Agroforestry: A Land Degradation Control and Mitigation ApproachPrashant Sharma
Land degradation is one of the major issues in India that leads to deterioration of land quality for agricultural production and environmental protection. Agroforestry can help to prevent land degradation while allowing continuing use of land.
Agroforestry: A Land Degradation Control and Mitigation ApproachPrashant Sharma
Land degradation is one of the major issues in India that leads to deterioration of land quality for agricultural production and environmental protection. Agroforestry can help to prevent land degradation while allowing continuing use of land.
Agriculture has been and continues to be the most important sector in Indian economy. Climate change is one of the most important environmental issues facing the world today. The impact of climate change is a reality and it cuts across all climates sensitive sectors including the Agriculture sector. In this situation this seminar focuses on the climate smart agriculture. CSA brings together practices, policies and institutions that are not necessarily new but are used in the context of climatic changes which is prime requirement in arena of climate change. Farmers possessed low level of knowledge regarding climate change, and they adopted traditional methods to mitigate the impact of climate change. Small land holdings, poor extension services and non availability of stress tolerant verities were the major problems faced by the farmers in adoption to climate change. Extension functionaries were having medium level awareness about impact of climate change on agriculture. They used electronic media, training and conferences and seminars as major sources of information for climate change. They need training on climate smart agriculture aspects. Based on the above facts this presentation focuses on analyzing the opportunities and challenges of climate smart agriculture.
Rice Crop establishment techniques in South Asia by Pardeep Sagwal CCS HAU Hisarpardeepsagwal
Rice being a global crop grown widely across the world with varying methodologies and techniques. so do we have option for south Asia which is the hub for rice production. do we have enough resources to continued production of rice with lesser availability of water and Labour which are the most limiting factor in the region.
Multilayer Cropping : Ideal approach for better yield and increasing farm incomeAntaraPramanik
In India mostly farmers (about 85%)comes under small and marginal farmers. In near future, availability of land for cultivation will be reduce with increasing population and rapid urbanization, degradation of land due to soil erosion and soil salinity.
As per estimate, in India more than 95% holding will be under the category of small and marginal holders by 2050 (Agrawal R.L., 1995) .
For solution of this problem, multi storied cropping system will be a potential and efficient option to provide food, nutritional and income security to the growing population of India (Awasthi O.P. et.al., 2008) . This has possible because of the diverse agro climatic condition, enormous biodiversity, wide variation in soil fertility, large cultivable land area in the geographical boundary of India. Multi-layer Cropping is a system of growing crops together of different heights at the same time on the same piece of land. It is also referred as multi-storied cropping or multi-tier cropping. Multilayer Cropping is based on the principle of high-density planting and making the ultimate and efficient use of manure, water, land, labour and vertical space.
This system of cropping also works on the principles of minimization of production cost and inputs use, development of organic and sustainable farming system in order to mitigate the use of chemicals and ensuring the food and nutritional security to each household.
Multilayer system of cropping is sustainable method of cropping that is cost effective and requires less labour . Therefore, people should be made aware of this type of farming system.
We know that many farmers in different countries are unwillingly killing themselves because they work hard in their land but they don’t get good production.
Farmers who are willing to do work are deprived of different resources like irrigation and good area of agricultural land. In this scenario, they can be motivated to do multi-layer system of cropping which can ultimately solves all these problem.
This system of cropping can helps to uplift the economic condition of farmer. The Multilayer Cropping System is indeed a boon to small & marginal farmers.
Pastures, wind breaks and shelter belts in soil conservationVishnu Gopan G M
A windbreak (shelterbelt) is a planting usually made up of one or more rows of trees or shrubs planted in such a manner as to provide shelter from the wind and to protect soil from erosion. Farmers sometimes use windbreaks to keep snow drifts on farm land that will provide water when the snow melts in the spring.
Myself Vijay Kumar Shrivastav completed M.Sc. Agriculture (Agronomy) from G B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology in 1996.
