A presentation by Shane Norris as part of the Practicalities of Cohort and Longitudinal Research panel discussion at the International Symposium on Cohort and Longitudinal Studies in Developing Contexts, UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti, Florence, Italy 13-15 October 2014
A presentation by Shane Norris as part of the Practicalities of Cohort and Longitudinal Research panel discussion at the International Symposium on Cohort and Longitudinal Studies in Developing Contexts, UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti, Florence, Italy 13-15 October 2014
Yekaterina Chzhen presents “Impacts of a Cash Plus Intervention on Gender Attitudes Among Tanzanian Adolescents" at Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management Annual Conference, Barcelona July 29-30.
Barbara M. Fraumeni
Muskie School of Public Service, USM, Portland, ME
& the National Bureau of Economic Research, USA,
China Center for Human Capital and Labor Market Research,
Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China
The Future in Mind: Aspirations and Forward-Looking Behaviour in Rural Ethiopiaessp2
Africa Meeting of the Econometric Society
June 29 – July 1, 2017
Ecole Supérieure de Banque, Algiers
Tanguy Bernard (Bordeaux/IFPRI) Stefan Dercon (Oxford)
Kate Orkin (Oxford) Alemayehu Seyoum Taffesse (IFPRI)
Effects of Cash Transfers on Protection & Wellbeing of Women & ChildrenThe Transfer Project
In conjunction with CPC Learning, the Transfer Project hosted a webinar to present new and ongoing work on the impacts of cash transfers on protection and well-being outcomes for women and children.
First, Amber Peterman explores the impacts of social protection and cash transfers on intimate partner violence and violence against children in low- and middle income settings.
Tia Palermo then goes on to discuss cash plus approaches and violence reduction in Ghana, as well as pathways of economic security, intra-household conflict and women’s empowerment.
Finally, Jacob de Hoop focuses on cash transfer programs supporting the school participation of displaced Syrian children in Jordan and Lebanon and explore impacts on child education, labor and well-being.
A recording of the webinar can be found here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WeTje9Fh1tI&feature=youtu.be
Measuring employment and consumption in household surveys: Reflections from t...IFPRI-PIM
Webinar organized the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets, led by IFPRI, on July 13, 2021.
Presentations:
- Are we done yet? Response fatigue and rural livelihoods (Sylvan Herskowitz, Research Fellow, IFPRI)
- Assessing response fatigue in phone survey: Experimental evidence on dietary diversity in Ethiopia (Kibrom Abay, Research Fellow, IFPRI)
- Telescoping causes overstatement in recalled food consumption: Evidence from a survey experiment in Ethiopia (Kalle Hirvonen, Senior Research Fellow, IFPRI)
Discussant: Andrew Dillon, Clinical Associate Professor of Development Economics within Kellogg's Public-Private Interface Initiative (KPPI); Director of Research Methods Cluster in the Global Poverty Research Lab, Northwestern University.
Moderator: Kate Ambler, Research Fellow, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
More info and full recording: https://bit.ly/2TrpaNF
2nd International Symposium on Factorial Survey Methods in Health, Social and...Anna Liddle
Presentations from this one-day meeting, 15 June 2016, on aspects of developing and using the factorial survey methods to study decision making particularly in health, social and ageing research.
An Extensive Longitudinal Study into Children & Youth around the world: Methodological challenges, strengths and weaknesses
Marta Favara, Young Lives
CLOSER Longitudinal Methodology Series seminar
July 28th , 2016
Methodological challenges, strengths, and weaknesses of an extensive longitudinal study into children and youth around the world
presented by Marta Favara of Young Lives
to the CLOSER Longitudinal Methodology Seminar Series
28 July, 2016
Yekaterina Chzhen presents “Impacts of a Cash Plus Intervention on Gender Attitudes Among Tanzanian Adolescents" at Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management Annual Conference, Barcelona July 29-30.
Barbara M. Fraumeni
Muskie School of Public Service, USM, Portland, ME
& the National Bureau of Economic Research, USA,
China Center for Human Capital and Labor Market Research,
Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China
The Future in Mind: Aspirations and Forward-Looking Behaviour in Rural Ethiopiaessp2
Africa Meeting of the Econometric Society
June 29 – July 1, 2017
Ecole Supérieure de Banque, Algiers
Tanguy Bernard (Bordeaux/IFPRI) Stefan Dercon (Oxford)
Kate Orkin (Oxford) Alemayehu Seyoum Taffesse (IFPRI)
Effects of Cash Transfers on Protection & Wellbeing of Women & ChildrenThe Transfer Project
In conjunction with CPC Learning, the Transfer Project hosted a webinar to present new and ongoing work on the impacts of cash transfers on protection and well-being outcomes for women and children.
