A presentation on study of special classification created with the help of fundamentals of Agriculture Written By Arun Katyayan. Images Source : Google
This presentation provides information on the floral biology of sorghum. Sorghum is a C4 plant originating in Ethiopia. It has an inflorescence that varies from a compact head to an open panicle. Flowers occur in spikelets with pairs of florets. Pollination typically occurs through the wind but cross-pollination rates vary based on panicle structure. Self-pollination can be achieved through bagging or isolation while crossing uses techniques like emasculation and utilizing male sterile lines. Pollen is collected and spread on emasculated panicles for fertilization.
This document summarizes information about mustard, including its taxonomy, origins, and breeding objectives and methods. It discusses techniques for emasculation, crossing, and selfing of mustard flowers. Key breeding objectives are listed as seed yield, early maturity, abiotic/biotic stress resistance, and improved oil content/quality. Breeding methods that are outlined include introduction, selection, population improvement, heterosis breeding, mutation breeding, and transgenic approaches. Important breeding centers and released varieties/hybrids are also mentioned.
This document provides information on cucumber and gherkin. It discusses their origin, domestication, importance, taxonomy, cultivation in Haryana, plant description, floral biology, pollination, sex expression and genetics. It also covers breeding objectives, methods, types of cucumbers, selection of varieties, and important varieties including those with carotenoids and those suitable for Haryana. Cultural practices like time of sowing, manures, and disease/pest management are also summarized.
Seed processing is a vital part of ensuring high quality seed for end users. It includes cleaning, drying, treatment, packaging, and storage. The goals of seed processing are to reduce bulk, increase longevity by drying to a safe moisture level and treating with protectants, reduce variability in vigor, and improve uniformity in size and shape. The sequence of operations typically includes drying, receiving, pre-cleaning, conditioning, cleaning, separating, treating, weighing, bagging, and storage or shipping. Processing aims to separate inert materials and weed seeds from the seed lot while upgrading quality by eliminating damaged or low vigor seeds to obtain a high percentage of pure seed with maximum germination potential.
This document provides an overview of brinjal/eggplant, including its taxonomy, origin, distribution, floral biology, breeding techniques, objectives, and major research centers. It discusses that brinjal is a self-pollinated crop native to India that is an important vegetable worldwide. Common breeding objectives are to develop varieties with high yield, biotic/abiotic stress resistance, and preferred fruit qualities. Key breeding methods include pure line selection, pedigree, bulk, backcrossing, and heterosis. Major research on brinjal is conducted in India, Taiwan, and other Asian and North American countries.
Varietal identificaton through grow-out test and ElectrophoresisNSStudents
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Varietal identificaton through grow-out test and Electrophoresis.
This document provides information on the cultivation of peach and plum. It discusses the scientific classification, morphology, breeding objectives and methods for both crops. For peaches, it describes the flower structure, ideal characteristics, approaches for improvement including the use of molecular markers and development of disease resistant rootstocks. It also discusses germplasm collections of peach in India and other countries. For plums, it covers the different species, flower structure, ideal traits and objectives for breeding programs in subtropical regions. The document concludes with information on plum germplasm collections worldwide.
This presentation provides information on the floral biology of sorghum. Sorghum is a C4 plant originating in Ethiopia. It has an inflorescence that varies from a compact head to an open panicle. Flowers occur in spikelets with pairs of florets. Pollination typically occurs through the wind but cross-pollination rates vary based on panicle structure. Self-pollination can be achieved through bagging or isolation while crossing uses techniques like emasculation and utilizing male sterile lines. Pollen is collected and spread on emasculated panicles for fertilization.
This document summarizes information about mustard, including its taxonomy, origins, and breeding objectives and methods. It discusses techniques for emasculation, crossing, and selfing of mustard flowers. Key breeding objectives are listed as seed yield, early maturity, abiotic/biotic stress resistance, and improved oil content/quality. Breeding methods that are outlined include introduction, selection, population improvement, heterosis breeding, mutation breeding, and transgenic approaches. Important breeding centers and released varieties/hybrids are also mentioned.
This document provides information on cucumber and gherkin. It discusses their origin, domestication, importance, taxonomy, cultivation in Haryana, plant description, floral biology, pollination, sex expression and genetics. It also covers breeding objectives, methods, types of cucumbers, selection of varieties, and important varieties including those with carotenoids and those suitable for Haryana. Cultural practices like time of sowing, manures, and disease/pest management are also summarized.
Seed processing is a vital part of ensuring high quality seed for end users. It includes cleaning, drying, treatment, packaging, and storage. The goals of seed processing are to reduce bulk, increase longevity by drying to a safe moisture level and treating with protectants, reduce variability in vigor, and improve uniformity in size and shape. The sequence of operations typically includes drying, receiving, pre-cleaning, conditioning, cleaning, separating, treating, weighing, bagging, and storage or shipping. Processing aims to separate inert materials and weed seeds from the seed lot while upgrading quality by eliminating damaged or low vigor seeds to obtain a high percentage of pure seed with maximum germination potential.
This document provides an overview of brinjal/eggplant, including its taxonomy, origin, distribution, floral biology, breeding techniques, objectives, and major research centers. It discusses that brinjal is a self-pollinated crop native to India that is an important vegetable worldwide. Common breeding objectives are to develop varieties with high yield, biotic/abiotic stress resistance, and preferred fruit qualities. Key breeding methods include pure line selection, pedigree, bulk, backcrossing, and heterosis. Major research on brinjal is conducted in India, Taiwan, and other Asian and North American countries.
Varietal identificaton through grow-out test and ElectrophoresisNSStudents
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Varietal identificaton through grow-out test and Electrophoresis.
