis has been used to investigate the percentage contribution of each process parameter for optimizing the performance. The study indicates that all the selected parameters except pulse off time have a significant effect on MRR. Current is found to be the most significant factor for MRR and TWR. With increase in current, TWR increases. Also, surface roughness increases with increase in pulse off time.
Keywords: PMEDM, Material removal rate, Tool wear rate, Surface roughness, Taguchi method
Effect of configuration on lateral displacement and cost of the structure for...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The choice of a cost effective lateral-force-resisting system for high-rise structures is challenging. There is no streamlined methodology to quantitatively compare the cost-effectiveness of each system beyond the more qualitative perception based evaluation of advantages or disadvantages. Developers currently base their decisions on architectural layout and structural integrity. Cost considerations are often primarily based on experience.
This decision making process has three primary shortfalls.
1) It may not incorporate factors which greatly affect the economy of a particular framing system.
2) It may not allow engineers to carryout designs at the least cost.
3) Comparison of framing systems may not address the specific building types.
This investigation proposes a prototype cost-effective model for selecting either a skeleton framing system or skeleton frame with bracing system for steel structural frames. A model for selecting cost-effective skeleton framing system or skeleton frame with bracing system will be a valuable tool for all decision makers. Engineers, in particular, will be able to select optimal steel framing faster, thus reducing design time and iterations. Furthermore, selection of economic framing system will also result in direct cost savings for steel structural frames.
The study involves the design and cost estimation of steel frames representing skeleton framing system and skeleton frame with bracingsystem. The cost effectiveness of the framing systems are compared based on lateral displacement requirements and cost.The preferred framing system should meet lateral displacement requirements and is lower in cost. The results of this pilot study showed that the Skelton framing system with bracing is the cost-effective choice for 30storeys steel space frames at wind speeds of 55m/sec, 50m/sec and 47m/sec.
Keywords: Bracings, SFS (Skeleton framing system), SFWB (Skeleton frame with bracing system) etc…
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Design parameters to obtain al2 o3 nanofluid to enhance heat transfereSAT Journals
Abstract The study of nanostructures gained more and more ground in the past years due to the acceptable electrical conductivity, mechanical flexibility and low cost manufacturing potential (mixing, mechanical stirring, ultrasonication, vacuum chambers).The process of obtaining nanofluids with 0.1%, 0.5% and 1% concentration of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) was studied by mechanical stirring (in the reactor station - static process equipment fitted with a stirring device in order to obtain solutions, emulsions, to make or to activate chemical reactions and physic-chemical operations and to increase the heat exchange), vibrations and magnetic stirring. The selected nanoparticles have an average size of 10 nm and were dispersed in base fluids consisting of distilled water and low concentration of glycerin (5.4%, respectively 13%). The samples extracted during the process were analyzed with the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM – modern alternative to analyze the complex liquids from water and copolymers to blood and DNA and the dynamic viscoelasticity of fluids can be determined), in terms of homogenization and stability (behavior in time). Also, a heat transfer study with the reactor station and a comparison between the heat transfer of the carrier fluid (consisting of water and 5.4% glycerin) and the heat transfer of the antifreeze used in solar panels installations was conducted. This study showed a decrease of the time consumed with heating the nanofluids and an improvement of the heat transfer due to the nanoparticles of Al2O3. Index Terms: nanopowder, mechanical stirring, cluster, QCM, stability, sedimentation
Analysis and Improvement of Distortion of Lathe Machine Main SpindleIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the distortion of lathe machine main spindles and proposes improvements through a sub-zero heat treatment process. It begins by describing how lathe spindles made of En353 steel undergo distortion from high stresses during conventional heat treatment. The document then details the conventional heat treatment process and proposes applying a sub-zero treatment instead. Samples are tested with microstructures analyzed and hardness measured. Results show the sub-zero treated sample has lower retained austenite, higher hardness, and improved dimensional stability compared to conventional treatment. The document concludes the sub-zero treatment is an effective way to reduce distortion in lathe machine main spindles.
Machinability evaluation of cryogenically tempered die steel in electric disc...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
Reducing And Analysizing of Flow Accelerated Corrosion at Thermal Power Plant...IJERA Editor
The document summarizes a study analyzing and reducing flow accelerated corrosion in heat recovery steam generators at thermal power plants. The study was conducted at a 16-year-old combined cycle power plant in Turkey between 2011-2015. Samples of corroded carbon steel pipes were analyzed using ultrasonic thickness measurement. Formulas were used to calculate critical thickness, time to failure, and thickness as a function of time. The results found the estimated time to failure of a 2-inch pipe to be 50.57 annual power years based on the plant's operating pressure and stresses on the pipe material. This provides a method to predict failure and minimize corrosion impacts at similar power plants.
Effect of chromium powder mixed dielectric on performance characteristic of a...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In this paper, the effect of chromium powder mixed dielectric fluid on machining characteristics of AISI D2 die steel has been studied. Peak current, pulse on time, pulse off time, concentration of powder are the process parameters. The process performance is measured in terms of material removal rate (MRR), tool wear rate (TWR) and surface roughness (SR). The research outcome will identify the important process parameters that maximize MRR, minimize TWR and SR. The design of experiment has been undertaken using Taguchi method. ANOVA analysis has been used to investigate the percentage contribution of each process parameter for optimizing the performance. The study indicates that all the selected parameters except pulse off time have a significant effect on MRR. Current is found to be the most significant factor for MRR and TWR. With increase in current, TWR increases. Also, surface roughness increases with increase in pulse off time.
Keywords: PMEDM, Material removal rate, Tool wear rate, Surface roughness, Taguchi method
Effect of configuration on lateral displacement and cost of the structure for...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The choice of a cost effective lateral-force-resisting system for high-rise structures is challenging. There is no streamlined methodology to quantitatively compare the cost-effectiveness of each system beyond the more qualitative perception based evaluation of advantages or disadvantages. Developers currently base their decisions on architectural layout and structural integrity. Cost considerations are often primarily based on experience.
This decision making process has three primary shortfalls.
1) It may not incorporate factors which greatly affect the economy of a particular framing system.
2) It may not allow engineers to carryout designs at the least cost.
3) Comparison of framing systems may not address the specific building types.
This investigation proposes a prototype cost-effective model for selecting either a skeleton framing system or skeleton frame with bracing system for steel structural frames. A model for selecting cost-effective skeleton framing system or skeleton frame with bracing system will be a valuable tool for all decision makers. Engineers, in particular, will be able to select optimal steel framing faster, thus reducing design time and iterations. Furthermore, selection of economic framing system will also result in direct cost savings for steel structural frames.
The study involves the design and cost estimation of steel frames representing skeleton framing system and skeleton frame with bracingsystem. The cost effectiveness of the framing systems are compared based on lateral displacement requirements and cost.The preferred framing system should meet lateral displacement requirements and is lower in cost. The results of this pilot study showed that the Skelton framing system with bracing is the cost-effective choice for 30storeys steel space frames at wind speeds of 55m/sec, 50m/sec and 47m/sec.
Keywords: Bracings, SFS (Skeleton framing system), SFWB (Skeleton frame with bracing system) etc…
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Design parameters to obtain al2 o3 nanofluid to enhance heat transfereSAT Journals
Abstract The study of nanostructures gained more and more ground in the past years due to the acceptable electrical conductivity, mechanical flexibility and low cost manufacturing potential (mixing, mechanical stirring, ultrasonication, vacuum chambers).The process of obtaining nanofluids with 0.1%, 0.5% and 1% concentration of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) was studied by mechanical stirring (in the reactor station - static process equipment fitted with a stirring device in order to obtain solutions, emulsions, to make or to activate chemical reactions and physic-chemical operations and to increase the heat exchange), vibrations and magnetic stirring. The selected nanoparticles have an average size of 10 nm and were dispersed in base fluids consisting of distilled water and low concentration of glycerin (5.4%, respectively 13%). The samples extracted during the process were analyzed with the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM – modern alternative to analyze the complex liquids from water and copolymers to blood and DNA and the dynamic viscoelasticity of fluids can be determined), in terms of homogenization and stability (behavior in time). Also, a heat transfer study with the reactor station and a comparison between the heat transfer of the carrier fluid (consisting of water and 5.4% glycerin) and the heat transfer of the antifreeze used in solar panels installations was conducted. This study showed a decrease of the time consumed with heating the nanofluids and an improvement of the heat transfer due to the nanoparticles of Al2O3. Index Terms: nanopowder, mechanical stirring, cluster, QCM, stability, sedimentation
Analysis and Improvement of Distortion of Lathe Machine Main SpindleIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the distortion of lathe machine main spindles and proposes improvements through a sub-zero heat treatment process. It begins by describing how lathe spindles made of En353 steel undergo distortion from high stresses during conventional heat treatment. The document then details the conventional heat treatment process and proposes applying a sub-zero treatment instead. Samples are tested with microstructures analyzed and hardness measured. Results show the sub-zero treated sample has lower retained austenite, higher hardness, and improved dimensional stability compared to conventional treatment. The document concludes the sub-zero treatment is an effective way to reduce distortion in lathe machine main spindles.
Machinability evaluation of cryogenically tempered die steel in electric disc...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the heat transfer characteristics of an induction furnace using finite element analysis. It begins with an introduction to induction heating processes and describes the basic components of an induction furnace. The researchers aim to computationally validate the modified composite wall thickness of an induction furnace using heat transfer analysis. The document reviews several other studies on induction heating simulations and experimental validations. It then outlines the thermal modeling approach using the heat diffusion equation and describes the boundary conditions for the finite element analysis.
Magnetic FLux Control in Induction Systems - Fluxtrol Heat Processing Paper Fluxtrol Inc.
By Dr. Valentin Nemkov - Fluxtrol Inc.
Magnetic flux controllers are widely used in induction heating systems for concentration, shielding or redistribution of
the magnetic field which generates power in the part to be heated. Controllers, made of Soft Magnetic Composites
(SMC), provide accurate heat pattern control, improve parameters of inductors and performance of the entire installation.
In melting systems, especially in the case of vacuum furnaces, cold crucible and other specialty furnaces, the magnetic
control can provide large energy savings, magnetic field shielding, shorter melting cycles and optimized field distribution
for enhancement of the metallurgical processes. Due to the diversity of applications, service conditions of controllers
are very different including very severe cases. Mechanical, magnetic, electrical, thermal and other properties must be
considered in design and application of SMC. This article describes properties and performance of SMC typically used
in induction heating technology. Several presented case stories are based on more than 20 years of R&D and practical
experience of scientists and practitioners at Fluxtrol, Inc. Presented material may be interesting not only for induction
heating community but also for all people using AC magnetic fields in technological processes.
Performance Evaluation of Thermoelectric Materials: A Case Study of Orthorhom...inventionjournals
Designers often face the predicament of non-standardized and poor performing materials for thermoelectric module manufacturing. Other than analytical means, the only method to evaluate the performance of thermoelectric materials would be through experimental means. This work studies the experimental approach employed in performance investigation of thermoelectric materials using Orthorhombic SnSe crystals as a case study. The result obtained reveals the high thermoelectric conversion efficiency of orthorhombic crystals, and that they can operate as both low and high temperature thermoelectric material.
STUDY ON PREDICTION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LARGE RING-SHAPED FORGING DEP...IAEME Publication
Large ring-shaped forgings manufactured by ring rolling, as heavy as 10 tons, are greatly affected by cooling. In the present study, controlled cooling was performed to improve the mechanical properties of large ring-shaped forgings. To quantify cooling rate, thermocouples were used to measure the cooling rate and the microstructures of the products were observed during still air cooling, fan cooling, mist control cooling, and water quenching. The temperature distribution measured in the four cooling methods was used to calculate the heat transfer coefficient in each cooling method by the inverse method. The mechanical properties were tested with specimens obtained from the test block for each cooling method, and continuous cooling transformation (CCT) curves were obtained by using measured microstructure contents. The mechanical properties of the regions corresponding to the regions of the specimens were calculated on the basis of the CCT curves and the heat transfer coefficients. The experimental values and the analytical values of the strength of the products manufactured by each cooling method were compared to verify that the mechanical properties at each region of the products depending on the cooling methods may be predicted
IRJET- Development of a New Solid Insulation paper with the use of Phenol For...IRJET Journal
This document describes research on developing a new solid insulation paper for oil-immersed transformers using phenol formaldehyde resin. Samples of kraft paper were prepared with one-side layering and double-side layering of phenol formaldehyde resin. Testing showed the electric strength of the paper improved in oil, with the double-sided sample performing best with a dielectric strength of 70.3 kV/mm in oil. The research demonstrated layering phenol formaldehyde resin on kraft paper enhances the insulation properties of the paper, particularly for use in oil-immersed transformers.
Hot Hydroforging of Lightweight Bilateral Gears and Hollow ProductsFluxtrol Inc.
Feasibility of making lightweight powertrain products with hot hydroforging of steel/low density material hybrid billets is explored. A bimaterial billet is designed such that a steel wall encloses a low density core 100%. Furthermore the low density core is selected among the materials that have lower melting or softening temperature than steel such as aluminum and glass. In hot hydroforging the bimaterial billet is heated to 1000-1200 C range similar to the conventional hot forging of steel. However, in hot hydroforging the core is in liquid or viscous state while steel shell is in solid state similar to the conventional hydroforming. During hot hydroforging the viscous/liquid core has negligible resistance to flow thereby providing a uniform hydrostatic pressure inside the steel and enabling a uniform deformation of the solid steel wall.
Optimization of Process Parameters of Direct Evaporative Cooling using Khus M...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research that used the Taguchi method to optimize the operating parameters of a direct evaporative cooling system that uses Khus (Vetiver) as the cooling pad material. The researchers investigated two parameters - air velocity and water flow rate. They conducted experiments using an L9 orthogonal array with three levels for each parameter. The response analyzed was the relative humidity achieved. Their results found that an air velocity of 1.0 m/s and water flow of 3.32 ×10-5 m3/min provided the optimal humidity of 69.8% for the Khus cooling pad material. The document also reviewed previous literature on experimental and theoretical performance analyses of different evaporative cooling pad materials and configurations.
Evaluation Performance ofan Annular Composite Fin by UsingMATLAB ProgrammingIJERA Editor
The aim of this project is analysis the efficiency ratio in an annular fin by the variation of heat transfer coefficient for any surface condition by using MATLAB software to calculate the base fin efficiency and the coated fin efficiency by the variation of heat transfer coefficient, radius ratio and base fin thickness of an annular fin and compare the coating fin efficiency to base fin efficiency. If the heat transfer coefficient is 50W/m2K the increase efficiency ratio is 10.46 – 28.02% for zinc coating fin from the literature but the MATLAB result is 9.3 - 25.54% , the gain efficiency ratio at thicker base fin (d=0.001m) is 11.72%, at the thinner base fin (d=0.0002m) is 33.57% from the literature but the MATLAB result is 7.45% (d=0.001m) and 32.14% (d=0.0002m) for zinc coating fin and the gain efficiency ratio at thicker base fin (d=0.001m) is 11.92%, at the thinner base fin (d=0.0002m) is 33.61% from the literature but the MATLAB result is 7.51% (d=0.001m) and 32.16% (d=0.0002m) for zinc alloy coating fin.
IRJET- Thermal Analysis and Optimisation of Ceramic Heating Pads for Small Tu...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the thermal analysis and optimization of ceramic heating pads used for stress relieving small tubes. Ceramic heating pads contain nickel-chrome wire and ceramic beads for producing heat up to 1000°C. When used on small tubes, the flat ceramic beads do not allow for complete wrapping. Changing the beads to a curved shape allows for uniform heat transfer and easier wrapping on tubes as small as 30-100mm in diameter. Thermal analysis shows the curved beads can produce temperatures of 1200°C internally and 950°C externally, achieving the required stress relieving temperatures in a more efficient manner.
Optimization Potential of Induction Heating Systems by Stefan Schubotz and Ha...Fluxtrol Inc.
As published in Heat Processing (March 2015).
Depending on workpiece and process parameters, induction heating of components requires a certain amount of power. By simulation, experiments and experience, this needed energy can be well anticipated and enables the dimensioning of the converter. Basically, cost of the converter increases with rising provided power. Due to increasing energy expenses, efficiency of the system plays an important role. In this article, the influences of different process parameters on the efficiency of an example are investigated and valuable potential for improvement is demonstrated, so that the heating process is implemented with minimum converter power.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a computational study on using finned heat pipes to cool photovoltaic (PV) solar panels. The study uses computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to model heat transfer from a solar panel through a heat pipe with attached fins. The CFD analysis shows that attaching fins to a heat pipe can reduce the temperature of a solar panel by up to 20°C compared to no cooling. This temperature reduction can increase the panel's efficiency and power output. The study aims to develop a passive cooling system for PV panels using a low-cost finned heat pipe design.
Chapter 7: Fluxtrol Induction Heating Case Studies and Success StoriesFluxtrol Inc.
The document describes several case studies where Fluxtrol helped optimize induction heating processes by developing new induction coil designs and magnetic flux concentrator profiles. In each case, computer simulations identified issues with existing processes, and new coil designs with customized Fluxtrol concentrators achieved more uniform heating and resolved production problems. The optimized solutions improved part quality, increased production rates, and extended coil lifetimes.
- The document discusses the use of finite element analysis to model thermal barrier coatings on diesel engine pistons. Thermal barrier coatings can increase piston performance by reducing surface temperatures.
- The analysis compared coated pistons made of AlSi alloy and steel. It found that coating both materials reduced maximum surface temperatures, by 28% for AlSi and 17% for steel.
- Finite element modeling is useful for virtually prototyping thermal barrier coating systems and analyzing how coating thickness, material properties, stresses, and boundary conditions impact temperature distribution.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Characterization of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastics for Induction Proc...Fluxtrol Inc.
Characteristics of Induction heating Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic (CFRT):
-Electrical Resistivity Determination of two specific CFRT’s
-Direction-specific by four-point method
-Equivalent resistivity by impedance method
-Thermal behavior of the studied materials
-Electromagnetic computer simulation of induction heating a lap joint.
-Different coil designs examined
-Current flow with resistivity differences examined
Design and Fabrication of Inductors for Induction Heat TreatingFluxtrol Inc.
FOR INDUCTION MELTING AND MASS HEATING, the early induction heating coils
were manufactured from copper tubing wrapped in multiple turns around a mandrel. The first induction heat treating coils were developed for
crankshaft hardening in the 1930s (Fig. 1, 2) (Ref 1–4). Unlike the melting and mass heating
coils, the heat treating induction coils were machined. These inductors consisted of two
parts with a hinge on one side that would open and shut around the crankshaft journal. Quench holes were drilled on the inner diameter of the induction coil to deliver quench to the part afterheating. This pioneering development was the culmination of many years of hard work by a large team and clearly demonstrated the different requirements for induction heat treating as compared to melting and mass heating.
Copyright 2014, ASM International, www.asminternational.org. This article was published in ASM Handbook, Volume 4C: Induction Heating and Heat Treatment and is made available as an electronic reprint with the permission of ASM International. One print or electronic copy may be made for personal use only. Systematic or multiple reproduction, distribution to multiple locations via electronic or other means, duplications of any material in this article for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of this article is prohibited.
Copyright 2014, ASM International, www.asminternational.org. This article was published in ASM Handbook, Volume 4C: Induction Heating and Heat Treatment and is made available as an electronic reprint with the permission of ASM International. One print or electronic copy may be made for personal use only. Systematic or multiple reproduction, distribution to multiple locations via electronic or other means, duplications of any material in this article for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of this article is prohibited.
Historique et trajectoire de développement de la coopérative Tamounte d’huile...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/in-action/quality-and-origin-program/en
Historique et trajectoire de développement de la coopérative Tamounte d’huile d’Argan: (french)
Este documento presenta un mapa conceptual sobre la gerencia y el ciclo de vida de los proyectos. Explica que el rol principal de un profesional en proyectos es el desarrollo de proyectos basados en una excelente gestión. Se necesitan elementos como planificación, ejecución, seguimiento y control para garantizar el ciclo de vida completo de un proyecto. Los principales responsables de establecer adecuadamente el ciclo de vida son el gerente de proyectos y el equipo de gestión.
Annotation Systems & Implementation Issues - Suzanna LewisEMBL-ABR
This document discusses genome annotation using the Apollo annotation editor. It provides instructions for logging into Apollo servers using assigned usernames and passwords. It demonstrates Apollo's features for editing gene models, such as changing coordinates, folding introns, and altering sequences to indicate substitutions, insertions, deletions, or impacts. Ontological descriptions are shown for representing genotypes and genomic variants.
NowRx is proposing an on-demand pharmacy delivery service that delivers prescriptions to customers within one hour. Their business model involves central dispensing locations and delivery drivers instead of retail stores. Customers can have their prescriptions delivered to their home or work for free same-day delivery or $5 for one-hour delivery. NowRx aims to expand to multiple cities over 5 years and believes this model can capture 18% of the $40 billion retail pharmacy market.
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the heat transfer characteristics of an induction furnace using finite element analysis. It begins with an introduction to induction heating processes and describes the basic components of an induction furnace. The researchers aim to computationally validate the modified composite wall thickness of an induction furnace using heat transfer analysis. The document reviews several other studies on induction heating simulations and experimental validations. It then outlines the thermal modeling approach using the heat diffusion equation and describes the boundary conditions for the finite element analysis.
Magnetic FLux Control in Induction Systems - Fluxtrol Heat Processing Paper Fluxtrol Inc.
By Dr. Valentin Nemkov - Fluxtrol Inc.
Magnetic flux controllers are widely used in induction heating systems for concentration, shielding or redistribution of
the magnetic field which generates power in the part to be heated. Controllers, made of Soft Magnetic Composites
(SMC), provide accurate heat pattern control, improve parameters of inductors and performance of the entire installation.
In melting systems, especially in the case of vacuum furnaces, cold crucible and other specialty furnaces, the magnetic
control can provide large energy savings, magnetic field shielding, shorter melting cycles and optimized field distribution
for enhancement of the metallurgical processes. Due to the diversity of applications, service conditions of controllers
are very different including very severe cases. Mechanical, magnetic, electrical, thermal and other properties must be
considered in design and application of SMC. This article describes properties and performance of SMC typically used
in induction heating technology. Several presented case stories are based on more than 20 years of R&D and practical
experience of scientists and practitioners at Fluxtrol, Inc. Presented material may be interesting not only for induction
heating community but also for all people using AC magnetic fields in technological processes.