First, Amber Peterman explores the impacts of social protection and cash transfers on intimate partner violence and violence against children in low- and middle income settings.
Tia Palermo then goes on to discuss cash plus approaches and violence reduction in Ghana, as well as pathways of economic security, intra-household conflict and women’s empowerment.
Finally, Jacob de Hoop focuses on cash transfer programs supporting the school participation of displaced Syrian children in Jordan and Lebanon and explore impacts on child education, labor and well-being.
A recording of the webinar can be found here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WeTje9Fh1tI&feature=youtu.be
Measuring employment and consumption in household surveys: Reflections from t...IFPRI-PIM
Webinar organized the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets, led by IFPRI, on July 13, 2021.
Presentations:
- Are we done yet? Response fatigue and rural livelihoods (Sylvan Herskowitz, Research Fellow, IFPRI)
- Assessing response fatigue in phone survey: Experimental evidence on dietary diversity in Ethiopia (Kibrom Abay, Research Fellow, IFPRI)
- Telescoping causes overstatement in recalled food consumption: Evidence from a survey experiment in Ethiopia (Kalle Hirvonen, Senior Research Fellow, IFPRI)
Discussant: Andrew Dillon, Clinical Associate Professor of Development Economics within Kellogg's Public-Private Interface Initiative (KPPI); Director of Research Methods Cluster in the Global Poverty Research Lab, Northwestern University.
Moderator: Kate Ambler, Research Fellow, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
More info and full recording: https://bit.ly/2TrpaNF
2nd International Symposium on Factorial Survey Methods in Health, Social and...Anna Liddle
Presentations from this one-day meeting, 15 June 2016, on aspects of developing and using the factorial survey methods to study decision making particularly in health, social and ageing research.
An Extensive Longitudinal Study into Children & Youth around the world: Methodological challenges, strengths and weaknesses
Marta Favara, Young Lives
CLOSER Longitudinal Methodology Series seminar
July 28th , 2016
Methodological challenges, strengths, and weaknesses of an extensive longitudinal study into children and youth around the world
presented by Marta Favara of Young Lives
to the CLOSER Longitudinal Methodology Seminar Series
28 July, 2016
Smarter social protection? Impacts of Ethiopia's
Productive Safety Net on Child Cognitive Outcomes
Marta Favara, Catherine Porter, Tassew Woldehanna
Young Lives Conference
catherine.porter@hw.ac.uk
September 8th, 2016
Leah Prencipe, Tia Palermo, and Yekaterina Chzhen and presented “Impacts of a Cash Plus Intervention on Gender Attitudes among Tanzanian Adolescents” as part of European Commission Joint Research Center's Seminar Series. (June 2020)
Similar to Parental Aspirations for Children's Education: Is There a "Girl Effect"? Experimental Evidence from Rural Ethiopia (20)
Panel on ‘Statistical Data for Policy Decision Making in Ethiopia’, African Statistics Day Workshop organized by the Ethiopian Statistics Service (ESS). 17-Nov-22.
Virtual roundtable meeting on the results and learnings from the P4G Sustainable Food Partnership. DanChurchAid together with SFP partners and in coordination with P4G Hub, Washington, and State of Green, Copenhagen. 23-Nov-22.
What is the point of small housing associations.pptxPaul Smith
Given the small scale of housing associations and their relative high cost per home what is the point of them and how do we justify their continued existance
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Canadian Immigration Tracker March 2024 - Key SlidesAndrew Griffith
Highlights
Permanent Residents decrease along with percentage of TR2PR decline to 52 percent of all Permanent Residents.
March asylum claim data not issued as of May 27 (unusually late). Irregular arrivals remain very small.
Study permit applications experiencing sharp decrease as a result of announced caps over 50 percent compared to February.
Citizenship numbers remain stable.
Slide 3 has the overall numbers and change.
Up the Ratios Bylaws - a Comprehensive Process of Our Organizationuptheratios
Up the Ratios is a non-profit organization dedicated to bridging the gap in STEM education for underprivileged students by providing free, high-quality learning opportunities in robotics and other STEM fields. Our mission is to empower the next generation of innovators, thinkers, and problem-solvers by offering a range of educational programs that foster curiosity, creativity, and critical thinking.
At Up the Ratios, we believe that every student, regardless of their socio-economic background, should have access to the tools and knowledge needed to succeed in today's technology-driven world. To achieve this, we host a variety of free classes, workshops, summer camps, and live lectures tailored to students from underserved communities. Our programs are designed to be engaging and hands-on, allowing students to explore the exciting world of robotics and STEM through practical, real-world applications.
Our free classes cover fundamental concepts in robotics, coding, and engineering, providing students with a strong foundation in these critical areas. Through our interactive workshops, students can dive deeper into specific topics, working on projects that challenge them to apply what they've learned and think creatively. Our summer camps offer an immersive experience where students can collaborate on larger projects, develop their teamwork skills, and gain confidence in their abilities.
In addition to our local programs, Up the Ratios is committed to making a global impact. We take donations of new and gently used robotics parts, which we then distribute to students and educational institutions in other countries. These donations help ensure that young learners worldwide have the resources they need to explore and excel in STEM fields. By supporting education in this way, we aim to nurture a global community of future leaders and innovators.
Our live lectures feature guest speakers from various STEM disciplines, including engineers, scientists, and industry professionals who share their knowledge and experiences with our students. These lectures provide valuable insights into potential career paths and inspire students to pursue their passions in STEM.
Up the Ratios relies on the generosity of donors and volunteers to continue our work. Contributions of time, expertise, and financial support are crucial to sustaining our programs and expanding our reach. Whether you're an individual passionate about education, a professional in the STEM field, or a company looking to give back to the community, there are many ways to get involved and make a difference.
We are proud of the positive impact we've had on the lives of countless students, many of whom have gone on to pursue higher education and careers in STEM. By providing these young minds with the tools and opportunities they need to succeed, we are not only changing their futures but also contributing to the advancement of technology and innovation on a broader scale.
A process server is a authorized person for delivering legal documents, such as summons, complaints, subpoenas, and other court papers, to peoples involved in legal proceedings.
This session provides a comprehensive overview of the latest updates to the Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards (commonly known as the Uniform Guidance) outlined in the 2 CFR 200.
With a focus on the 2024 revisions issued by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), participants will gain insight into the key changes affecting federal grant recipients. The session will delve into critical regulatory updates, providing attendees with the knowledge and tools necessary to navigate and comply with the evolving landscape of federal grant management.
Learning Objectives:
- Understand the rationale behind the 2024 updates to the Uniform Guidance outlined in 2 CFR 200, and their implications for federal grant recipients.
- Identify the key changes and revisions introduced by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in the 2024 edition of 2 CFR 200.
- Gain proficiency in applying the updated regulations to ensure compliance with federal grant requirements and avoid potential audit findings.
- Develop strategies for effectively implementing the new guidelines within the grant management processes of their respective organizations, fostering efficiency and accountability in federal grant administration.
Presentation by Jared Jageler, David Adler, Noelia Duchovny, and Evan Herrnstadt, analysts in CBO’s Microeconomic Studies and Health Analysis Divisions, at the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists Summer Conference.
Russian anarchist and anti-war movement in the third year of full-scale warAntti Rautiainen
Anarchist group ANA Regensburg hosted my online-presentation on 16th of May 2024, in which I discussed tactics of anti-war activism in Russia, and reasons why the anti-war movement has not been able to make an impact to change the course of events yet. Cases of anarchists repressed for anti-war activities are presented, as well as strategies of support for political prisoners, and modest successes in supporting their struggles.
Thumbnail picture is by MediaZona, you may read their report on anti-war arson attacks in Russia here: https://en.zona.media/article/2022/10/13/burn-map
Links:
Autonomous Action
http://Avtonom.org
Anarchist Black Cross Moscow
http://Avtonom.org/abc
Solidarity Zone
https://t.me/solidarity_zone
Memorial
https://memopzk.org/, https://t.me/pzk_memorial
OVD-Info
https://en.ovdinfo.org/antiwar-ovd-info-guide
RosUznik
https://rosuznik.org/
Uznik Online
http://uznikonline.tilda.ws/
Russian Reader
https://therussianreader.com/
ABC Irkutsk
https://abc38.noblogs.org/
Send mail to prisoners from abroad:
http://Prisonmail.online
YouTube: https://youtu.be/c5nSOdU48O8
Spotify: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/libertarianlifecoach/episodes/Russian-anarchist-and-anti-war-movement-in-the-third-year-of-full-scale-war-e2k8ai4
MHM Roundtable Slide Deck WHA Side-event May 28 2024.pptx
Parental Aspirations for Children's Education: Is There a "Girl Effect"? Experimental Evidence from Rural Ethiopia
1. Parental aspirations for children's education – is
there a “girl effect”?