This document provides information on the cultivation of peach and plum. It discusses the scientific classification, morphology, breeding objectives and methods for both crops. For peaches, it describes the flower structure, ideal characteristics, approaches for improvement including the use of molecular markers and development of disease resistant rootstocks. It also discusses germplasm collections of peach in India and other countries. For plums, it covers the different species, flower structure, ideal traits and objectives for breeding programs in subtropical regions. The document concludes with information on plum germplasm collections worldwide.
The document discusses genetic principles of seed production and certification. It explains that varieties can deteriorate due to developmental variations, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing, minor genetic variations, diseases, and improper techniques. Seed production and certification aims to maintain genetic purity and prevent such deterioration. It involves controlling the seed source, isolation distances, rouging fields, and certification of seeds in classes from breeder to foundation to registered to certified.
Maize (Zea mays) is the third most important cereal crop after wheat and rice. It originated in Central America and Mexico. There are different varieties of maize including flint corn, dent corn, sweet corn and popcorn. Production of hybrid maize seeds involves maintaining parental lines, producing single crosses between parental lines, and producing commercial hybrids by crossing single crosses. Seed production requires isolation distances between fields and roguing to maintain purity of the seeds.
General Principles of Seed Production TechnologyRoshan Parihar
This document discusses principles of seed production, including genetic and agronomic principles.
Genetically, seed purity can deteriorate due to factors like natural crossing, genetic drift, mutations and mechanical mixtures. Methods to prevent deterioration include maintaining isolation distances, roguing fields to remove off-type plants, and growing seed crops only in adapted areas. Seed certification verifies genetic purity and quality.
Agronomically, seed production requires selecting suitable climates and soil conditions for the crop. Isolation of seed plots, selection of high-quality seed sources and varieties, and following best practices for seed treatment, sowing method and timing are important to maximize yield and seed quality.
This document summarizes the process of hybrid seed production for maize. It discusses selecting appropriate parent lines and maintaining isolation distances between male and female lines. Key steps include planting ratios, detasseling the male plants, roguing undesirable plants, and harvesting when seeds reach proper maturity. Multiple inspections are needed to ensure genetic purity is maintained throughout production. Proper post-harvest handling and storage is also important for high quality hybrid maize seed.
This document provides an overview of chickpea production technology, including its origin from Asia and the Mediterranean, varieties, soil and climate requirements, cultivation practices from field preparation through harvesting, and storage. Key steps include applying fertilizer before sowing, performing weed control and irrigation as needed, managing pests and diseases, harvesting when plants dry, threshing and drying seeds, and storing seeds at 10% moisture content.
This document discusses seed processing equipment and techniques. It begins with an introduction to seed science and processing. It then describes the basic steps in seed processing as pre-conditioning and cleaning, bulk storage, upgrading, treating, and packaging. Various machines used at each step are explained, including scalpers, indent cylinders, gravity separators, color sorters, and fluidized bed dryers. The advantages of processing are also summarized. Overall, the document provides an overview of the key equipment and steps involved in seed processing.
Berseem, or Egyptian clover, is an important winter forage crop grown in northern India. It provides nutritious green forage for livestock for 6-7 months each year through multiple cuttings. Berseem originated in Southwest Asia and was introduced to India in the 19th century. It grows best in a cool climate with temperatures between 25-27°C and adequate rainfall or irrigation. Breeding efforts aim to develop varieties with higher yield, better forage quality, and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Further genetic improvement of berseem is limited by its narrow genetic base.
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important food and oilseed crop cultivated worldwide. It is a herbaceous annual plant with a taproot and yellow flowers. Groundnuts are classified based on growth habit into erect bunch types and spreading trailing types. They grow best in well-drained sandy or sandy loam soils receiving 50-125 cm of rainfall annually. Groundnuts are used as food, for oil extraction, and animal feed, and provide nutritional and economic benefits.
This document summarizes causes of unfruitfulness or lack of fruit production in fruit plants. It discusses internal factors like impotence and incompatibility as well as external environmental factors such as temperature, rainfall, wind, frost, and nutrient supply. Temperature affects flowering, pollination and fruit development, and extreme temperatures can inhibit fertilization. Rainfall at the time of blossoming can wash away pollen. Nutrient supply must be balanced - too much fertilizer can negatively impact flowering and fruiting. Rootstocks, pruning, plant age and vigor can also influence fruitfulness.
scope &; importance of fruit and plantation crop in india.docxRakesh Pattnaik
This document discusses the scope and importance of fruit and plantation crop industries in India. It notes that India is the second largest fruit producer in the world, producing over 86 million metric tonnes annually. Fruits provide high yields compared to other crops and are an important source of vitamins, minerals, and nutrition. Economically, fruits generate higher profits than other crops and provide raw materials for agro-industries. Plantation crops also offer export potential, employment, crop diversification opportunities, and ecosystem services. The industries will continue growing due to increasing domestic demand, export potential, availability of technology, and government support.
1. The document discusses principles of orchard establishment including selecting a suitable location, site preparation, planning the orchard layout, and planting systems. Key factors in selecting a location include suitable climate, soil, water supply, and proximity to markets and transportation.
2. Site preparation involves clearing the land, deep plowing, leveling, and adding manure or green manure crops to improve soil quality. Careful planning of the orchard includes optimizing tree spacing, grouping trees by ripening time, providing pollinators, and installing irrigation channels, roads, windbreaks, and fencing.
3. Common orchard layout systems include the square, rectangular, hexagonal, quincunx, and contour planting patterns, which
The document discusses seed certification in India. It states that seed certification is a regulatory process designed to maintain and provide quality seeds to farmers. It ensures genetic purity, freedom from diseases and weeds, and good germination of certified seeds. Seed certification is done according to the Seeds Act of 1966 and Seed Rules of 1968 by state seed certification agencies or the National Seed Corporation where state agencies do not exist. It also discusses the different classes of seeds - breeder seeds, foundation seeds and certified seeds - and the generation system of seed multiplication.
This document provides information about the broad bean plant. It discusses the introduction, morphology, varieties, climate requirements, soil needs, growth stages, pests and diseases of the broad bean. The broad bean is an important winter crop that can withstand cool temperatures as low as -4°C. It has erect stems growing up to 100cm tall and produces pods in clusters containing 5-7 pods each that are 15cm long. Varieties include white or green seeded types with large or small pods. The broad bean requires well-drained loamy soil and is harvested when pods are young and tender, yielding 70-100 quintals per hectare.
Sugarcane is a tropical crop cultivated for its sucrose content. It is vegetatively propagated through stem cuttings. Conventional breeding methods have focused on increasing yield, sucrose content, and resistance to diseases and stresses. However, sugarcane has a complex polyploid genome that poses challenges for breeding. New techniques including mutation breeding, transgenic approaches, micropropagation, and development of "energy canes" aim to broaden the genetic base and introduce new traits. Breeding objectives also include abiotic stress tolerance and nutrient use efficiency.
Hybrid seed production in castor and maizeRAHULCHANDERA1
1. This document provides information on seed production techniques for castor and maize. It discusses topics such as field preparation, isolation distances, planting ratios, rouging, harvesting, and seed standards.
2. Specific details are given for castor on pistillate mechanisms, fertilizer application, stages of inspection, and grading. For maize, types of hybrids, detasseling methods, field inspections, and a schematic of seed scale-up are described.
3. The document aims to outline best practices for castor and maize seed production to ensure high quality seeds that meet foundation and certified class standards.
Seed can harbor pathogens and soil contains organisms that attack seeds and seedlings. Treating seed with pesticides can improve stand quality, increase yields, and increase return on investment. It involves applying a pesticide to seeds to reduce disease organisms, insects, or other pests that attack seeds or seedlings during storage and after planting. Common seeds treated are corn, small grains, cotton, forage grasses, sorghum, soybeans and vegetables. Seed treatment involves properly applying precisely measured pesticide quantities to seeds using equipment that mixes the pesticide and gently coats the seeds uniformly.
This document discusses the genetic principles of seed production. It notes that producing high quality seed requires technical skills and investment. Strict attention must be paid to maintaining genetic purity and seed qualities. Seed production should be done under standardized, well-organized conditions to minimize genetic deterioration over generations from factors like developmental variations due to different environmental conditions, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing with undesirable plants, and diseases. The document outlines these various factors in genetic deterioration and principles for maintaining genetic purity during seed production.
The document discusses the classification and important crops of India. It classifies crops into three main classes - garden crops, plantation crops, and field crops. Field crops are further classified in several ways, including place of origin (native or exotic), botanical family, economic use, and season. The document then lists the major field crops of India and provides data on the production of important food crops by state for 2018-19, with the top three producing states identified for most major crops.
This document provides information on Er. Vikas Nishad's qualifications and the scope and classification of agronomy and crops. It summarizes Er. Vikas Nishad's qualifications as having an agriculture background with a B.Tech in Agricultural Engineering. It then discusses several classifications of crops, including by season (kharif, rabi, zaid), origin (indigenous, exotic), life cycle (annual, biennial, perennial), family, special purpose, seed size, root depth, and more. It also covers topics like tillage, fertilizers, herbicides, and various agricultural research institutes in India.
The document discusses genetic principles of seed production and certification. It explains that varieties can deteriorate due to developmental variations, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing, minor genetic variations, diseases, and improper techniques. Seed production and certification aims to maintain genetic purity and prevent such deterioration. It involves controlling the seed source, isolation distances, rouging fields, and certification of seeds in classes from breeder to foundation to registered to certified.
Maize (Zea mays) is the third most important cereal crop after wheat and rice. It originated in Central America and Mexico. There are different varieties of maize including flint corn, dent corn, sweet corn and popcorn. Production of hybrid maize seeds involves maintaining parental lines, producing single crosses between parental lines, and producing commercial hybrids by crossing single crosses. Seed production requires isolation distances between fields and roguing to maintain purity of the seeds.
General Principles of Seed Production TechnologyRoshan Parihar
This document discusses principles of seed production, including genetic and agronomic principles.
Genetically, seed purity can deteriorate due to factors like natural crossing, genetic drift, mutations and mechanical mixtures. Methods to prevent deterioration include maintaining isolation distances, roguing fields to remove off-type plants, and growing seed crops only in adapted areas. Seed certification verifies genetic purity and quality.
Agronomically, seed production requires selecting suitable climates and soil conditions for the crop. Isolation of seed plots, selection of high-quality seed sources and varieties, and following best practices for seed treatment, sowing method and timing are important to maximize yield and seed quality.
This document summarizes the process of hybrid seed production for maize. It discusses selecting appropriate parent lines and maintaining isolation distances between male and female lines. Key steps include planting ratios, detasseling the male plants, roguing undesirable plants, and harvesting when seeds reach proper maturity. Multiple inspections are needed to ensure genetic purity is maintained throughout production. Proper post-harvest handling and storage is also important for high quality hybrid maize seed.
This document provides an overview of chickpea production technology, including its origin from Asia and the Mediterranean, varieties, soil and climate requirements, cultivation practices from field preparation through harvesting, and storage. Key steps include applying fertilizer before sowing, performing weed control and irrigation as needed, managing pests and diseases, harvesting when plants dry, threshing and drying seeds, and storing seeds at 10% moisture content.