Performance Evaluation of Thermoelectric Materials: A Case Study of Orthorhom...inventionjournals
Designers often face the predicament of non-standardized and poor performing materials for thermoelectric module manufacturing. Other than analytical means, the only method to evaluate the performance of thermoelectric materials would be through experimental means. This work studies the experimental approach employed in performance investigation of thermoelectric materials using Orthorhombic SnSe crystals as a case study. The result obtained reveals the high thermoelectric conversion efficiency of orthorhombic crystals, and that they can operate as both low and high temperature thermoelectric material.
STUDY ON PREDICTION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LARGE RING-SHAPED FORGING DEP...IAEME Publication
Large ring-shaped forgings manufactured by ring rolling, as heavy as 10 tons, are greatly affected by cooling. In the present study, controlled cooling was performed to improve the mechanical properties of large ring-shaped forgings. To quantify cooling rate, thermocouples were used to measure the cooling rate and the microstructures of the products were observed during still air cooling, fan cooling, mist control cooling, and water quenching. The temperature distribution measured in the four cooling methods was used to calculate the heat transfer coefficient in each cooling method by the inverse method. The mechanical properties were tested with specimens obtained from the test block for each cooling method, and continuous cooling transformation (CCT) curves were obtained by using measured microstructure contents. The mechanical properties of the regions corresponding to the regions of the specimens were calculated on the basis of the CCT curves and the heat transfer coefficients. The experimental values and the analytical values of the strength of the products manufactured by each cooling method were compared to verify that the mechanical properties at each region of the products depending on the cooling methods may be predicted
IRJET- Development of a New Solid Insulation paper with the use of Phenol For...IRJET Journal
This document describes research on developing a new solid insulation paper for oil-immersed transformers using phenol formaldehyde resin. Samples of kraft paper were prepared with one-side layering and double-side layering of phenol formaldehyde resin. Testing showed the electric strength of the paper improved in oil, with the double-sided sample performing best with a dielectric strength of 70.3 kV/mm in oil. The research demonstrated layering phenol formaldehyde resin on kraft paper enhances the insulation properties of the paper, particularly for use in oil-immersed transformers.
Hot Hydroforging of Lightweight Bilateral Gears and Hollow ProductsFluxtrol Inc.
Feasibility of making lightweight powertrain products with hot hydroforging of steel/low density material hybrid billets is explored. A bimaterial billet is designed such that a steel wall encloses a low density core 100%. Furthermore the low density core is selected among the materials that have lower melting or softening temperature than steel such as aluminum and glass. In hot hydroforging the bimaterial billet is heated to 1000-1200 C range similar to the conventional hot forging of steel. However, in hot hydroforging the core is in liquid or viscous state while steel shell is in solid state similar to the conventional hydroforming. During hot hydroforging the viscous/liquid core has negligible resistance to flow thereby providing a uniform hydrostatic pressure inside the steel and enabling a uniform deformation of the solid steel wall.
Optimization of Process Parameters of Direct Evaporative Cooling using Khus M...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research that used the Taguchi method to optimize the operating parameters of a direct evaporative cooling system that uses Khus (Vetiver) as the cooling pad material. The researchers investigated two parameters - air velocity and water flow rate. They conducted experiments using an L9 orthogonal array with three levels for each parameter. The response analyzed was the relative humidity achieved. Their results found that an air velocity of 1.0 m/s and water flow of 3.32 ×10-5 m3/min provided the optimal humidity of 69.8% for the Khus cooling pad material. The document also reviewed previous literature on experimental and theoretical performance analyses of different evaporative cooling pad materials and configurations.
Evaluation Performance ofan Annular Composite Fin by UsingMATLAB ProgrammingIJERA Editor
The aim of this project is analysis the efficiency ratio in an annular fin by the variation of heat transfer coefficient for any surface condition by using MATLAB software to calculate the base fin efficiency and the coated fin efficiency by the variation of heat transfer coefficient, radius ratio and base fin thickness of an annular fin and compare the coating fin efficiency to base fin efficiency. If the heat transfer coefficient is 50W/m2K the increase efficiency ratio is 10.46 – 28.02% for zinc coating fin from the literature but the MATLAB result is 9.3 - 25.54% , the gain efficiency ratio at thicker base fin (d=0.001m) is 11.72%, at the thinner base fin (d=0.0002m) is 33.57% from the literature but the MATLAB result is 7.45% (d=0.001m) and 32.14% (d=0.0002m) for zinc coating fin and the gain efficiency ratio at thicker base fin (d=0.001m) is 11.92%, at the thinner base fin (d=0.0002m) is 33.61% from the literature but the MATLAB result is 7.51% (d=0.001m) and 32.16% (d=0.0002m) for zinc alloy coating fin.
IRJET- Thermal Analysis and Optimisation of Ceramic Heating Pads for Small Tu...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the thermal analysis and optimization of ceramic heating pads used for stress relieving small tubes. Ceramic heating pads contain nickel-chrome wire and ceramic beads for producing heat up to 1000°C. When used on small tubes, the flat ceramic beads do not allow for complete wrapping. Changing the beads to a curved shape allows for uniform heat transfer and easier wrapping on tubes as small as 30-100mm in diameter. Thermal analysis shows the curved beads can produce temperatures of 1200°C internally and 950°C externally, achieving the required stress relieving temperatures in a more efficient manner.
Optimization Potential of Induction Heating Systems by Stefan Schubotz and Ha...Fluxtrol Inc.
As published in Heat Processing (March 2015).
Depending on workpiece and process parameters, induction heating of components requires a certain amount of power. By simulation, experiments and experience, this needed energy can be well anticipated and enables the dimensioning of the converter. Basically, cost of the converter increases with rising provided power. Due to increasing energy expenses, efficiency of the system plays an important role. In this article, the influences of different process parameters on the efficiency of an example are investigated and valuable potential for improvement is demonstrated, so that the heating process is implemented with minimum converter power.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a computational study on using finned heat pipes to cool photovoltaic (PV) solar panels. The study uses computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to model heat transfer from a solar panel through a heat pipe with attached fins. The CFD analysis shows that attaching fins to a heat pipe can reduce the temperature of a solar panel by up to 20°C compared to no cooling. This temperature reduction can increase the panel's efficiency and power output. The study aims to develop a passive cooling system for PV panels using a low-cost finned heat pipe design.
Chapter 7: Fluxtrol Induction Heating Case Studies and Success StoriesFluxtrol Inc.
The document describes several case studies where Fluxtrol helped optimize induction heating processes by developing new induction coil designs and magnetic flux concentrator profiles. In each case, computer simulations identified issues with existing processes, and new coil designs with customized Fluxtrol concentrators achieved more uniform heating and resolved production problems. The optimized solutions improved part quality, increased production rates, and extended coil lifetimes.
- The document discusses the use of finite element analysis to model thermal barrier coatings on diesel engine pistons. Thermal barrier coatings can increase piston performance by reducing surface temperatures.
- The analysis compared coated pistons made of AlSi alloy and steel. It found that coating both materials reduced maximum surface temperatures, by 28% for AlSi and 17% for steel.
- Finite element modeling is useful for virtually prototyping thermal barrier coating systems and analyzing how coating thickness, material properties, stresses, and boundary conditions impact temperature distribution.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Characterization of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastics for Induction Proc...Fluxtrol Inc.
Characteristics of Induction heating Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic (CFRT):
-Electrical Resistivity Determination of two specific CFRT’s
-Direction-specific by four-point method
-Equivalent resistivity by impedance method
-Thermal behavior of the studied materials
-Electromagnetic computer simulation of induction heating a lap joint.
-Different coil designs examined
-Current flow with resistivity differences examined
Design and Fabrication of Inductors for Induction Heat TreatingFluxtrol Inc.
FOR INDUCTION MELTING AND MASS HEATING, the early induction heating coils
were manufactured from copper tubing wrapped in multiple turns around a mandrel. The first induction heat treating coils were developed for
crankshaft hardening in the 1930s (Fig. 1, 2) (Ref 1–4). Unlike the melting and mass heating
coils, the heat treating induction coils were machined. These inductors consisted of two
parts with a hinge on one side that would open and shut around the crankshaft journal. Quench holes were drilled on the inner diameter of the induction coil to deliver quench to the part afterheating. This pioneering development was the culmination of many years of hard work by a large team and clearly demonstrated the different requirements for induction heat treating as compared to melting and mass heating.
Copyright 2014, ASM International, www.asminternational.org. This article was published in ASM Handbook, Volume 4C: Induction Heating and Heat Treatment and is made available as an electronic reprint with the permission of ASM International. One print or electronic copy may be made for personal use only. Systematic or multiple reproduction, distribution to multiple locations via electronic or other means, duplications of any material in this article for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of this article is prohibited.
Copyright 2014, ASM International, www.asminternational.org. This article was published in ASM Handbook, Volume 4C: Induction Heating and Heat Treatment and is made available as an electronic reprint with the permission of ASM International. One print or electronic copy may be made for personal use only. Systematic or multiple reproduction, distribution to multiple locations via electronic or other means, duplications of any material in this article for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of this article is prohibited.
Historique et trajectoire de développement de la coopérative Tamounte d’huile...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/in-action/quality-and-origin-program/en
Historique et trajectoire de développement de la coopérative Tamounte d’huile d’Argan: (french)
Este documento presenta un mapa conceptual sobre la gerencia y el ciclo de vida de los proyectos. Explica que el rol principal de un profesional en proyectos es el desarrollo de proyectos basados en una excelente gestión. Se necesitan elementos como planificación, ejecución, seguimiento y control para garantizar el ciclo de vida completo de un proyecto. Los principales responsables de establecer adecuadamente el ciclo de vida son el gerente de proyectos y el equipo de gestión.
Annotation Systems & Implementation Issues - Suzanna LewisEMBL-ABR
This document discusses genome annotation using the Apollo annotation editor. It provides instructions for logging into Apollo servers using assigned usernames and passwords. It demonstrates Apollo's features for editing gene models, such as changing coordinates, folding introns, and altering sequences to indicate substitutions, insertions, deletions, or impacts. Ontological descriptions are shown for representing genotypes and genomic variants.
NowRx is proposing an on-demand pharmacy delivery service that delivers prescriptions to customers within one hour. Their business model involves central dispensing locations and delivery drivers instead of retail stores. Customers can have their prescriptions delivered to their home or work for free same-day delivery or $5 for one-hour delivery. NowRx aims to expand to multiple cities over 5 years and believes this model can capture 18% of the $40 billion retail pharmacy market.
Este documento presenta el programa curricular anual del área de comunicación para el primer grado de secundaria de la institución educativa "José María Arguedas" en Agallpampa. Describe los objetivos generales del área, las competencias comunicativas que se desarrollarán, los valores y actitudes que se fomentarán, y el plan de unidades didácticas que comprende contenidos y capacidades a lograr en cada unidad. El programa busca que los estudiantes mejoren sus habilidades de comprensión y producción oral y escrita a través
The document describes a Kaelus TMA2043F1V1-1 product and provides information about purchasing, shipping, warranty and additional services from Launch 3 Telecom. Specifically, it details that the Kaelus TMA2043F1V1-1 is an AWS 700MHz bypass twin TMA, provides contact information for purchasing, offers same day shipping with tracking, and describes warranty and repair services available from Launch 3 Telecom.
Este documento describe la jerarquía de necesidades humanas propuesta por Maslow. Indica que cuando las necesidades fisiológicas básicas como comer y dormir están satisfechas, surgen necesidades de seguridad, y luego necesidades de estima y respeto propio y de los demás.
This document provides information about purchasing a Din Female Connector (part number RFS 716F-LCF158-072U) from Launch 3 Telecom. It includes details about payment methods, same-day shipping and tracking, warranty, and additional repair and installation services offered by Launch 3 Telecom. Customers can purchase the connector by phone, email, or online request form and the product will be packaged securely for shipment.
Marina tem 48 anos, é casada com Silva e tem dois filhos, Matheus de 13 anos e Lorrane na faculdade de história. Ela trabalha como auxiliar de desenvolvimento infantil e cuida de Bicó, o cachorro da família, e de bebês em uma creche.
This document provides information about purchasing a 2in PVC 45Deg Elbow from Launch 3 Telecom. It includes the product details, payment and shipping options, warranty information, and additional services offered by Launch 3 Telecom such as repairs, maintenance contracts, de-installation, and recycling. Customers can purchase the item by phone, email, or online form and will receive same day shipping if ordered before 3PM with tracking provided.
Este documento descreve uma aula sobre área e perímetro de quadrados para alunos do 8o ano. A aula utilizará o vídeo "Quadrado, Cubo e Cia - Mão na Forma" para ensinar como calcular a área e o perímetro de quadrados e provocar reflexão sobre as propriedades geométricas dos quadrados.
El documento define el cuento como una narración breve protagonizada por un pequeño grupo de personajes y con una trama sencilla. Explica que existen cuentos populares y literarios, y describe las características principales del cuento como su ficción, estructura argumental, línea argumental única, protagonista y brevedad. También menciona algunos subgéneros comunes del cuento.
These are the slides of a lecture I gave in the "Virtual Machines" class at UNICAMP (www.ic.unicamp.br). The lecture is abou the Jikes RVM, specifically the Adaptative Optimization Model used to decide which portions and what optimization level should be used to compiled/recompiled the guest application code.
Literature Review on Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM)
Research Paper Published by:
Vishal Kumar Jaiswal
M.Tech (Production and Industrial Engineering)
Paper Source:
http://ijsrd.com/articles/IJSRDV6I50167.pdf
http://ijsrd.com/Article.php?manuscript=IJSRDV6I50167
Determination of Heat Treatment Parameters for heavily-loaded aircraft engine...Thu Nguyen
This document discusses heat treatment parameters for heavily loaded aircraft engine components undergoing vacuum carburizing. Four heat treatment variants after vacuum carburizing are analyzed: 1) direct quenching, 2) austenitizing then quenching, 3) room temperature stabilization then austenitizing and quenching, and 4) pearlitizing then austenitizing and quenching. Results show the heat treatments had little effect on case depth or hardness profile but influenced retained austenite content and carbide distribution. Stabilizing at pearlite temperature decreased retained austenite transformation while room temperature stabilization increased it. Proper heat treatment is crucial to program microstructure and properties for heavily loaded aircraft
Design, Fabrication and Analysis of Thermo-Acoustic Refrigeration System – A ...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of thermo-acoustic refrigeration systems. It discusses the basic principles of how these systems work using sound waves to transfer heat without harmful refrigerants. The document summarizes several research papers that studied ways to optimize the design and efficiency of thermo-acoustic refrigerators, such as by varying the stack design and material or operating parameters like frequency and pressure. While thermo-acoustic refrigerators currently have a lower coefficient of performance than conventional systems, the document concludes that ongoing research aims to improve performance and make these environmentally-friendly refrigeration systems more competitive.