Experimental evidence from rural Ethiopia
Tanguy Bernard (Bordeaux/IFPRI) Stefan Dercon (Oxford)
Kate Orkin (Oxford) Alemayehu Seyoum Taffesse (IFPRI)
Malawi Strategy Support Programme
Lilongwe | February 13, 2020
2. Motivation
Questions
Some Theory
A five-year evaluation of a field experiment
Design;
Findings – summarize results related to aspirations, beliefs, and
future-oriented behaviour;
The ‘girl effect’
Is there a ‘girl effect’?
Two differences from the published version
o Long-term effect added;
o Analysis restricted to households with children;
Outline
30/03/2020 2
3. Poor people in developing countries often do not invest, even when
returns are high: opportunity vs. ‘ability’ to use opportunity
People may form beliefs that they are unable to improve their economic
position:
Example 1: Rahmato and Kidanu, 1999
“It is a life of no thought for tomorrow”, “We have neither a dream
nor an imagination”
Example 2: Taffesse and Tadesse (2017) – LoC and propensity to
adopt modern farm inputs;
Limit effort, investment, uptake of new technologies;;
Motivation
3
4. Questions:
Are low aspirations a possible explanation?
Can aspirations be changed persistently?
Aspirations
forward-looking goals or targets (Locke and Latham,
2002).
bounds among individuals’ preferences, the elements of
the choice sets which they consider as relevant for them
and motivate their actions.
important – motivators, heterogenous;
Questions, Definition, Relevance
4
5. A Theoretical Framework
subject to:
{ , , } 0
0
( , )
c l wt t t t
t
t t
t
Max V E u c l
1 1
(1 )( ) ( ),
( ),
t t t t t t t t t
t t t t
A r w A c f w A c T l
q f w A c T l
Agnostic about why aspirations are lower:
Bellman equation, FoCs, the envelope theorem ultimately lead to the
following solution
6. A Theoretical Framework
1tλ +
= the shadow cost of the aspirations constraint
as if the marginal benefit of using leisure in the form of effort is lower –
incentives for more leisure and less effort;
as if the return to the productive activity is lower – incentive to invest in the
effortless asset than the productive activity;
as if the risky productive activity gets a lower weight, as if the overall return to
investing in the future should be valued lower than when the aspirations
constraint is not binding;
7. A Theoretical Framework
Origin 1 – lack of (Jensen (2010)) or inattention (Hanna, Mullainathan,
and Schwartzstein (2014)) to relevant information
Assessment: no specific information on returns in the experimental
design; tests whether any specific information to which subjects are
exposed via the videos matters or not;
Origin 2 – low perceived probability of success
Origin 3 – beliefs about oneself and aspirations are shaped by society,
an individual’s past experiences, persuasion, or all three.
Assessment: important channels – intervention is exposure to potential
role models (persuasion and a social channel).
Why low aspirations?
8. Experimental setting: Doba woreda
Rural, isolated, poor district
Only 1.5 per cent of Doba’s population urban; 99% were subsistence
farmers growing sorghum and maize (Central Statistical Agency,
2007)
Selected for the national Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) in
2005
60% of population had only seen TV once in the last year or never
Limited market economy
96% of sample households in agriculture, all own some livestock
Only 10% rent land, 36% hire any labour
Only 47% use any modern agricultural technology
Note: external validity of the point estimates
9. Experimental design: village level
Village level-randomization:
84 villages randomly selected from woreda village list
(from among those with 50-100 HHs to ensure equal
size);
Treatment villages (64 villages, ~36 people per village,
= 2,115)
Pure control villages (20 villages ~30 people per village,
= 631) (Only at end-line).
10. Experimental design: within villages
Within 64 treatment villages – households randomly selected from a
complete listing of village households;
Treatment (~12 people per village = 691)
o Ticket to view 4 x 15-minute documentaries (2 men, 2 women) in
Oromiffa;
o Documentaries specifically produced for the experiment;
Examples on Oxford University YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqfoNjCzt8YPjTRWQaMQfAg;
Placebo (~12 people per village = 717)
(Local Ethiopian TV show)
Within-village control (~12 people per village = 707)
11. Measures – aspirations, expectations
30/03/2020 11
Four dimensions:
Annual income in cash
Assets: house, furniture, other consumer durables goods, vehicles
Social status: do villagers ask for advice
Level of education of eldest child
Aspirations, Expectations:
What is the level of ___ that you would like to achieve?
What is the level of ___ that you think you will reach within ten years?
Testing – Usability, Reliability, and Validity of the Aspiration Measure
(Bernard and Taffesse (2014));
Overall aspiration index:
𝐴𝑖 =
𝑘
w𝑖
𝑘 𝑎𝑖
𝑘
− 𝜇 𝑘
𝜎 𝑘
𝑎𝑖
𝑘
= individual 𝑖’s aspiration response to dimension 𝑘.
𝑤𝑖
𝑘
= weight individual 𝑖 assigned to dimension 𝑘.
𝜇 𝑘, 𝜎 𝑘 = village sample mean and standard deviation for dimension 𝑘.
12. Measurement – develop a survey instrument – four domains;
Identification – aspirations and choice/behavior are interlinked;
Randomize field experiment (an RCT):
o exogeneous/external shock to aspirations in a remote rural
district of Ethiopia using ‘role model’ documentaries;
o No other intervention – incentives, material support, specific
information/advice;
Treatment – watch ‘role model’ documentaries;
Placebo – watch Ethiopian TV entertainment programmes;
Control I – survey within-treatment-village controls;
Control II – survey pure controls (after five years).
Approach
12
13. Experimental design: individual treatment
30/03/2020
13
64 villages. Random selection of 6 treatment HH, 6 placebo HH, 6
control HH. Head and spouse treated.
3 arms:
Treatment: ticket to view mini-documentaries about similar
people who were successful in agriculture or small business.
o No other intervention.
o 4 x 15 minute documentaries (2 men, 2 women) = 1 hour in
Oromiffa
o Examples on CSAE Oxford YouTube channel
Placebo: local Ethiopian TV show in 15 minute segments.
Control:
o within-village: surveyed at their home.
o pure: non-treatment village.
14. Timeline
3 main rounds of surveys
Baseline (Sept-Dec 2010),
Aspirations/expectations immediately after treatment
Follow-up (Mar-May 2011)
End-line (Dec 2015-Jan 2016)
Pure control
Endline (Dec 2015-Jan 2016)
Sample – in a one woreda (district)
15. Non-compliance and attrition
Non-compliance is very limited (2% of treated individuals).
Attrition is small (9.6% of individuals) for a five-year follow-
up.
younger individuals appear to attrite more;
attrition, treatment status and outcomes are not
correlated;
analysis is conducted on 1,898 individuals: all
respondents in treatment villages surveyed in all three
rounds and respondents in pure control villages
surveyed in the end-line.
16. Balance
Individual level
Balanced within treatment villages at baseline.
Balanced on demographics/assets at endline across all four groups
Village level
Treatment and pure control villages are balanced on 30 of 33
endline village characteristics (specified in PAP).
Treatment and pure control villages are balanced on 6
characteristics from GPS data at baseline.
17. Find small changes
Aspirations and expectations, especially for children's education –
higher after 6 months (persists over 5 years)
Internal locus of control – increases after 6 months (does not persist
over 5 years)
Small but significant changes in future-oriented behaviour
Savings, credit increase after six months (do not persist);
Child school enrolment and spending on schooling increase after six
months (persist after 5 years)
Small increases in spending on agricultural inputs (seeds and
fertilizer and land rented) (tested only after 5 years)
Small changes in welfare: stock of assets; durables consumption (tested
only after 5 years)
Spill-over effects on variables - children’s school enrolment, investment
in crops and livestock, and consumption (after 5 years)
Summary: Findings
30/03/2020 17
18. Clear link from exposure to potential role models to changes in
aspirations/beliefs and outcomes.
Build on work on exposure to female role models (Beaman et al.,
2012; and others).
No other intervention; experimental design.
Placebo: control for effects of exposure to media, gathering.
Provide little to no concrete new information (unlike Jensen, 2010,
2012).