This document discusses seed processing equipment and techniques. It begins with an introduction to seed science and processing. It then describes the basic steps in seed processing as pre-conditioning and cleaning, bulk storage, upgrading, treating, and packaging. Various machines used at each step are explained, including scalpers, indent cylinders, gravity separators, color sorters, and fluidized bed dryers. The advantages of processing are also summarized. Overall, the document provides an overview of the key equipment and steps involved in seed processing.
Berseem, or Egyptian clover, is an important winter forage crop grown in northern India. It provides nutritious green forage for livestock for 6-7 months each year through multiple cuttings. Berseem originated in Southwest Asia and was introduced to India in the 19th century. It grows best in a cool climate with temperatures between 25-27°C and adequate rainfall or irrigation. Breeding efforts aim to develop varieties with higher yield, better forage quality, and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Further genetic improvement of berseem is limited by its narrow genetic base.
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important food and oilseed crop cultivated worldwide. It is a herbaceous annual plant with a taproot and yellow flowers. Groundnuts are classified based on growth habit into erect bunch types and spreading trailing types. They grow best in well-drained sandy or sandy loam soils receiving 50-125 cm of rainfall annually. Groundnuts are used as food, for oil extraction, and animal feed, and provide nutritional and economic benefits.
This document summarizes causes of unfruitfulness or lack of fruit production in fruit plants. It discusses internal factors like impotence and incompatibility as well as external environmental factors such as temperature, rainfall, wind, frost, and nutrient supply. Temperature affects flowering, pollination and fruit development, and extreme temperatures can inhibit fertilization. Rainfall at the time of blossoming can wash away pollen. Nutrient supply must be balanced - too much fertilizer can negatively impact flowering and fruiting. Rootstocks, pruning, plant age and vigor can also influence fruitfulness.
scope &; importance of fruit and plantation crop in india.docxRakesh Pattnaik
This document discusses the scope and importance of fruit and plantation crop industries in India. It notes that India is the second largest fruit producer in the world, producing over 86 million metric tonnes annually. Fruits provide high yields compared to other crops and are an important source of vitamins, minerals, and nutrition. Economically, fruits generate higher profits than other crops and provide raw materials for agro-industries. Plantation crops also offer export potential, employment, crop diversification opportunities, and ecosystem services. The industries will continue growing due to increasing domestic demand, export potential, availability of technology, and government support.
1. The document discusses principles of orchard establishment including selecting a suitable location, site preparation, planning the orchard layout, and planting systems. Key factors in selecting a location include suitable climate, soil, water supply, and proximity to markets and transportation.
2. Site preparation involves clearing the land, deep plowing, leveling, and adding manure or green manure crops to improve soil quality. Careful planning of the orchard includes optimizing tree spacing, grouping trees by ripening time, providing pollinators, and installing irrigation channels, roads, windbreaks, and fencing.
3. Common orchard layout systems include the square, rectangular, hexagonal, quincunx, and contour planting patterns, which
The document discusses seed certification in India. It states that seed certification is a regulatory process designed to maintain and provide quality seeds to farmers. It ensures genetic purity, freedom from diseases and weeds, and good germination of certified seeds. Seed certification is done according to the Seeds Act of 1966 and Seed Rules of 1968 by state seed certification agencies or the National Seed Corporation where state agencies do not exist. It also discusses the different classes of seeds - breeder seeds, foundation seeds and certified seeds - and the generation system of seed multiplication.
This document provides information about the broad bean plant. It discusses the introduction, morphology, varieties, climate requirements, soil needs, growth stages, pests and diseases of the broad bean. The broad bean is an important winter crop that can withstand cool temperatures as low as -4°C. It has erect stems growing up to 100cm tall and produces pods in clusters containing 5-7 pods each that are 15cm long. Varieties include white or green seeded types with large or small pods. The broad bean requires well-drained loamy soil and is harvested when pods are young and tender, yielding 70-100 quintals per hectare.
Sugarcane is a tropical crop cultivated for its sucrose content. It is vegetatively propagated through stem cuttings. Conventional breeding methods have focused on increasing yield, sucrose content, and resistance to diseases and stresses. However, sugarcane has a complex polyploid genome that poses challenges for breeding. New techniques including mutation breeding, transgenic approaches, micropropagation, and development of "energy canes" aim to broaden the genetic base and introduce new traits. Breeding objectives also include abiotic stress tolerance and nutrient use efficiency.
Hybrid seed production in castor and maizeRAHULCHANDERA1
1. This document provides information on seed production techniques for castor and maize. It discusses topics such as field preparation, isolation distances, planting ratios, rouging, harvesting, and seed standards.
2. Specific details are given for castor on pistillate mechanisms, fertilizer application, stages of inspection, and grading. For maize, types of hybrids, detasseling methods, field inspections, and a schematic of seed scale-up are described.
3. The document aims to outline best practices for castor and maize seed production to ensure high quality seeds that meet foundation and certified class standards.
Seed can harbor pathogens and soil contains organisms that attack seeds and seedlings. Treating seed with pesticides can improve stand quality, increase yields, and increase return on investment. It involves applying a pesticide to seeds to reduce disease organisms, insects, or other pests that attack seeds or seedlings during storage and after planting. Common seeds treated are corn, small grains, cotton, forage grasses, sorghum, soybeans and vegetables. Seed treatment involves properly applying precisely measured pesticide quantities to seeds using equipment that mixes the pesticide and gently coats the seeds uniformly.
This document discusses the genetic principles of seed production. It notes that producing high quality seed requires technical skills and investment. Strict attention must be paid to maintaining genetic purity and seed qualities. Seed production should be done under standardized, well-organized conditions to minimize genetic deterioration over generations from factors like developmental variations due to different environmental conditions, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing with undesirable plants, and diseases. The document outlines these various factors in genetic deterioration and principles for maintaining genetic purity during seed production.
The document discusses the classification and important crops of India. It classifies crops into three main classes - garden crops, plantation crops, and field crops. Field crops are further classified in several ways, including place of origin (native or exotic), botanical family, economic use, and season. The document then lists the major field crops of India and provides data on the production of important food crops by state for 2018-19, with the top three producing states identified for most major crops.
This document provides information on Er. Vikas Nishad's qualifications and the scope and classification of agronomy and crops. It summarizes Er. Vikas Nishad's qualifications as having an agriculture background with a B.Tech in Agricultural Engineering. It then discusses several classifications of crops, including by season (kharif, rabi, zaid), origin (indigenous, exotic), life cycle (annual, biennial, perennial), family, special purpose, seed size, root depth, and more. It also covers topics like tillage, fertilizers, herbicides, and various agricultural research institutes in India.
Crops classification and significance.pptxAshwini247569
Crop classification is important for understanding crop requirements, adaptability, economic uses, and growing conditions. Crops can be classified by climate, growing season, use, life cycle, water needs, root system, economic importance, plant structure, photosynthesis pathway, and photoperiod requirements. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) is India's apex body for agricultural education, research, and extension with a network of research institutions across the country to drive agricultural development.
IX-15-Improvement in food resources.pptClass9BShift1
This document provides information on improving food resources through increasing crop production, animal husbandry, and other means. It discusses the need to increase food production to feed the growing population. Various methods are described to improve crop yields, including crop variety improvement through hybridization and genetic modification, crop production management involving nutrient, irrigation, and cropping practices, and crop protection. It also covers livestock farming, poultry, fish, and bee keeping to augment food resources.
This document provides information on improving food resources through increasing crop production, animal husbandry, and other means. It discusses the need to increase food production to feed the growing population. Various methods are described to improve crop yields, including crop variety improvement through hybridization and genetic modification, crop production management involving nutrient, irrigation, and cropping practices, and crop protection. It also discusses livestock farming, poultry, fish, and bee keeping to augment food resources.
This document discusses improving food resources through increasing crop production, animal husbandry, and other means. It covers topics like the need to increase food production to feed the growing population, different types of crops and their uses, ways to improve crop yields through variety improvement, production management involving nutrients, irrigation, and cropping patterns, protecting crops from pests and diseases, animal farming practices for cattle, poultry and fish, and beekeeping. The overall aim is to scientifically manage agriculture and livestock to boost food production efficiency.
This document provides an overview of improving food resources in India. It discusses the need to increase food production to feed the growing population. Key points include:
- Crop production can be improved through crop variety improvement, production management practices like nutrient and irrigation management, and crop protection.
- Animal husbandry also plays an important role through practices like cattle farming, poultry farming, fish farming, and bee-keeping.
- Mixed cropping, intercropping, and crop rotation can maximize land use and reduce risks from crop failure. Proper storage is also needed to reduce post-harvest losses of grains.
The document discusses improving food resources through increasing crop production and animal husbandry. It notes that population growth requires increasing food production since arable land area cannot expand significantly. Crop yields can be improved through variety improvement, production management like fertilizer use and irrigation, and protection from pests. Animal farming including cattle, poultry and fish is also important to increase food resources. Improved breeds, nutrition, disease control and hygienic conditions help boost animal production. Overall the document emphasizes the need to boost both crop and livestock outputs to adequately feed the growing population through scientific agricultural practices.
The document provides an overview of agronomy concepts including plant classification, cropping systems, tillage practices, and Zimbabwe's agro-ecological zones. It discusses classifying plants according to family, use, and life cycle. Common cropping systems like monoculture, intercropping, fallow, and crop rotation are described along with their advantages and disadvantages. Tillage types and aims, planting methods, and factors determining plant population are also outlined. Finally, Zimbabwe's five natural regions are defined based on rainfall and suitable farming activities.
This document discusses ways to improve food resources through increasing crop production and animal husbandry. It describes the need to increase food production to feed the growing population and explains methods like crop improvement, integrated farming, and scientific management practices. It provides details on crop varieties, nutrient management, irrigation, cropping patterns, and protection from pests/diseases. It also discusses livestock farming practices for cattle, poultry, fish, and bee-keeping. The overall aim is to boost agricultural efficiency and sustainability.
This document discusses ways to improve food resources through increasing crop production and animal husbandry. It describes the need to increase food production to feed the growing population and explains methods like crop improvement, integrated farming, and scientific management practices. It provides details on crop varieties, nutrient management, irrigation, cropping patterns, and protection from pests/diseases. It also discusses livestock farming, poultry, fish, and bee keeping as sources of food and income.
This document discusses ways to improve food resources in India. It describes the need to increase food production to feed the growing population. Key ways to improve crop yields mentioned are crop variety improvement through hybridization and genetic modification, crop production management including nutrient management, irrigation, and cropping patterns like intercropping, and crop protection. Animal husbandry practices for cattle, poultry, fish, and bee farming are also summarized. The document provides information on different types of crops, seasons, fertilizers, and irrigation methods to maximize agricultural output in India.
This document discusses production practices for annual crops, focusing on site selection, planting materials, and land preparation. Key points:
- Site selection considers climate, soil, biological, socioeconomic and environmental factors. Crops have different climate, soil and light requirements.
- Planting materials include seeds, vegetative cuttings, tubers, and bulbs. Seed quality, variety selection, storage and pre-germination treatments are important.
- Land preparation methods differ for wetland (puddled soil) and upland systems. Wetland preparation involves plowing, harrowing and leveling under flooded conditions to create small, dense soil particles. Upland preparation maintains soil structure.
- Three
Linseed, also known as flax, is a rabi (winter) oilseed crop grown primarily in India, Afghanistan, and other tropical and subtropical regions. It is an important source of oil and fiber. The oil is used for cooking and in products like paints and varnishes, while the seeds and oil cake are used for animal feed. Linseed has a production range of 300-800 kg/ha depending on whether it is grown under rainfed or irrigated conditions. Varieties commonly grown in India include Malshiras-10, Sholapur-36, and N-3.
This document provides an overview of crop production and management practices in India. It discusses the two main cropping patterns - Kharif crops grown during the rainy season like rice, maize and cotton, and Rabi crops grown during the winter months like wheat, gram and mustard. The basic practices of crop production discussed are soil preparation, sowing, adding manure and fertilizers, irrigation, weed control, harvesting and storage. Traditional and modern tools and techniques used for various activities are also summarized.
General introduction of minor and underexploited vegetablesmanohar meghwal
Parsnips are a winter root vegetable grown for their long, tapered roots. Seeds are sown directly in soil and roots are
ready 3 months later. Celery is grown for its crisp stems and requires exact temperatures between 16-21°C. Pointed
gourd is a creeping vine grown from cuttings for its small, striped fruits. It requires warm, humid conditions. Yam is a
tuber crop propagated from tuber pieces which are planted and harvested 8-9 months later. Asparagus is a perennial
grown for its edible shoots or spears. It is propagated from seeds or crowns and the spears are harvested for 1-3 weeks
This document provides an introduction to crop rotation, outlining its objectives, criteria for crop selection, principles, effects on soil, advantages, and disadvantages. Crop rotation involves growing different crops in succession on the same land over time to benefit soil fertility and maximize yields while minimizing costs. It aims to improve soil properties, regulate pest/weed/disease pressures, and optimize the use of labor, moisture, and nutrients. The selection of crops considers factors like climate adaptability, market demand, duration, input availability, and resistance to pests/diseases. Principles include alternating rooting depths, botanical families, restoration needs, and tolerance to issues like pathogens. Crop rotation benefits soil health and yields but must be carefully implemented to avoid
Multiple cropping is growing two or more crops in the same piece of land during a single growing season. There are three main types: sequential cropping, intercropping, and multistoried cropping. Sequential cropping involves growing crops in sequence on the field after one is harvested. Intercropping grows crops simultaneously, with competition during growth. Multistoried cropping plants different heights of crops together. Benefits include reduced risk, maximized production, and maintained soil fertility through nitrogen fixation. Potential disadvantages are pests shifting between year-long crops and difficulty weeding many different crops.
Photosynthesis is a biological process used by many cellular organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy, which is stored in organic compounds that can later be metabolized through cellular respiration to fuel the organism's activities.
Polyembryony is the phenomenon of two or more embryos developing from a single fertilized egg. Due to the embryos resulting from the same egg, the embryos are identical to one another, but are genetically diverse from the parents.
Apomixis in flowering plants is defined as the asexual formation of a seed from the maternal tissues of the ovule, avoiding the processes of meiosis and fertilization, leading to embryo development.
Glycolysis is a series of reactions that extract energy from glucose by splitting it into two three-carbon molecules called pyruvates. This powerpoint Presentation includes all steps of glycolysis.
STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN CHROMOSOME: Changes in Chromosomes StructureVikas Kashyap
Structural chromosomal aberrations refer to changes in chromosome structure, such as deletions, duplications, translocations, and inversions. Deletions involve the loss of a chromosome segment, duplications the presence of a segment twice, translocations the transfer of a segment between non-homologous chromosomes, and inversions the reversal of a chromosome segment. These changes can impact fertility, viability, phenotype, and karyotype by altering gene dosage, order, and position. Structural aberrations play an important role in evolution by creating genetic variability and changing karyotypes.
Insect Antennae: Structure, Functions and Their ModificationsVikas Kashyap
Antennae are paired appendages on the head of insects that serve important sensory functions. They are segmented and composed of three parts: the scape, pedicel, and flagellum. Antennae detect smells, tastes, sounds, and help with tasks like finding food and mates. Their structure varies between species and can be setaceous, filiform, moniliform, and other forms adapted for different habitats and behaviors. Antennae play key roles in insects' survival and reproduction through their diverse sensory and physical functions.
Insect Leg: Structure and ModificationsVikas Kashyap
This document describes the different types of modifications that insect legs can undergo. It begins by explaining the basic structure of a typical insect leg, which consists of six segments: the coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus, and pretarsus. It then outlines 15 different types of leg modifications, including walking, running, jumping, clinging, digging, grasping, swimming, pollen collecting, sound producing, sticking, clasping, sucking, antenna cleaning, wax picking, and prehensile legs. Each modification type is adapted for a specific purpose and locomotion style. Examples are provided for each leg modification type to illustrate insects that exhibit that trait.
This ppt includes the brief introduction about class Insecta or Phylum Arthropoda. In this ppt families of Class Insecta and their suitable examples also have been discussed with pictures.
This ppt includes Brief introduction of Agricultural Entomology.
In this ppt classes of Phylum Arthropoda have been discussed in very simple way with suitable pictures.
Remote Sensing and its Applications in AgricultureVikas Kashyap
Here is a presentation prepared by me on Remote sensing and its Applications in agriculture. This presentation created after studying many regarding websites, articles and research papers. Thank You
Plant Breeding - Objectives and HistoryVikas Kashyap
This document provides an overview of the history and objectives of plant breeding. It discusses the evolution of plant breeding from pre-Mendelian times up until modern biotechnology approaches. The key objectives of plant breeding are to increase yield, improve quality, develop biotic and abiotic stress resistance, and modify other agronomic traits. The history is divided into four eras: pre-Mendelian (before 1900), Mendelian (1900-1920), post-Mendelian (1921-1950), and modern (after 1950). Important developments and figures in each era are highlighted.
A brief study on Integrated Nutrient Management (INM). This presentation has created by me after studying many articles and research papers regarding INM. Suggestions are kindly invited.
My presentation on Integrated Pest Management. I had made a try from my side to create it knowledgeful and tried to include qualitative content after studying many articals, research papers and other online websites.
Collapsing Narratives: Exploring Non-Linearity • a micro report by Rosie WellsRosie Wells
Insight: In a landscape where traditional narrative structures are giving way to fragmented and non-linear forms of storytelling, there lies immense potential for creativity and exploration.
'Collapsing Narratives: Exploring Non-Linearity' is a micro report from Rosie Wells.
Rosie Wells is an Arts & Cultural Strategist uniquely positioned at the intersection of grassroots and mainstream storytelling.
Their work is focused on developing meaningful and lasting connections that can drive social change.
Please download this presentation to enjoy the hyperlinks!
Carrer goals.pptx and their importance in real lifeartemacademy2
Career goals serve as a roadmap for individuals, guiding them toward achieving long-term professional aspirations and personal fulfillment. Establishing clear career goals enables professionals to focus their efforts on developing specific skills, gaining relevant experience, and making strategic decisions that align with their desired career trajectory. By setting both short-term and long-term objectives, individuals can systematically track their progress, make necessary adjustments, and stay motivated. Short-term goals often include acquiring new qualifications, mastering particular competencies, or securing a specific role, while long-term goals might encompass reaching executive positions, becoming industry experts, or launching entrepreneurial ventures.
Moreover, having well-defined career goals fosters a sense of purpose and direction, enhancing job satisfaction and overall productivity. It encourages continuous learning and adaptation, as professionals remain attuned to industry trends and evolving job market demands. Career goals also facilitate better time management and resource allocation, as individuals prioritize tasks and opportunities that advance their professional growth. In addition, articulating career goals can aid in networking and mentorship, as it allows individuals to communicate their aspirations clearly to potential mentors, colleagues, and employers, thereby opening doors to valuable guidance and support. Ultimately, career goals are integral to personal and professional development, driving individuals toward sustained success and fulfillment in their chosen fields.
This presentation, created by Syed Faiz ul Hassan, explores the profound influence of media on public perception and behavior. It delves into the evolution of media from oral traditions to modern digital and social media platforms. Key topics include the role of media in information propagation, socialization, crisis awareness, globalization, and education. The presentation also examines media influence through agenda setting, propaganda, and manipulative techniques used by advertisers and marketers. Furthermore, it highlights the impact of surveillance enabled by media technologies on personal behavior and preferences. Through this comprehensive overview, the presentation aims to shed light on how media shapes collective consciousness and public opinion.
Suzanne Lagerweij - Influence Without Power - Why Empathy is Your Best Friend...Suzanne Lagerweij
This is a workshop about communication and collaboration. We will experience how we can analyze the reasons for resistance to change (exercise 1) and practice how to improve our conversation style and be more in control and effective in the way we communicate (exercise 2).
This session will use Dave Gray’s Empathy Mapping, Argyris’ Ladder of Inference and The Four Rs from Agile Conversations (Squirrel and Fredrick).
Abstract:
Let’s talk about powerful conversations! We all know how to lead a constructive conversation, right? Then why is it so difficult to have those conversations with people at work, especially those in powerful positions that show resistance to change?
Learning to control and direct conversations takes understanding and practice.
We can combine our innate empathy with our analytical skills to gain a deeper understanding of complex situations at work. Join this session to learn how to prepare for difficult conversations and how to improve our agile conversations in order to be more influential without power. We will use Dave Gray’s Empathy Mapping, Argyris’ Ladder of Inference and The Four Rs from Agile Conversations (Squirrel and Fredrick).
In the session you will experience how preparing and reflecting on your conversation can help you be more influential at work. You will learn how to communicate more effectively with the people needed to achieve positive change. You will leave with a self-revised version of a difficult conversation and a practical model to use when you get back to work.
Come learn more on how to become a real influencer!
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the 77th meeting of the OECD Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/crps.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
XP 2024 presentation: A New Look to Leadershipsamililja
Presentation slides from XP2024 conference, Bolzano IT. The slides describe a new view to leadership and combines it with anthro-complexity (aka cynefin).
Mastering the Concepts Tested in the Databricks Certified Data Engineer Assoc...SkillCertProExams
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This presentation by Professor Alex Robson, Deputy Chair of Australia’s Productivity Commission, was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the 77th meeting of the OECD Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/crps.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
2. 1. Arable Crops:- Such
crops which requires
preparatory tillage e.g.
potato, tobacco, rice,
sugarcane, maize etc.
Special classification of crops
3. 2. Alley Crops:- Such arable crops
which are grown in
alleys/passages formed by
trees or shrubs, established
mainly for enhance soil
productivity and reduce soil
erosion e.g. Arable crops like
sweet potato, urd, turmeric &
ginger are grown passages.
4. 3. Augmenting Crops:- Such
crops are sown to supplement
the yield of the main crops e.g.
Japanese Mustard with
Berseem, Chinese cabbage
with Mustard. Here Japanese
Mustard and Chinese cabbage
help to increase yield in first
cutting.
