This document discusses stimulus-response mechanisms in organisms. It defines key terms like stimulus, response, and coordination. It describes common external and internal stimuli and how organisms coordinate responses through receptors and effectors. Locomotory responses to stimuli are called taxes, including phototaxis, chemotaxis, aerotaxis, etc. Growth responses in plants are called tropisms, like phototropism, geotropism, and hydrotropism. Tropisms are influenced by plant hormones like auxins. The document compares taxes and tropisms, and also discusses nastic responses in plants mediated by changes in turgor pressure.
The document discusses biomes, ecosystems, habitats, and rainforests. It defines biomes as large geographic regions with distinct plant and animal types adapted to the climate. Ecosystems are composed of living and non-living things that interact in an area. Rainforests are located within the Tropics and have high rainfall, temperatures around 30°C, and soil that is shallow, acidic, and nutrient-poor. They contain 75% of the world's species and half of all animal species, with three canopy layers - emergent, canopy, and understory. Rainforests are important because they produce oxygen, store carbon, regulate weather, and contain substances that can be used for medicine. However, they are
The document discusses the plant system and its main components. It describes how plants have root systems that absorb water and nutrients from the soil. Stems transport water and nutrients between the roots and leaves, and also provide structure and support. Leaves use photosynthesis to produce food for the plant by using energy from sunlight, carbon dioxide from the air, and water from the roots. Flowers produce seeds and fruits protect and disperse the seeds. Photosynthesis overall provides food for plants and oxygen for other living things.
This PPT by Hotel Management Tutorial explains the different types of pollution and wastes and their control measures.
Follow us on YouTube for videos on the same topic:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCPAiJGawMvOStSDfcArCwdw
Ecology is the scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environment. The components of ecology include abiotic (non-living) factors like temperature and biotic (living) factors like other organisms. A niche describes an organism's role and interactions within its ecosystem, including how it meets its needs. Relationships between organisms in an ecosystem can be symbiotic like mutualism, or involve one organism benefiting more than the other like parasitism or commensalism. Natural selection leads to evolution as organisms with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on those traits, changing the gene frequency in a population over time. Speciation occurs when reproductive isolation splits one species into two distinct species.
Weathering breaks rocks down into smaller pieces over time through mechanical, chemical, and biological processes. Mechanical weathering is caused by temperature changes that make rocks expand and contract, cracking them. Water freezing in these cracks also breaks rocks apart. Chemical weathering occurs as rainwater reacts with minerals in rocks. Biological weathering results from plant roots and small creatures breaking up rocks to make space in cracks. All of these types of weathering break rocks into smaller pieces that eventually become soil.
This document discusses how certain man-made chemicals persist in the environment and accumulate up the food chain, posing risks. It provides examples of persistent organic pollutants like DDT, PCBs, and heavy metals that accumulate in animals and can cause reproductive/developmental issues. These chemicals do not break down easily and accumulate more at higher trophic levels, as seen in the high PCB levels in orcas. Various species like amphibians have shown declines and deformities linked to such pollution. Bioremediation uses bacteria or plants to break down or absorb chemicals and help undo some environmental damage.
The document discusses key concepts in ecosystem structure and function. It defines ecosystems according to Eugene Odum and describes their four basic components: abiotic substances, producers, consumers, and decomposers. It also discusses food chains and food webs, explaining how energy and nutrients flow between trophic levels in an ecosystem. Various types of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems are described.
The document discusses biomes, ecosystems, habitats, and rainforests. It defines biomes as large geographic regions with distinct plant and animal types adapted to the climate. Ecosystems are composed of living and non-living things that interact in an area. Rainforests are located within the Tropics and have high rainfall, temperatures around 30°C, and soil that is shallow, acidic, and nutrient-poor. They contain 75% of the world's species and half of all animal species, with three canopy layers - emergent, canopy, and understory. Rainforests are important because they produce oxygen, store carbon, regulate weather, and contain substances that can be used for medicine. However, they are
The document discusses the plant system and its main components. It describes how plants have root systems that absorb water and nutrients from the soil. Stems transport water and nutrients between the roots and leaves, and also provide structure and support. Leaves use photosynthesis to produce food for the plant by using energy from sunlight, carbon dioxide from the air, and water from the roots. Flowers produce seeds and fruits protect and disperse the seeds. Photosynthesis overall provides food for plants and oxygen for other living things.
This PPT by Hotel Management Tutorial explains the different types of pollution and wastes and their control measures.
Follow us on YouTube for videos on the same topic:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCPAiJGawMvOStSDfcArCwdw
Ecology is the scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environment. The components of ecology include abiotic (non-living) factors like temperature and biotic (living) factors like other organisms. A niche describes an organism's role and interactions within its ecosystem, including how it meets its needs. Relationships between organisms in an ecosystem can be symbiotic like mutualism, or involve one organism benefiting more than the other like parasitism or commensalism. Natural selection leads to evolution as organisms with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on those traits, changing the gene frequency in a population over time. Speciation occurs when reproductive isolation splits one species into two distinct species.
Weathering breaks rocks down into smaller pieces over time through mechanical, chemical, and biological processes. Mechanical weathering is caused by temperature changes that make rocks expand and contract, cracking them. Water freezing in these cracks also breaks rocks apart. Chemical weathering occurs as rainwater reacts with minerals in rocks. Biological weathering results from plant roots and small creatures breaking up rocks to make space in cracks. All of these types of weathering break rocks into smaller pieces that eventually become soil.
This document discusses how certain man-made chemicals persist in the environment and accumulate up the food chain, posing risks. It provides examples of persistent organic pollutants like DDT, PCBs, and heavy metals that accumulate in animals and can cause reproductive/developmental issues. These chemicals do not break down easily and accumulate more at higher trophic levels, as seen in the high PCB levels in orcas. Various species like amphibians have shown declines and deformities linked to such pollution. Bioremediation uses bacteria or plants to break down or absorb chemicals and help undo some environmental damage.
The document discusses key concepts in ecosystem structure and function. It defines ecosystems according to Eugene Odum and describes their four basic components: abiotic substances, producers, consumers, and decomposers. It also discusses food chains and food webs, explaining how energy and nutrients flow between trophic levels in an ecosystem. