This document summarizes procedures for controlling seed-borne diseases through disease management at different crop stages. It discusses management practices before planting such as site selection, sanitation through crop residue burning and deep plowing, weed and insect control, and optimizing soil conditions and fertilizer use. During crop establishment, it recommends using disease-free seed and transplants, optimizing sowing practices, tillage, intercropping, and irrigation. During flowering and seed development, it suggests timely fungicide application. During seed maturation, harvesting, and storage, it discusses practices like timing, equipment cleaning, drying, and storage conditions to control seed-borne diseases.
Interaction of nematodes with the bacterial plant pathogens. this will give the idea how the bacteria and nematode symbiotically interact each other and causes diseases in plant system.
This Presentation includes various tactics of IDM like Cultural control, Physical control, Chemical control, Biological control of plant disease. Useful for UG, PG Botany and Agriculture students
Interaction of nematodes with the bacterial plant pathogens. this will give the idea how the bacteria and nematode symbiotically interact each other and causes diseases in plant system.
This Presentation includes various tactics of IDM like Cultural control, Physical control, Chemical control, Biological control of plant disease. Useful for UG, PG Botany and Agriculture students
Epidemiology and Forecasting of plant disease
Monocyclic and Polycyclic
Disease progressive curve
How the Plant Affects Development of Epidemics.
Environmental factors.
Measuring Disease in a Population
Eco friendly management of fungal seed borne pathogens through bio-agentsAnkit Chaudhari
Seed borne diseases causes heavy losses in the crops at all stages of growth like seed germination, seedling and maturity of plants.
Bio-control technologies have gained momentum in disease control of crop plants, in recent times as these technologies not only minimize or replace the usage of harmful chemical pesticides, but also found to be ecofriendly, environmentally safe, cheaper and efficient in certain disease control programmes.
Fungal bio-control agents like Trichoderma spp. successfully used for the control of many seed borne diseases caused by Aspergillus spp., Alternaria spp., Curvularia spp., Colletotrichum spp., Fusarium spp., Pyricularia spp., Helminthosporium spp. etc. in several crops.
Seed borne diseases are caused by micro-organisms infecting seeds. Seeds are attacked by various fungi, bacteria and viruses at various stages viz., in the field ,during processing, at the time of transportation, and during storage.
Implementation and impact of IPM. Safety issues in pesticide use. Political, ...Nikhil Kumar
IPM packages tested at several research centres vis-a-vis the farmers’ practices indicate superiority of the former. IPM practices enabled reduction in the number of chemical sprays. IPM system also resulted in increase of natural enemies by three-fold, reduced the insecticide and environmental pollution (Dhaliwal and Arora, 1996).
An integrated strategy for the management of major pests and diseases is possible by
I. breeding new varieties with built-in resistance,
II. evolving efficient methods of pest control through pest surveys and monitoring, and
III. biological control of pests with the help of conservation and augmentation of natural enemies like parasites, predators and insect pathogens.
The
Chirkey and foorkey disease of cardamom Suraj Poudel
This is a slide prepared about two viral diseases of Cardamom by me and sushil for classroom presentation of Pathology. All the photos inserted in this slides are downloaded from the internet and belongs to respective uploader.
Epidemiology and Forecasting of plant disease
Monocyclic and Polycyclic
Disease progressive curve
How the Plant Affects Development of Epidemics.
Environmental factors.
Measuring Disease in a Population
Eco friendly management of fungal seed borne pathogens through bio-agentsAnkit Chaudhari
Seed borne diseases causes heavy losses in the crops at all stages of growth like seed germination, seedling and maturity of plants.
Bio-control technologies have gained momentum in disease control of crop plants, in recent times as these technologies not only minimize or replace the usage of harmful chemical pesticides, but also found to be ecofriendly, environmentally safe, cheaper and efficient in certain disease control programmes.
Fungal bio-control agents like Trichoderma spp. successfully used for the control of many seed borne diseases caused by Aspergillus spp., Alternaria spp., Curvularia spp., Colletotrichum spp., Fusarium spp., Pyricularia spp., Helminthosporium spp. etc. in several crops.
Seed borne diseases are caused by micro-organisms infecting seeds. Seeds are attacked by various fungi, bacteria and viruses at various stages viz., in the field ,during processing, at the time of transportation, and during storage.
Implementation and impact of IPM. Safety issues in pesticide use. Political, ...Nikhil Kumar
IPM packages tested at several research centres vis-a-vis the farmers’ practices indicate superiority of the former. IPM practices enabled reduction in the number of chemical sprays. IPM system also resulted in increase of natural enemies by three-fold, reduced the insecticide and environmental pollution (Dhaliwal and Arora, 1996).