5. 4. Avenue Crops:- Such crops
are grown along farm road
and fences. E.g. Arhar,
Glyricidia, Sisal etc.
6. 5. Border crops/Barrier/Guard
crops:- Such crops which helps
to protect another crops from
trespassing of animals or
restrict the speed of wind and
are mainly grown as border e.g.
safflower (Thorny oilseed
crops) are planted around the
field of Chickpea.
7. 6. Cash Crops:- Such crops are
grown for sale to earn hard
cash or those crops which
farmers can’t process at their
level. E.g. Jute, Cotton,
Tobacco, Sugarcane.
8. 7. Brake Crops:- Such crops
which are grown for to break
the continuity of agro-
ecological situation of the field
and to reduce the inoculum of
soil borne harmful biotic
agents as weeds, pests and
improve soil condition for crop
growth. E.g. Legumes
9. 8. Cleaning crops:- Such crops
whose agronomical practices
makes the field clean e.g.
Potato, maize etc.
10. 9. Catch/Contingent/Emergenc
y crops:- Such crops are
cultivated to catch the
forthcoming season when
main crop is failed. They are of
very short duration, quick
growing, fast bulking,
harvestable or usable at any
time e.g. Greengram, urd,
cowpea, onion, radish etc.
11. 10. Contour Crops:- Such crops
grown on or along the
contour lines to protect the
land form erosion e.g. marvel
grass etc.
12. 11. Cole crops:- ‘Cole’ is derived
from colewart. Colewart is the
ancestor of wild cabbage. These
crops are cold season crops and
belonging cruciferae. E.g.
cabbage, Cauliflower and
brussels sprouts etc.
13. 12. Commercial crops:- Such
crops which are grown by
farmers for their income and
earn money. E.g. Jute, Cotton,
Tobacco, Sugarcane. Cash crops
are certainly commercial crops.
14. 13.Cover crops:- Such crops
which are able to protect
soil surface from soil erosion
through their ground
covering foliage or root
mates e.g. Cowpea,
Groundnut, urd, paragrass,
Sweet potato.
15. 14. Complementary Crops:-
Those crops which benefited
each other in intercropping
e.g. Jowar+Cowpea. Jowar
receives nitrogen from
cowpea and cowpea receives
support from Jowar.
16. 15. Competitive Crops:-
Such crops which
compete to each other in
various ways and are not
suitable for intercropping.
E.g. two cereals.
17. 16. Supplementary Crops:-
Such crop which neither
competitive nor
complementary. Each crops
grows independently and
have not any type of effect
on each other. E.g.
Maize+cucurbits
18. 17.Exhaustive Crops:- Such
crops leave the field
exhaustive after
harvesting and those
crops are heavy nutrient
feeder crops. E.g. cereals
19. 18. Energy crops:- Such
crops which are grown to
obtain liquid energy such
as ethenol and alcohol
e.g. sugarcane, potato,
maize etc.
20. 19.Fouling crops:- Such crops
whose cultural practices
allow the infestation of
weeds intensively e.g.
Direct seeded upland rice
etc.
21. 20. Ley crops:- Such crops
or combination of crops
which ids grown for
grazing or harvesting
for immediate or grown
for future feeding to
livestock e.g. Berseem
+Mustard and pastures,
grassland etc.
22. 21.Mulch Crops:- Such crops;
which are grown for
conserve soil moisture,
reduce soil erosion, maintain
soil temperature and
prevent weed infestation;
are called Mulch crops e.g.
cowpea etc.
23. 22. Nurse crops:- Such crops
help in the nourishment of
other crops by providing
shade and acting as
climbing sticks e.g. Rye in
Pea and Jowar in Cowpea.
24. 23.Paira/Utera crops:-
Growing of such crops
sown a few days or weeks
before harvesting of
standing mature crops is
called paira/utera cropping
e.g. Lathyrus in Rice.
25. 24. Paired row cropping:-
Each third row is removed or
growing of crops in paired
row cropping. It is suitable
for dryland and objective is
to conserve soil moisture.
27. 26. Riparian Crops:- Such
crops whose are grown
along irrigation and
drainage channels or
waterbodies e.g.
Waterbind weeds (Kalmi
sak), Pargrass. They helps
to protect the soil from
erosion.
28. 27.Skip Cropping:- A line
is left unsown in the
regular row series of
sowing or planting is
called skip cropping.
29. 28. Silage Crops:- Such crops
are grown to preserve in
pits in a succulent condition
by a process of natural
fermentation or acidification
for feeding livestock during
off-season months for
forages e.g. Cowpea, Jowar.
30. 29.Smother crops:- Such
crops which are able to
smother (Suppress) the
population and growth of
weeds by providing dense
foliage and quick growing
ability e.g. Cowpea,
Mustard etc.
31. 30.Soiling crops:- Such crops
which are grown for
harvest at their green
condition and feed fresh
to livestock in stalls e.g.
berseem, napier etc.
32. 31.Trap crops:- Such crops
which are grown for trap to
insect-pests and soil-borne
harmful biotic agents such
as paarsitic weeds e.g.
Cotton red bug is trapped
by growing Okra around
the cotton and Orobanche
is trapped by Solnaceous
plants and striga by
sorghum.
33. 32. Truck crops:- Such crops
which are grown at
commercial level for
supplying the produce to
the big markets. E.g. Okra,
Spinach etc.
34. 33.Ware crops:- Such crops which are grown at commercial
level and for temporary storing as intact in warehouses for
future use or sale e.g. Potato, Onion etc.
Source:- Fundamental of Agriculture Vol. 1 (Arun Katyayan)