In this presentation I have covered the title "Concept of
Agro- forestry"
This presentation covers various points related to Concept of agroforestry, social forestry, farm forestry, extension forestry, mixed forestry, shelterbelts, strip plantation, recreation forestry, objectives of agroforestry, types of agroforestry, agrisilvicultural forestry system, agrisilvopastoral agroforestry system, silvopastoral agroforestry system, application and components of agroforestry system, multifunctional agroforestry , benefits of agroforestry system, challenges and obstacles in agroforestry adoption, Initiatives of agroforestry development, agroforestry suitability map, Jharkhand agroforestry etc.
My YouTube channel name "JOURNEY WITH VIJAYKUMAR SHRIVASTAV" published contents and link as below :
1. Seed Science and Technology – Basics
Link : https://youtu.be/JxCJnmq3o8s
2. Seed Development Programs & Seed and Agricultural Organizations
Link : https://youtu.be/kWBc2Eobdxc
3. Principles of Hybrid seed Production
Link : https://youtu.be/6TvYhv4XG8c
4. An Introduction to Agriculture and Agronomy
Link : https://youtu.be/HM0WMe5X228
5. Agro-climatic zones of Jharkhand, Rainfall pattern and Abiotic stress (Hindi) ( झारखण्ड के विभिन्न जलवायु क्षेत्र , वर्षा प्रणाली एवं अजैविक दबाव )
Link : https://youtu.be/sGG7AT6-EoY
6. Agro-climatic zones of Jharkhand, Rainfall pattern and Abiotic stress
Link : https://youtu.be/00rL1Pj5Kkk
7. Rainfed Agriculture of Jharkhand ,Major Crops, Rain Water Harvesting and Fish Farming
Link : https://youtu.be/8UGR1RTJeVQ
8. Rainfed Agriculture of Jharkhand ,Major Crops, Rain Water Harvesting and Fish Farming (झारखण्ड की वर्षा पोषित कृषि , मुख्य फसलें , वर्षा जल संचयन और मत्स्य पालन) - In Hindi
Link : https://youtu.be/mi4AwBvkAeg
9. Soil fertility status of Jharkhand, improving soil health and concept of Organic farming
Link : https://youtu.be/1gxu6hmZ0us
10. Soil fertility status of Jharkhand, improving soil health and concept of Organic farming ( झारखण्ड की मृदा उर्वरता की अवस्था , मिट्टी की स्वास्थ्य वृद्धि और जैविक खेती की अवधारणा )-In Hindi
Link : https://youtu.be/9-R5c7_HDN8
11. Classification of crops
Link : https://youtu.be/VHC8izeI4cA
12. Seeds and sowing
Link : https://youtu.be/9DsWBOyBO0Q
13. Classification of crops (फसलों के वर्गीकरण )-Hindi
Link : https://youtu.be/ySDb-Qs-rz8
14. Concept of Agro-forestry.mp4
Link : https://youtu.be/E5-xwdsLOiM
15. Wastelands and Means to Reclaim them
https://youtu.be/qbwT5DXoFUU
Achievements and challenges in Ethiopian agricultureILRI
Presented by Dr. Abera Deresa (State Minister, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) at the 'Dialogue on Ethiopia’s Agricultural Development', 12 November 2015, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Agriculture has been and continues to be the most important sector in Indian economy. Climate change is one of the most important environmental issues facing the world today. The impact of climate change is a reality and it cuts across all climates sensitive sectors including the Agriculture sector. In this situation this seminar focuses on the climate smart agriculture. CSA brings together practices, policies and institutions that are not necessarily new but are used in the context of climatic changes which is prime requirement in arena of climate change. Farmers possessed low level of knowledge regarding climate change, and they adopted traditional methods to mitigate the impact of climate change. Small land holdings, poor extension services and non availability of stress tolerant verities were the major problems faced by the farmers in adoption to climate change. Extension functionaries were having medium level awareness about impact of climate change on agriculture. They used electronic media, training and conferences and seminars as major sources of information for climate change. They need training on climate smart agriculture aspects. Based on the above facts this presentation focuses on analyzing the opportunities and challenges of climate smart agriculture.
Rice Crop establishment techniques in South Asia by Pardeep Sagwal CCS HAU Hisarpardeepsagwal
Rice being a global crop grown widely across the world with varying methodologies and techniques. so do we have option for south Asia which is the hub for rice production. do we have enough resources to continued production of rice with lesser availability of water and Labour which are the most limiting factor in the region.
