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Emerging Technologies for Rice Residue Management in Rice-Wheat Cropping System
- 1. 1 Emerging Technologies for Rice Residue Management in Rice-Wheat Cropping System Shiv Vendra Singh Id No.- 50919 PhD-Agronomy DOCTORAL SEMINAR
- 2. Crop Residue Generation- The Indian Scenario UP (10%) Punjab (10%) Maharashtra (9%) Total Crop residues 502 Mt Rice Surplus 141 Mt Burning 93 Mt MNRE, 2014 UP 23% Punjab 21% Haryana 10% Maha. 8% Karnataka 6% W.B. 5% T.N. 5% Others 22% BURNING Haryana (6%) 2
- 3. Present Day Era of Crop Intensification and Mechanized harvesting Gajendra Singh, 2018 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 2001 2005 2010 2015 COMBINE HARVESTING (000, ha) 3 1 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2 1.25 1.3 1.35 1.4 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 CROPPING INTENSITY
- 4. Satellite Images of Open Burning During October in 2017 and 2018 October, 2018October, 2017 Image Source: NASA-VIIRS ACCELERATION in OCTOBER 4
- 5. 5 140 160 180 200 220 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 CO2 Tg/yr 0.012 0.013 0.014 0.015 0.016 0.017 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 N2O Tg/yr South Asia: Environmental pollution due to Open Burning Annually (2010-15) Loss of valuable nutrients (per ha) N-70kg P-6kg K-170 kg S-11 kg
- 6. Enormous Impacts of Burning Greenhouse gas emission Release of shoot particles causing Smog Human and animal Health Hazards Loss of microbial diversity Deteriorate soil fertility 6
- 7. Importance of residue in dynamic soil system BeneficialImpact Improves soil fertility Up the SOM Increase microbial abundance and Community Soil Physical properties Aeration Crop yield and Farmers Income Nutrient content in rice and wheat straw 7
- 8. In-Situ Management Ex-Situ management Rice Residue management Removal Surface Retention Residue Incorporation Harrowing Pre-sowing Irrigation Harrowing Rotavator Planking Reduced tillage Zero tillage Happy seeder Composting Biochar Commercial As Soil Amendments Mushroom Biogas plant Bio-Oil Paper Board Sowing • Microbial inoculants • Nitrogen Spray Paper Mills Ply Board 8
- 9. Impact of Residue management on soil properties under RWCS in 7 year (M.P.) Parameters Removal Incorporation Burnt OC (%) 0.69 0.75 0.59 Avl N (kg/ha) 249 264 233 Avl P (kg/ha) 18 23 17 Avl K (kg/ha) 56 85 77 MWD (mm) 0.61 0.74 0.59 Bulk Density (g/cc) 1.32 1.25 1.32 Mandal et. al., 2004 9
- 10. Decomposition, an issue with rice Residue Incorporation ! Si Silica uptake and transport system Silica content Amorphous C-Si Phytoliths & Cellulose and lignin Factors Silica Temperature Moisture Soil pH Aeration 10
- 11. Residue harvester cum chopper cum collector Baler Combine harvested field Zero Tillage/Happy Seeder Happy Seeder Residue retention 11 Zero Tillage/Happy Seeder
- 12. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan NCOF, Ghaziabad, 2014 Swachh Bharat Abhiyan Safe and Simple Ready to use Applicable for all kind of Agri and municipal waste Low cost @ Rs. 20/- per bottle Quick Composting (30-40 Day) 12 Waste Decomposer
- 13. Rice residue composting using microbial inoculants decomposers Josoh et. al., 2013 EM: Effective Microorganisms Compost Mixture: 50% rice straw + 30% goat manure + 20% green waste 13
- 15. Biochar in Soil Retain moisture Lock Nutrients C-Sequestration 15
- 16. Impact of pyrolysis temperature on the properties of biochar 16
- 17. Mushroom Production Watering Baled Rice Straw Harvest Collection and lime watering Rice Straw Let it ferment (7-10 days) Slake lime @ 2% Solution 50-60 kg Mushroom (fresh weight) from 100 kg Rice Straw Additional Benefit Substrate with narrow C:N ratio and microbial abundance back to field 17
- 18. Process route of the anaerobic digestion power plant in Fazilka, Punjab, India (2016) 18 Second Stage digester (2900 m3 Gas Reservoir Electric Generator