An integrated strategy for the management of major pests and diseases is possible by
I. breeding new varieties with built-in resistance,
II. evolving efficient methods of pest control through pest surveys and monitoring, and
III. biological control of pests with the help of conservation and augmentation of natural enemies like parasites, predators and insect pathogens.
The
Chirkey and foorkey disease of cardamom Suraj Poudel
This is a slide prepared about two viral diseases of Cardamom by me and sushil for classroom presentation of Pathology. All the photos inserted in this slides are downloaded from the internet and belongs to respective uploader.
Cultural Disease Management Strategies.pptxOm Prakash
Cultural Disease Management
To reduce the dependence on chemical inputs in agriculture, eco-friendly approaches to the farming system like cultural practices for pest and disease management are most necessary. Cultural practices are the measures undertaken by humans to prevent and control the disease by manipulating plants. Cultural management can include reducing the amount of initial inoculum, reducing the rate of spread of established disease, or planting a crop at a site that is not favorable to pathogens because of its altitude, temperature, or water availability for disease management.
This PPT describes about the Sheath Rot disease of Rice,it's Symptoms, pathogenic organisms, disease cycle, Management strategies(preventive, cultural, botanical and chemical methods) and a Self evaluation questions.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
management practices for diseases free seed production
1. Presentation on…..
Disease Free Seed Production, Procedure
to Control Seed Borne Disease
Presented by….
Prince Kumar Gupta
Ph.D (2ⁿᵈyear)
Id.No. 54157
Course Instructor..
Dr. B. Kumar
Dr. Rashmi Tiwari
2. What the seed is?
The fertilized, matured ovule of a flowering plant,
containing an embryo or rudimentary plant.
Any propagative part of a plant, including tubers,
bulbs, etc., especially as preserved for growing a new
crop.
3. Seed borne diseases…..
Seed borne diseases assumed a greater
importance to seed industries.
Seed borne pathogens results ---- seed rots, seedling
decay, pre and post emergence mortalities,
abnormalities, discoloration, reduced seed size and
shrivelledness of seeds.
The seed borne pathogens not only affect the
market value but also nutritive value of the
products.
4. Losses due to seed borne disease…
AICRP on millet showed an average annual loss of about 30% in high yielding
varieties equivalent to 270 million $ annually.
Occurrence of tobacco bud blight in soybean caused 66.43% yield loss. (Dhingra and
Chenulu,1980)
Brown spot of rice caused by the seed borne Helmenthosporium oryzae was
responsible for Bengal Famine during 1942.
Late blight of potato caused by Phytopthora infestence was responsible for Irish famine
during 1845.
7. Disease Seed Management at Different Crop Stages…….
Before planting
the seed
During seed
maturation
During crop
establishment
During flowering
During harvesting
8.
9. Management before planting of seed crop…….
1. Site selection
Known about the previous soil borne
disease problem
Environmental characteristice, nature of
soil, water, and other factors.
In India, karnal bunt of wheat is more in northern states due to favorable
environmental condition.
In field, morning fog and dew for long time fovour the incidence of disease like
bacxterial blight in safflower.
So, seed production --- pathogen concern is
not prevelent.
10. 2. Sanitation….
Destruction of crop residual Burning of crop residual
Deep ploughing of residues
Burning destroyed pathogen like
X. campestris pv. Malvecearum in cotton,
P syringae pv. Phaseolicola in bean etc.
Deep ploughing destroyed sclerotia of fungus.
11. Weed and insect control
Weeds- serve as reservoir of many seed
borne pathogen
X. Campestris pv. campestris
Controlling of weed enhaced the seed yield and
quality (disease free).
12. Insect also help in transmission of disease along with producing damage to the
plants
Aphid Thrip Leaf hopper
Lygus bug-----
destroyed developing
embryos within seed
13. Soil condition and soil type
Soil condition : soil type, texture, areation, acidity or alkalinity etc – factor –
seed and soil pathogen – cause - seed and seedling disease
Seedling disease more severe in poorly
drained soil
Low soil temp and high moisture favour
covered smut of wheat
14. Soil type also influence the initiation and
development of seed borne disease
Bunt of paddy more pronounced in
higher than heavy soil
Head smut of sorghum incidence is high
in clay loam soil than sandy loam soil.
15. Purpose:
Reduce weed and
debris that carrying
inoculum and number
of fungal propagules,
insect and nematodes
in soil.
Hill bunt of wheat
16. Fertilizer and crop nutritions….
Positive impact- when used in
proper manner and dose
Judicious application in both
amount and proportion leads to
disease severity.
Application depend up on
starting soil condition and
pathogen present which don’t
promotes disease.
17. High Nitrogen level promote vegetative growth
, delay maturity and reduced yield and seed
quality. Excessive use increase rice blast.