Long run follow up;
Examine spillovers - within-village controls pure control villages;
Caveat
How aspirations are formed or why they are lower among the poor
(Dalton et al. 2016 vs Genicot and Ray 2017));
External validity of point estimates of effects in a less remote contexts;
Summary: Contributions/caveats
30/03/2020 18
19. Specifications (impact on educational aspirations and investments
Difference at baseline
Treatment effect (ITT)
‘Girl effect’ – number of girls in total number of children
Heterogeneity – gender of the respondent, education level of the
respondent (interaction terms)
Education: ‘girl effect’
30/03/2020 19
20. Education Aspiration effects by gender
Baseline Short-run Long-run
Mean
Difference
for girls
Treatment
effect
Difference
for girls
Treatment
effect
Difference
for girls
Aspirations for education
(years)
Mean/Coefficient 14.08 -0.47∗∗∗ 0.27∗ -0.1 0.28∗ 0.09
SD/SE 2.42 0.11 0.15 0.27 0.16 0.29
[=1] if aspires beyond
secondary education
Mean/Coefficient 0.6 -0.09∗∗∗ 0.05∗ -0.03 0.05∗ 0.01
SD/SE 0.49 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.03 0.05
Observations 1970 1932 1780
Notes: * denotes significance at 10 percent, ** at 5 percent, and *** at 1 percent level. The unit of
observation is the individual parent. Sample is restricted to households with children aged 6-20. Figures in
2015 USD. We examine difference in means and treatment effects if the eldest child is a girl. Standard
errors are clustered at household level.
Mean educational aspiration – about half-a-year lower for girls;
Aspirations beyond secondary education – 9 percentage points (or 15 percent)
lower for girls.
Positive impact on overall educational aspirations,
No impact towards reducing the gender differential.
21. Education Investment effects by gender
Educational investments by
gender
Baseline Short-run Long-run
Mean
Difference for
girls
Treatment
effect
Difference
for girls
Treatment
effect
Difference
for girls
Children aged 6-20 in school
Mean/Coefficient 1.42 -0.27∗∗∗ 0.23∗∗ -0.02 0.24∗∗ -0.23
SD/SE 0.04 0.09 0.11 0.19 0.1 0.18
Daily minutes in school for
children aged 6-20
Mean/Coefficient 528.66 -113.10∗∗∗ 61.58∗ -22.48 104.60∗∗∗ -70.06
SD/SE 16.14 33.10 36.84 66.11 40.08 71.33
Number of Observations 908 924 857
Notes: * denotes significance at 10 percent, ** at 5 percent, and *** at 1 percent level. The
unit of observation is the household. Sample is restricted to households with children aged 6-
20. Figures in 2015 USD. We examine difference in means and treatment effects by a dummy
equal to one if the share of girls aged 6-20 in the household out of all children aged 6-20 is
above the median. Standard errors are robust.
Positive impact on all educational investment measures
No impact towards reducing the gender differential in educational investment.
22. Education effects by gender
Educational investments by
gender
Baseline Short-run Long-run
Mean
Difference
for girls
Treatment
effect
Difference
for girls
Treatment
effect
Difference
for girls
Daily minutes studying for
children aged 6-20
Mean/Coefficient 173.30 -32.27∗∗∗ 16.99 2.12 40.33∗∗∗ -28.59
SD/SE 6.04 12.18 14.33 (26.89)) 12.93 22.9
Schooling expenditure
(USD) for all
Mean/Coefficient 10.76 -2.29∗∗ 2.19∗ 2.15 4.18∗∗∗ -0.94
SD/SE 0.46 0.98 1.21 2.30 1.29 2.37
Number of Observations 908 924 857
Notes: * denotes significance at 10 percent, ** at 5 percent, and *** at 1 percent level. The unit of
observation is the household. Sample is restricted to households with children aged 6-20. Figures in 2015
USD. We examine difference in means and treatment effects by a dummy equal to one if the share of girls
aged 6-20 in the household out of all children aged 6-20 is above the median. Standard errors are robust.
Positive impact on all educational investment measures
No impact towards reducing the gender differential in educational
investment.
23. Baseline
Difference
(%)
Treatment
Effect
(Average)
(%)
Treatment Effect
(Difference)
(%)
Children aged 6-20 in school 19.0 16.9
No statistically
significant effect
Daily minutes in school for
children aged 6-20
21.4 19.8 Ditto
Daily minutes studying for
children aged 6-20
18.6 23.3 Ditto
Schooling expenditure (USD)
for all
21.3 38.8 Ditto
Summary – Long-run
Also:
mothers and ‘uneducated’ parents have lower educational aspirations for
their children and more so for their daughters, particularly beyond
secondary education;
The treatment did not change these aspirations;