- 19. Residue Management Options and Approaches 19 Can be used for CA? Can be pyrolyzed ? Can be Composted ? Can be used for fodder? Mushroom Production ? Commercial utilization Retain in field (Happy Seeder) Follow CA for all crops Leave stubble and collect loose Use Manure in CA Collection for composting or leave in field and use decomposer Leave stubbles and collect loose, install biochar kiln and back to field Use residue bales for mushroom cultivation Recycle spent in CA Establish community biogas, electricity, biofuel plants and recycle Slurry in CA
- 20. CONCLUSION 20 In-situ management through mechanical intervenes (Baler, Zero tillage, Happy Seeder) may be promising in terms of soil carbon pool, soil health without any yield penalty but management of huge residue quantum can not be achieved through single aspect. Thus, ex-situ management options by leaving 30-40% residue in field together with composting, Biochar production etc. can be potential options.
- 21. Present day possible package 21 Incorporation Mulcher/Shredder Retention Decomposer/Nitrogen application Harrow, Rotavator, planking Baler Sowing Happy Seeder Partial Biochar Production
- 22. THANKING YOU 22
Editor's Notes
- Upto now we are clear about the potential benefits of biochar and how it can be made from simple starting materials like crop residue. India has a big residue surplus that can be channeled into biochar energy. Lets have a look at the on field biomass generation surplus in india Fig 1 explaination- With the increase in yields from the crops, the amount of residue generation has also increased substantially, with most of it coming from the irrigated rice wheat ecosystems. Generation of crop residues is highest in UP with 60 million tonnes followed by Punjab with 51 million tonnes and Maharashtra 46 million tonnes. While UP and Punjab mainly account for the cereal residues, maha accounts for maximum residue from pulses. Fig 2 explaination-Of the total 686 million tonnes of crop residue only a very little is utilized and a whopping 434 million tonnes approx is surplus. About 304 i.e. 70% million tonnes of this is accounted by cereals only with most of it coming from rice and wheat. Fig- 3 explaination We can also have a look on the break up of contributions of various crops to residue generation in india, which is again as per the numerical figures discussed just now
- It is important to deploy different strategies for stubble management at different places based on the available technology. For instance, the Government of Punjab has set a pilot project with Nu-way in Bathinda to process briquettes from two lakh tonne of rice crop residue. NTPC will use the briquette output as a fuel in its power plant. It is worthy to note that converting rice-crop residue into briquettes is not an expensive process. The cost of these briquettes for a power plant is at par with coal. Similarly, Larsen & Toubro and Hindustan Petroleum Corporation are setting up plants to utilise crop residue in power generation, and producing bioethanol, respectively.
- It is important to deploy different strategies for stubble management at different places based on the available technology. For instance, the Government of Punjab has set a pilot project with Nu-way in Bathinda to process briquettes from two lakh tonne of rice crop residue. NTPC will use the briquette output as a fuel in its power plant. It is worthy to note that converting rice-crop residue into briquettes is not an expensive process. The cost of these briquettes for a power plant is at par with coal. Similarly, Larsen & Toubro and Hindustan Petroleum Corporation are setting up plants to utilise crop residue in power generation, and producing bioethanol, respectively.
- Impact on Soil Loss of vital components such as nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur and potassium from the top soil layer, making the land less fertile and unavailable for agriculture in the long run. Impact on farmers’ income Additional monetary costs for stubble burning in terms of additional fertilizer, pesticides and irrigation Hidden Cost Losses of soil nutrient, vegetation, bio-diversity and accidents caused because of low visibility, Human
- Glucanase and B-1-3 Glucanase enzyme, trigger the plant defense mechanism