COMPUTATIONAL STUDY OF COOLING OF PV SOLAR PANEL USING FINNED HEAT PIPE TECHN...IAEME Publication
Various solar energy technologies exist and they have different application techniques in the generation of electrical power. The widespread use of photovoltaic (PV) modules in such
technologies has been relatively high costs and low efficiencies. The efficiency of PV panel decreases as the operating temperature increases. This is due to reflection from the top surface, absorption of heat by the parts other than the cell, absorption of heat from the other portion of the spectrum.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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IRJET- A Review Study of Thermal Electrical Model using ANSYS SoftwareIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research study that used ANSYS software to design a thermal-electrical model for sparks generated during electrical discharge machining (EDM) and determine temperature distribution. The study aimed to model the EDM process, predict maximum temperature, and estimate material removal rate from the workpiece. Experiments were conducted using different pulse on-times and currents on an EN-19 workpiece. Results showed that material removal rate increased with higher current and pulse on-time, and was in agreement with finite element analysis results. The temperature distribution curve was also able to estimate the maximum material removal rate.
Thermal Stress Analysis of Electro Discharge MachiningIJESFT
Procedures and results of experimental work to find thermal stress analysis in electric discharge machined surfaces are presented. In this study, an axisymmetric thermo-physical FEA model for the simulation of single sparks machining during electrical discharge machining (EDM) process is shown. This model has been solved using ANSYS 14.0 software. A transient thermal analysis assuming a Gaussian distribution heat source with temperature-dependent material properties is used to investigate the stress analysis based on temperature distribution. The effect on significant machining parameters (Gap current – Gap voltage) on aforesaid responses had been investigated and found that the stresses sharply changes with the parameters [1].
The FEA model is used to study the relation between these parameters and maximum temperature attended at the end of cycle which is further used to find residual stress produced at the end of cooling cycle. To find residual stresses in the work piece during EDM, the temperature distribution at the end of pulse duration in the work piece has to be estimated [2]
High residual thermal stresses are developed on the surfaces of electric discharge machined parts because of the high temperature gradients generated at the gap during electrical discharge machining (EDM) in a small heat-affected zone. These thermal stresses can be responsible for micro-cracks, decrease in fatigue life and strength and possibly catastrophic failure. The results of the analysis show high temperature gradient zones and the regions of large stresses where, sometimes, they exceed the material yield strength. A transient thermal analysis assuming a Gaussian distribution heat can be used to investigate the Stress analysis.
Critical heat flux enhancement in pool boiling with al2 o3 water nanofluideSAT Journals
Abstract Boiling is an important phase change phenomena as it plays a crucial role in the design of high heat flux system like boilers, heat exchangers, microscopic heat transfer devices. However boiling phenomenon is limited by critical heat flux. At critical heat flux material of heated surface suffers physical damage due to lower heat transfer resulting from thin film formed over the surface. Now a days Nanofluid which is colloidal suspension of nanoparticle in base fluid is highlighted as innovative techniques to enhance critical heat flux. In the present study Al2O3 nanoparticles were characterized by using SEM and XRD analysis. From SEM images it was seen that nanoparticle has spherical morphology, and from XRD analysis average nanoparticle size determined was 29.48 nm. Five different nanofluids of concentration range from 3 gram/liter to 15 gram/liter were prepared. Critical heat flux (CHF) of each Al2O3-water nanofluid in pool boiling is determined on NiCr wire of SWG 28. The minimum critical heat flux enhancement is 30.53% at 3 gram/liter nanofluid compared to critical heat flux of distilled water. The highest critical heat flux enhancement is 72.70 % at 12 gram/liter nanofluid. Critical heat flux of nanofluid increases with increase in concentration of Al2O3 nanoparticle in distilled water up to 12 gram/liter nanofluid. Surface roughness of bare wire was 0.126 μm. Surface roughness of wire sample used in pool boiling of 3 gram/liter nanofluid is 0.299μm and highest surface roughness was 0.715 μm of heater used in pool boiling of 12 gram/liter nanofluid. The Surface roughness measurement results show the evidence of nanoparticle deposition on wire surface and its effect on Critical Heat Flux enhancement. Keywords: Critical heat flux, Nanoparticle, Nanofluid, Concentration, Surface roughness.
This document summarizes a study on using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to model and analyze the heat transfer performance of ceramic heat exchangers with different duct cross-sectional shapes (rectangular, elliptical, cylindrical). CFD was used to calculate parameters like temperature distribution, velocity distribution, heat transfer rate, and effectiveness. The predicted heat transfer rate from CFD analysis was found to be 15% higher than theoretical calculations. Analysis showed that cylindrical ducts had the highest effectiveness at 62%, followed by elliptical at 55% and rectangular at 52%. The document also provides background on the need to improve energy efficiency and reduce emissions, and discusses objectives, assumptions, and modeling steps of the CFD analysis.
international research journal of engineering and technology 3 nov.pdfnareshkotra
The International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Technology is an international online journal in English published Quarterly offers a fast publication schedule whilst maintaining a proper peer review and the use of recommended electronic formats for an article delivery expedites the process of All submitted research articles are subjected to an immediate rapid screening by the editors consultation with the Editorial Board or others working in the field as assure that they are likely to be the level of interest and importance of appropriate for the journal.
This document summarizes a study on using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to model and analyze the heat transfer performance of ceramic heat exchangers with different duct cross-sectional shapes (rectangular, elliptical, cylindrical). CFD was used to calculate parameters like temperature distribution, velocity distribution, heat transfer rate, and effectiveness. The predicted heat transfer rate from CFD analysis was found to be 15% higher than theoretical calculations. Analysis showed that cylindrical ducts had the highest effectiveness at 62%, followed by elliptical at 55% and rectangular at 52%. The document also provides background on the need to improve energy efficiency and reduce emissions, and discusses objectives, assumptions, and methodology of the CFD modeling and analysis.
The International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Technology is an international online journal in English published Quarterly offers a fast publication schedule whilst maintaining rigorous peer review the use of recommended electronic formats for article delivery expedites the process All submitted research articles are subjected to immediate rapid screening by the editors consultation with the Editorial Board or others working in the field as appropriate to ensure they are likely to be the level of interest and importance appropriate for the journal.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Literature Review On Dry Wire Electrical Discharge MachiningIJSRD
This document provides a literature review on dry wire electrical discharge machining (EDM). It summarizes several past studies that investigated dry EDM using various gases as dielectrics and how it improves performance over conventional EDM using liquid dielectrics. The review examines factors like material removal rate, surface finish, tool wear rate, and process parameters that influence these outputs. It discusses the basic working principles of dry wire EDM and evaluates the findings of multiple past studies on the effects of different machining variables in dry EDM.
Dynamic Monitoring Of Information in Large Scale Power GridsIJSRD
this document proposes the software model for detection and analysis of cascading faults in the operation of large scale power grids. Using data mining technologies, probable patterns can be detected for faults and proper mitigation measures can be taken. Firstly, the fault is detected by checking the stability of system. Then event sequences are calculated to best approximate the fault node. Then by analyzing the severity of vulnerability and region in which vulnerability would occur, proper ICT Technologies can make operators aware about the faults. Hence, speeding up the existing mechanisms. This model aims to solve problem of detection more efficiently than existing systems.