So spilt application – recommended.
Late application of Nitrogen increase wheat
leaf blotch.-
so timily spray needed.
Difeciencey of Nitrogen and Phosphorous
result in talk-all disease.
So application done when needed.
Calcium in high dose favours head smut in
sorghum.
So proper dose application should be done .
18. Advantages..
# Manuring improves soil structure, increases
water holding capacity and decreases soil loss by
erosion.
Growing of green manure crops in the off season
reduces weed proliferation and weed growth.
# Green manuring helps reducing root knot
nematodes and soil pathogen by stimulating
their activites and due to absence of host they
die.
# soil borne microorganism that are antagonist
to soil borne pathogen also get enhaced by
manuring
19. Crop Rotation
Growing of different crops in
succession on a piece of land to avoid
exhausting the soil and to control
weeds, pests, and diseases.
Bacterial spot in pepper manged through rotation of pepper
with cereals and other non sustabile crops.
20. Management during crop establishment….
Disease free seed and transplant
The use of healthy seeds help growers to avoid environmentaly damaging
fungicide application.
Sowing practices
Seed bed prepration indirectly affecting the disease incidence
by altering soil texture, aretion, temperature and moisture level.
21. Early sowing in pearl millet reduces the ergot
disease as well as for black rot disease in crucifers.
Deep sowing favour the infection of covered smut in wheat.
Narrow row spacing and dense sowing encourage the white
mold pathogen in bean
Controlling of spacing humidity moisture level etc will reduce
the rate of disease spread.
22. Tillage practice
Tillage buries the
pathogen present in the
top soil deeper wher
they are less likely to
cause disease.
Intercropping.
Reduce disease – by
incresing distance
between plant and
creating physical
barrier between the
same species.
23. Irrigation and drainage water
Excessive irrigation favour karnal bunt
infection.
Overhead watering can prolong leaf
wetness lead to infection by fungak
spore..
Alternate drying and wetting of soil
encoyurage micro organism activity that
desatroyed sclerotia.
Drip irrigation also reduced disperse
pathogen- water directly delievered to root
zone and it id in sufficient .
24. Trap crop:
A susceptible plant that are grown on
land to known to contain pathogens.
They become infected and then
destroyed before pathogens life cycle
completes, redude the amount of
inoculum in the area.
Roughing:
A susceptible plant that are grown on
land to known to contain pathogens.
They become infected and then
destroyed before pathogens life cycle
completes, redude the amount of
inoculum in the area.
25. Management during flowering and seed development
During flowering and maturing seed seed borne pathogens established within
the seed sviz; botrytis head rot in safflower, black leg of cabbage and many
viruses.
So timely application of fungicides from blossom to maturity is effective
management practice for disease free seed production.
Chlorothalonil used effective against
Ascochyta blight on lentle as foliar spray
26. Crop Disease Chemical group Schedule
Maize White strike Triphenltin acetate and
copper oxychloride
Foliar spray
Rice Blast Tricyclazole At mid tillering and late
boot stage
Brassica Alternaria blight Iprodione Spray 3 week interval
from the young green
pod stage until cutting.
Rice Brown spot fentin acetate + dithane
M45 in proportion of 1:5
Spray at heading and
grain maturation
Wheat Head blight Benomyl + mancozeb Foliar spray at ear
emergence
Soybean Frog eye leaf spot Mancozeb and
carbendazim
Foliar spray starting
from flowering till pod
set at 7-10 days interval.
Chemical used for seed crop in field
27. Management during seed maturation
Rainfall from maturity to harvest of crop affect inidence,
prevelence and severity of seed borne fungal pathogen. So crop
harvested without coinciding the rain .
Excessive rainfall during harvesting, result in colonization and
infectionof seed and cause seed discolouration.
Delay harvesting leads to shattering of the seeds. So need to
timely harvesting.
Over maturity can also detrimental to seed quality. So avoid over
maturity.
28. During harvesting and threshing
During harvesting, to avoid loss due to shattering, pull
the crop manually before mature and lay the plant in
field to dry.
Harvesting equipment are adjusted in such a way to
minimum seed damage and maximum cleaning.
Equipment are cleaned before being inning to harvest
Minimum moisture level for minimize seed damage.
Paddy crop dries less than 18% moisture content, cause crack that invade micro
organism. So it should harvested at 18-22%.
Timely harvesting avoid anthracnose infection occurs on mature fruits.
29. Management during storage
Broken, light weight as well as foreign
material and finesremoved before
storage----- harbour fungus which may
spread to other seed in lot.
Seed should dried to safe moisture limit
before storage. So that it not favour
microorganism growth.
Proper areation and equalized
temperature should be maitained.
Use of safe and bio- friendly seed protectant
during storage to protect from insects and mites.