Multilayer Cropping : Ideal approach for better yield and increasing farm incomeAntaraPramanik
In India mostly farmers (about 85%)comes under small and marginal farmers. In near future, availability of land for cultivation will be reduce with increasing population and rapid urbanization, degradation of land due to soil erosion and soil salinity.
As per estimate, in India more than 95% holding will be under the category of small and marginal holders by 2050 (Agrawal R.L., 1995) .
For solution of this problem, multi storied cropping system will be a potential and efficient option to provide food, nutritional and income security to the growing population of India (Awasthi O.P. et.al., 2008) . This has possible because of the diverse agro climatic condition, enormous biodiversity, wide variation in soil fertility, large cultivable land area in the geographical boundary of India. Multi-layer Cropping is a system of growing crops together of different heights at the same time on the same piece of land. It is also referred as multi-storied cropping or multi-tier cropping. Multilayer Cropping is based on the principle of high-density planting and making the ultimate and efficient use of manure, water, land, labour and vertical space.
This system of cropping also works on the principles of minimization of production cost and inputs use, development of organic and sustainable farming system in order to mitigate the use of chemicals and ensuring the food and nutritional security to each household.
Multilayer system of cropping is sustainable method of cropping that is cost effective and requires less labour . Therefore, people should be made aware of this type of farming system.
We know that many farmers in different countries are unwillingly killing themselves because they work hard in their land but they don’t get good production.
Farmers who are willing to do work are deprived of different resources like irrigation and good area of agricultural land. In this scenario, they can be motivated to do multi-layer system of cropping which can ultimately solves all these problem.
This system of cropping can helps to uplift the economic condition of farmer. The Multilayer Cropping System is indeed a boon to small & marginal farmers.
Pastures, wind breaks and shelter belts in soil conservationVishnu Gopan G M
A windbreak (shelterbelt) is a planting usually made up of one or more rows of trees or shrubs planted in such a manner as to provide shelter from the wind and to protect soil from erosion. Farmers sometimes use windbreaks to keep snow drifts on farm land that will provide water when the snow melts in the spring.
Myself Vijay Kumar Shrivastav completed M.Sc. Agriculture (Agronomy) from G B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology in 1996.
In this presentation I have covered the title "Concept of
Agro- forestry"
This presentation covers various points related to Concept of agroforestry, social forestry, farm forestry, extension forestry, mixed forestry, shelterbelts, strip plantation, recreation forestry, objectives of agroforestry, types of agroforestry, agrisilvicultural forestry system, agrisilvopastoral agroforestry system, silvopastoral agroforestry system, application and components of agroforestry system, multifunctional agroforestry , benefits of agroforestry system, challenges and obstacles in agroforestry adoption, Initiatives of agroforestry development, agroforestry suitability map, Jharkhand agroforestry etc.
My YouTube channel name "JOURNEY WITH VIJAYKUMAR SHRIVASTAV" published contents and link as below :
1. Seed Science and Technology – Basics
Link : https://youtu.be/JxCJnmq3o8s
2. Seed Development Programs & Seed and Agricultural Organizations
Link : https://youtu.be/kWBc2Eobdxc
3. Principles of Hybrid seed Production
Link : https://youtu.be/6TvYhv4XG8c
4. An Introduction to Agriculture and Agronomy
Link : https://youtu.be/HM0WMe5X228
5. Agro-climatic zones of Jharkhand, Rainfall pattern and Abiotic stress (Hindi) ( झारखण्ड के विभिन्न जलवायु क्षेत्र , वर्षा प्रणाली एवं अजैविक दबाव )
Link : https://youtu.be/sGG7AT6-EoY
6. Agro-climatic zones of Jharkhand, Rainfall pattern and Abiotic stress
Link : https://youtu.be/00rL1Pj5Kkk
7. Rainfed Agriculture of Jharkhand ,Major Crops, Rain Water Harvesting and Fish Farming
Link : https://youtu.be/8UGR1RTJeVQ
8. Rainfed Agriculture of Jharkhand ,Major Crops, Rain Water Harvesting and Fish Farming (झारखण्ड की वर्षा पोषित कृषि , मुख्य फसलें , वर्षा जल संचयन और मत्स्य पालन) - In Hindi
Link : https://youtu.be/mi4AwBvkAeg
9. Soil fertility status of Jharkhand, improving soil health and concept of Organic farming
Link : https://youtu.be/1gxu6hmZ0us
10. Soil fertility status of Jharkhand, improving soil health and concept of Organic farming ( झारखण्ड की मृदा उर्वरता की अवस्था , मिट्टी की स्वास्थ्य वृद्धि और जैविक खेती की अवधारणा )-In Hindi
Link : https://youtu.be/9-R5c7_HDN8
11. Classification of crops
Link : https://youtu.be/VHC8izeI4cA
12. Seeds and sowing
Link : https://youtu.be/9DsWBOyBO0Q
13. Classification of crops (फसलों के वर्गीकरण )-Hindi
Link : https://youtu.be/ySDb-Qs-rz8
14. Concept of Agro-forestry.mp4
Link : https://youtu.be/E5-xwdsLOiM
15. Wastelands and Means to Reclaim them
https://youtu.be/qbwT5DXoFUU
Achievements and challenges in Ethiopian agricultureILRI
Presented by Dr. Abera Deresa (State Minister, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) at the 'Dialogue on Ethiopia’s Agricultural Development', 12 November 2015, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Sustainable agriculture development in EthiopiaIFOAM
Hailu Araya, Institute for Sustainable Development (Ethiopia) presents the Ethiopian Sustainable Development Project at the IFOAM side event at UNFCCC SB 32, Bonn, June 3rd 2010
About Us:
UltraSpectra is a full-service online company dedicated to providing the services of internet marketing and
IT solutions to professionals and businesses looking to fully leverage the internet.
http://www.ultraspectra.com
http://www.ultraspectra.net
Join Our Network:
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Powerpoint by Samuel Soki Harding, Daniel Santigie Fornah, and Edward S.A. Kargbo presented at the West Africa SRI Workshop in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso on July 26-27, 2012.
Trends in wheat production and consumption in SudanCIMMYT
Presentation by Dr. Mohamed B. Elgali (University of Gezira, Sudan) at Wheat for Food Security in Africa conference, Oct 9, 2012, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
On December 8 and 9, a Dairy Expert Roundtable Meeting on “Competitive Dairy Value Chains in Southeast Asia” was held in Muak Lek, Thailand. In this regional meeting, participants from six countries in Southeast Asia discussed how the relatively small dairy value chains could be more competitive and sustainable.
A competitive South African Wheat Industry Is Paramount To Food SecurityCIMMYT
Presentation by Dr. Cobus LeRoux (ARC-Field Crops Division, South Africa) at Wheat for Food Security in Africa conference, Oct 9, 2012, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Panel on ‘Statistical Data for Policy Decision Making in Ethiopia’, African Statistics Day Workshop organized by the Ethiopian Statistics Service (ESS). 17-Nov-22.
Virtual roundtable meeting on the results and learnings from the P4G Sustainable Food Partnership. DanChurchAid together with SFP partners and in coordination with P4G Hub, Washington, and State of Green, Copenhagen. 23-Nov-22.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
De-mystifying Zero to One: Design Informed Techniques for Greenfield Innovati...
Crop Production in Ethiopia: A Spatial–Structural Analysis
1. Crop Production in Ethiopia:
A Spatial–Structural Analysis
Jordan Chamberlin and Alemayehu Seyoum Taffesse
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)
ESSP-II/EDRI Seminar
16 March 2009
Addis Ababa,
2. Introduction
Motivation
• Enhancing food security a policy priority;
• Increasing productivity a key ingredient towards food security;
Vital to assess where agricultural production is.
Objectives
• Current: To summarise the structure and dynamics of food crop production in
Ethiopia over the last decade;
• Ongoing: To understand the determinants of the agricultural productivity and its
growth.
3. Outline
Approaches and Data
Current State - the state of crop production, circa 2008
• What is produced; Where is it produced; How is it produced
• Dynamics - pattern and sources of growth
• Some closing observations
4. Approaches and Data
Approach – Decomposition
• What are the relative contributions of acreage expansion and yield increase?
• Do changes in crop prices matter a great deal?
• Does crop diversification/specialisation contribute much to output growth?
Output decomposition
dQi Adyi
i
yidAi
Revenue decomposition
n n n n
dR aiyi pi dA A aiyidpi A ai pdyi A yi pdai
i i
i 1 i 1 i 1 i 1
5. Approaches and Data
Geographic disaggregation
• Heterogeneity of production and marketing contexts
Domains
• Capture initial conditions
• Capture potential for growth
7. Zonal level analysis
Simplified domain
framework
Low-access High-access
Low-pop- growth led by
(mixed growth)
density area-expansion
High-pop- growth led by
(little growth)
density yield-increases
8.
9.
10. Approaches and Data
Data
Dataset compiled from cereal production and price data at the zonal
level collected by the Central Statistics Agency (CSA)’s Agricultural
Sample Surveys - 1996/97-2007/08 (1989-2000 E.C.).
Caveats
• Cereals – acreage, output, food expenditure, calorie intake;
• Forty zones of the four regions – Amhara, Oromiya, SNNP, and Tigray.
(dominant in the production of temporary crops);
• Meher season.
11. Current State
Average (2004/2005 – 2007/08 )
Area Cultivated in hectares Production in quintals
Crop Number of Share in total Share in total
holders Level area cultivated Level production
(%) (%)
Grain 11,519,148 10,382,365 92.7 140,902,733 79.8
Cereals 11,156,837 8,230,211 73.4 120,629,724 68.3
Teff 5,462,782 2,337,850 20.9 24,079,480 13.6
Barley 3,842,462 1,024,390 9.1 13,264,217 7.5
Wheat 4,118,164 1,439,098 12.8 22,933,077 13
Maize 7,287,931 1,595,238 14.2 33,142,865 18.8
Sorghum 4,253,534 1,429,886 12.8 22,161,808 12.5
Pulses 6,377,027 1,384,499 12.4 14,955,466 8.5
Oilseeds 3,127,131 767,655 6.9 5,317,543 3
Vegetables 4,936,741 106,585 1 4,248,252 2.4
Root crops 4,757,733 174,826 1.6 14,732,919 8.3
Fruit crops 2,658,415 51,078 0.5 4,034,590 2.3
Others (Chat, Coffee) 2,068,262 471,278 4.2 3,634,091 2.0
12. Current State
Average Annual growth rate - 2004/05-2007/08
(1997-2000 E.C.) (%) Yield (quintals
Production Area Cultivated Yield (quintals per hectare)
Crop
(quintals) (hectares) per hectare)
Grain 11.8 3.9
Cereals 12.2 4.8 6.2 14.0
Teff 15.9 6.7 7.7 10.2
Barley 0.7 -3.4 4.5 13.0
Wheat 2.1 0.6 1.5 15.9
Maize 18.9 9 7.8 20.6
Sorghum 18.3 7.4 8.9 15.4
Note: Cereal yield is calculated as acreage-share weighted average of the yields
of the five major cereals listed in the table – they account for more than 95 percent
of cereal acreage and cereal output.
16. Current State
How?
Fertiliser
Applied Fertiliser application Share of crop area (%)
area
(share in (total (quintals per Improved Extension
Crop Pesticide
total area quintals/ hectare of seed Irrigated package
applied
cultivated - total fertilizer applied crop area covered
crop area
%) hectares) applied area) crop area crop area
2007/08 2007/08 2007/08 2007/08 2007/08 2007/08 2007/08
Cereals 39.0 0.45 1.16 4.7 20.8 1.1 14.5
Teff 54.3 0.52 0.95 0.7 30.5 0.7 13.8
Barley 30.5 0.30 0.99 0.6 20.7 1.2 11.0
Wheat 62.1 0.85 1.36 2.9 43.6 0.5 21.9
Maize 32.8 0.54 1.63 19.5 2.9 2.2 21.3
Sorghum 3.1 0.03 1.05 0.1 5.4 1.2 1.4
17. Current State
How – cont’d
Average age of holder Proportion of male Median education level Mean household size
(years) holders of holder (number of members)
(%) (years of schooling)
41.5 80.9 1.1 5.2
19. Growth in cereal production
Summary – substantial growth over the last decade, the bulk of it in the second half
Production Area Cultivated Yield
Growth Level Growth
Level
Year Crop Level (quintals) rate (%) Growth (quintals/ rate (%)
(hectares)
(1997/98- rate (%) hectare) (1997/98-
2007/08) 2007/08)
Barley 7,863,950 681,950 11.5
Maize 19,288,510 1,100,610 17.5
1997-1998
Sorghum 10,697,400 954,740 11.2
Teff 13,073,480 1,747,190 7.5
Wheat 11,067,850 787,720 14.1
Sum 61,991,190 5,272,210
Barley 13,548,071 72.3 984,943 44.4 13.8 19.3
Maize 37,497,491 94.4 1,767,389 60.6 21.2 21.1
2007-2008
Sorghum 26,591,292 148.6 1,533,537 60.6 17.3 54.8
Teff 29,929,235 128.9 2,565,155 46.8 11.7 55.9
Wheat 23,144,885 109.1 1,424,719 80.9 16.2 15.6
Sum 130,710,974 110.9 8,275,743 57.0
20. Growth in cereal production
1. Output, acreage, and yield levels and growth rates varied widely
within and across years – a large part of the latter almost certainly a
reflection of rain-fall variability.
Acreage Production Yield
CV CV CV
CV Levels CV Levels CV Levels
Growth Growth Growth
(%) (%) (%)
(%) (%) (%)
Barley 128.0 2073.2 151.9 4146.2 34.0 2198.6
Maize 104.5 1208.4 121.4 2586.9 34.4 2799.0
Sorghum 111.2 1453.6 119.2 5384.0 47.3 821.3
Teff 105.2 1247.2 120.4 7343.4 34.9 626.6
Wheat 137.8 1002.5 159.4 3661.4 46.2 982.7
Capture variations across space (zones), time (years)
24. Growth in cereal production
2. Acreage expansion originates the bulk of the growth in total output
during the period,
• Out of the sixty crop-domain-period specific pairs of yield and acreage
contribution shares, in only twelve did the share of yield was higher.
• Uncorrelated crop zonal-level acreage share of a crop and the significance
of contribution of yield changes to zonal-level growth in that crop’s output.
3. The relative contributions of acreage and yield changes to output growth
were not statistically significantly different across development domains, crop
belts, as well as time periods - only exceptions, the output growth
contribution of changes in sorghum yield and acreage were different across
domains.
• Teff the exception - comparable contribution come from acreage and yield
increases
25. Growth in cereal production
4. the contribution of yield growth rises measurably towards the end of the
period.
Median Contributions of change in crop yield to
Year Changes in Quantity of Cereal Output (%)
Barley Maize Sorghum Teff
1998/99 49.2 36.8 53.2 48.6
1999/2000 8.1 25.7 19.2 39.2
2000/01 48.0 40.0 25.6 59.5
2001/02 37.1 31.1 26.9 25.3
2003/04 -0.3 29.6 36.7 38.8
2004/05 49.2 75.0 55.1 79.4
2005/06 57.1 67.4 48.9 60.7
2006/07 19.2 21.4 26.6 16.8
2007/08 41.5 30.3 41.9 69.7
Acreage expansion also dominates as a source of growth at the crop level. A
striking exception is teff – rising yield contributes more than increased
acreage.
27. Some Final Observations
Acreage expansion continued throughout the period covered.
• sources of acreage expansion;
• and its potential impact, including on other uses of land and consequences thereof
(environmental, say)
Need to systematically investigate
Significant growth in yields was recorded over time. However:
• Cereal yields are still low – less than a fifth of the level in Egypt, less than a third of that in
China and Viet Nam;
• High dependence on rainfall with negligible irrigation coverage of staple crops production;
• Highly undercapitalised with physical capital per land-holder of US$138 – 3000 tractors in use
in Ethiopia during 2006 versus 163,000 in Viet Nam;
• Meagre human capital stock (measured in terms of education alone), with 64 percent of land-
holders not literate and only 6 percent of them having higher than six years of formal
schooling.
• Only about 40 percent of cereal acreage benefit from chemical fertilizers with intensity of
fertilizer use relatively low in comparison with countries like Egypt, Bangladesh, India, and
Vietnam.
Pertinent to explore why yields remain and how could they be raised significantly and
rapidly.