Experimental Investigation of Process Parameters on Inconel 925 for EDM Proce...Vishal Kumar Jaiswal
Experimental Investigation of Process Parameters on Inconel 925 for EDM Process by using Taguchi Method
Research Paper Published by:
Vishal Kumar Jaiswal
M.Tech (Production and Industrial Engineering)
Paper Source:
http://www.ijsrd.com/articles/IJSRDV6I50198.pdf
http://ijsrd.com/Article.php?manuscript=IJSRDV6I50198
Influence of various parameters of cryogenic treatment on performance of tun...vivatechijri
Cryogenic treatment is supplementary thermal treatment done after conventional hardening
process, wherein hardened material is further cooled till cryogenic temperatures which may range from -80°C
to -196°C. In the case of various grades of steel, the cryogenic treatment process has proved to have improved
mechanical properties significantly through conversion of retained austenite to martensite and refinement of
grain structure of steel. However, the effect of cryogenic treatment on high hardness material like tungsten
carbide is still in research and results are uncertain. Ongoing research have suggested that cryogenic treatment
may result into improvement of hardness and wear resistance of tungsten carbide tools which in turn may
improve tool life and efficiency of the cutting operation. But, the amount of improvement in properties majorly
depends of various parameters of cryogenic treatments. This paper deals with reviewing various parameters of
cryogenic treatment like cooling cooling rate, soaking temperature, soaking time, tempering temperature,
tempering time and its effect on performance of tungsten carbide tool
Analysis of Machining Characteristics of Cryogenically Treated Die Steels Usi...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Waste Heat Recovery From Refrigeration PlantIRJET Journal
This document summarizes waste heat recovery from a refrigeration plant condenser. It discusses how the waste heat from a condenser, which is currently released into the environment, can instead be captured and used for applications like water heating. The document then provides technical details on heat transfer methods, refrigerants, and vapor compression refrigeration systems. It analyzes using the condenser waste heat from a 30-ton refrigeration plant to heat water up to 50°C, which could then be used for low-temperature household or industrial purposes. Capturing this waste heat improves overall system efficiency and reduces environmental impacts.
The magnetic refrigeration at room temperature is an emerging technology that has
attracted the interest of researchers around the world (Bouchekara, 2008). Such a technology
applies the magnetocaloric effect which was first discovered by Warburg (Bohigas, 2000;
Zimm, 2007).
Similar to Cryogenic Treatment and Cryogenic Cooling in Die Sink Electric Discharge Machining Process: An Experimental Set Up (20)
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Cryogenic Treatment and Cryogenic Cooling in Die Sink Electric Discharge Machining Process: An Experimental Set Up
1. Rachin Goyal.et.al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 10, ( Part -3) October 2016, pp.86-90
www.ijera.com 86|P a g e
Cryogenic Treatment and Cryogenic Cooling in Die Sink Electric
Discharge Machining Process: An Experimental Set Up
Rachin Goyal1
, Sehijpal Singh2
, Harmesh Kumar Kansal3
1
Ph.D. Research Scholar, I.K.Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
2
Professor and Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, G.N.D. Engineering College, Ludhiana, India
3
Professor and Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, UIET, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
ABSTRACT
Integration of Cryogenic Treatment and Cryogenic Cooling with EDM process results in a newer process called
as the Cryogenically Assisted Electric Discharge Machining (CEDM) process. It is one of very recent
developments for the enhancement of process capabilities of EDM. In this technique, either the tool or the
workpiece, or tool and workpiece both, may be, cryogenically treated down to sub zero temperatures or the
EDM tool is cryogenically cooled with an objective to modify their properties. The modifications in properties
result in the reduction of tool wear rate (TWR) and surface roughness (SR) and to increase material removal rate
(MRR). An experimental set up for both the variants of CEDM has been discussed in the presented paper.
Keywords: Cryogenically Assisted Electric Discharge Machining (CEDM) process; Cryogenic Cooing;
Cryogenic Treatment; Experimental Set up
I. INTRODUCTION
Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is
one of the prominent machining processes amongst
all non conventional machining processes. Its
unique feature of using thermal energy to machine
electrically conductive parts regardless of hardness
has been its distinctive advantage in the
manufacture of mould, die, automotive, aerospace
and surgical components [1]. It is mainly used to
machine difficult-to-machine materials and high
strength temperature resistant alloys with difficult
geometries in small batches or even on job-shop
basis. Physical, mechanical and metallurgical
properties of the workpiece do not significantly
influence the performance of the process. EDM is
one of the most popular machining methods for the
manufacturing of press tools and various dies [2].
Matte finish obtained during EDM process
minimizes the polishing time required.
In EDM, there is no direct contact
between the electrode and the workpiece so
mechanical stresses, chatter and vibration problems
during machining are eliminated [3]. Materials of
any hardness can be machined as long as the
material can conduct electricity [4]. Similarly,
Electrode used for the purpose should be
electrically conductive. In EDM, electrode also gets
worn out by the impingement of highly accelerated
ions. In most of the EDM operations, the
contribution of the tool cost to the total operation
cost is more than 70% [5]. Thus, the electrode wear
is a major problem in EDM process. Some
effective measures need to be devised, so as to
lower down this electrode wear.
Many attempts have been made using
different research methodologies, to optimize the
parameters which affect the EDM, to attain maxim
MRR, surface finish etc. Many methods like Dry
EDM, EDM using pure water as dielectric fluid,
Powder Mixed EDM (PMEDM), electrode rotation
etc., have been used for this, but very less attempts
are available in literature about the minimization of
electrode wear.
Cryogenics is a branch of physics which
deals with the phenomenon taking place at very
low temperatures (in the range of -1960
C or even
less), called as cryogenic temperatures.
Engineering materials behave differently at
cryogenic temperatures than the normal
temperatures and they exhibit modified
mechanical, thermal, physical and electrical
properties at cryogenic temperatures. Thus, the
benefits of cryogenics can be integrated with
various machining techniques, so as to modify the
output machining parameters like material removal
rate and surface finish etc. Many researchers have
worked on the hybrid machining process using
cryogenic conditions in conjunction with various
conventional machining processes like turning,
milling and grinding etc. [6]. But, the role of
different cryogenic conditions viz. cryogenic
cooling and cryogenic treatment have not been
exploited in the case of non conventional
machining processes especially EDM, where tool
wear is found to be very serious problem. This area
needs to be fully explored and the benefits of
cryogenics need to be integrated with the
conventional EDM. The resultant hybrid machining
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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process is called as Cryogenically Assisted Electric
Discharge Machining (CEDM) process.
II. CRYOGENICALLY ASSISTED
ELECTRIC DISCHARGE
MACHINING (CEDM) PROCESS
CEDM is an emerging hybrid machining
process. In this technique, either the tool or the
workpiece, or tool and workpiece both, may be,
cryogenically treated down to sub zero
temperatures or the EDM tool is cryogenically
cooled with an objective to modify their
metallurgical, mechanical, electrical and thermal
properties. The modifications in properties lead to
reduction of tool wear rate (TWR) and surface
roughness (SR) and to increase material removal
rate (MRR). Moreover, CEDM also helps in shape
retention of tool.
Srivastava and Pandey studied the
cryogenically cooled electrode shape in electric
discharge machining process [7]. They concluded
that the out of roundness of the cryogenically
cooled electrode is lesser than the out of roundness
of electrode used in conventional EDM. They
found very little distortion in electrode shape as
compared to the electrode which was used for
experiment without liquid nitrogen. Very recently
Abdulkareem et. al. studied the effects of cryogenic
cooling during electrical discharge machining of
titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) with copper electrode
[8]. Experiments showed the highest reduction
(27%) of Electrode Wear and an improvement of
8% in surface roughness with cryogenic cooling of
electrode. Yildiz et. al. [9] studied the effects of
cold and cryogenic treatments on the machinability
of beryllium-copper alloy in electro discharge
machining. Experimental results showed about 20-
30% increase in material removal rate by cold and
cryogenic treatment processes. Gill and Singh [10]
studied effect of deep cryogenic treatment on
machinability of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-
6Mo (Ti-6246) Electric Discharge Drilling. The
improvement up to 8.5% for MRR, 34.78% for
TWR, and 30.16% for WR had been observed for
different drilling times. The improvement up to
9.01% for surface roughness at base of blind hole,
6.69% for surface roughness at side walls of holes,
and 16.09% for overcut was also observed.
Keeping in consideration the remarkable
effects of CEDM process an experimental set up
has been prepared for carrying out various studies
on CEDM process and has been discussed in the
presented paper. There are two major variants of
CEDM process viz. Cryogenic Cooling and
Cryogenic Treatment. In order to fully understand
the mechanism of set up prepared for CEDM it is
of utmost importance that the basics of both the
variants of CEDM are well understood.
III. CRYOGENIC TREATMENT IN
CEDM
Cryogenic treatment is an inexpensive,
one time, permanent treatment, affecting the entire
section of the component unlike coatings. It is a
supplementary process to conventional heat
treatment process. The prime aim of cryogenic
treatment is to transform retained austenite into
martensite and to precipitate fine carbides into
martensite matrix [11]. Retained austenite is a
softer grain structure always present after heat
treatment. By using cryogenic treatment, retained
austenite is transformed into the harder, more
durable grain structure - martensite. The range of
retained austenite in a material after heat treating
may be as high as 50% or as low as 3%. The
amount depends on the heat treating operator and
the accuracy of the heat treating equipment.
Cryogenic treatment simply continues the
conversion initiated by heat treatment, whereby
almost 100% of the retained austenite is converted
to martensite. As greater amounts of retained
austenite are transformed, and wear resistant
martensite is increased, the material obtains a more
uniform hardness.
Fine carbide particles (precipitates) are
formed during the long cryogenic soak. These are
in addition to the larger carbide particles present
before cryogenic treatment. These fine particles or
"fillers", along with the larger particles, form a
denser, more coherent and much tougher matrix in
the material.
A Cryoprocessor (as shown in fig. 1) is
used for treatment of components. It comprises of
an insulated box for accommodating components,
called as cryo box. A motor with a circulating fan
is fitted at the lower end of cryo box for providing
the uniform circulation of nitrogen (in the gaseous
form) in the cryo box. The cryogenic temperature
inside the cryo box is constantly measured with the
help of a thermocouple which is further connected
to a temperature controller and programmer which
in turn operate the solenoid valve to regulate the
supply of nitrogen in the box by permitting the gas
inlet. Tool and/or work (depending upon the type
of study) may be placed inside the insulated box
and it can be treated based on a pre planned
cryogenic cycle by ramping up and down the
temperature for planned duration of times.
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1- Liquid Nitrogen Tank 2- Solenoid Valve
3- Temperature Controller and Programmer 4- Thermocouple
5- Motor and Fan Assembly 6- Cryo- Box
Fig. 1: A schematic diagram of cryoprocessor used for cryogenic treatment
It is not possible to recommend a single
process for every tool material, nor even a single
cycle for all tools manufactured from the same
material. Each tool needs to be separately assessed
and an individual process route devised for it that
will depend on the combination of hardness,
toughness, and wear resistance required in service.
A typical Cryogenic Cycle [12] includes following
stages:
RAMP DOWN: Lowering the temperature of
the workpiece at a rate which must not exceed
20-30 °C/h in order to prevent the rupture of
the components because of the cooling
stresses.
SOAK: Hold/Soaked for an appropriate time
generally 24 hrs.
RAMP UP: Bringing the temperature back up
to room temperature at a rate of 20-30°C/h.
TEMPER RAMP UP: Elevating the
temperature to 150 °C (form room temp.) at
rate 80-85 °C /h.
TEMPER HOLD: Holding the elevated
temperature for 4-6 hours.
DOWN TO NORMAL: The material is
brought back to room temperature at a rate 80-
85 °C /h.
A typical Plot (as shown in fig. 2) of
temperature versus time for the Cryogenic process
has been shown as follows:
Fig. 2: A typical plot of temperature versus time for the cryogenic process [13]
It is a continuous process of
approximately 2 days to cryogenically treat a
component. It is worthwhile to mention here that a
lot of components (depending on the capacity of
Cryoprocessor) can be treated at a time. It helps in
reducing the cost of treatment/component.
IV. CRYOGENIC COOLING IN CEDM
In this variant of CEDM i.e., cryogenic
cooling a jet of cryogenic fluid which is thin but at
high speed is passed through the EDM tool
specially designed nozzle by using various
mechanisms. Helium, hydrogen, neon, nitrogen,
oxygen and normal air can work as cryogens gases.
These cryogenic gases have a wide variety of
applications in industry such as health, electronics,
manufacturing, automotive and aerospace industry
particularly for cooling purposes.
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1. Liquid Nitrogen Tank 2. Pressure Gauge 3. Machining Tank 4. Fixture
5. Workpiece 6. Pump 7. Filter 8. Electrode
9. EDM Control System 10. Servo Motor 11. Pulse Generator
Fig. 3: An experimental set up for cryogenic cooling of tool
Liquid nitrogen has been used as
cryogenic fluid. It is produced industrially by
fractional distillation of liquid air and is referred as
LN2. Nitrogen in gaseous state melts at -210.01 0
C
and boils at -198.79 0
C, it is the most abundant gas,
composes about four-fifths (78.03%) by volume of
the atmosphere. It is a colourless, odourless,
tasteless and non-toxic gas. These characteristics of
liquid nitrogen have made it as a preferred coolant.
An experimental set up as shown in Fig. 3
has been prepared for carrying out studies on
effects of cryogenic cooling on the performance of
EDM process. It consists of a liquid nitrogen tank
(at a temperature of about -1960
C). It has been
placed near work tank of EDM. A cryogenically
non-treated copper electrode of circular cross
section of 15 mm diameter has been prepared. A
well defined tubular passage, as shown in Fig. 4, of
5 mm diameter has been drilled through it. This
passage has been designed to allow the flow of
liquid nitrogen through it, at a specified rate. The
electrode is clamped onto the machine ram. The
stainless steel pipe has been used to carry liquid
nitrogen from tank to the inlet of the electrode
though a brass adaptor [14].
Fig. 4: Cryogenically non-treated copper electrode
The main objective of cryogenic cooling is
to lower the temperature of the electrode (tool) so
as to prevent the self erosion. The effect of cooling
improves thermal conductivity of the electrode
materials thereby minimizing the heat trapped in
the electrode. As a result, electrode wear rate and
electrode distortion is reduced.
V. CONCLUSIONS
Based on the need of reduction of cost
associated with conventional EDM process and
improvements witnessed with the integration of
cryogenics with the conventional machining
processes, a newer category of non conventional
process has been recently emerged called as
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cryogenically assisted EDM (CEDM) process. An
experimental set has been designed and developed
for studies of cryogenic treatment and cryogenic
cooling used in CEDM. The new experimental set
up is able to accommodate all kinds of attachments
necessary to provide required cryogenic conditions
to the process. The presented set up is capable of
performing the studies like investigation of effect
of cryogenic cooling and treatment on the process
characteristics such as MRR, TWR and surface
finish etc and consequently optimization of the
CEDM process.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Authors would like to thank, I. K. Gujral Punjab
Technical University, Jalandhar for all the support
and guidance.
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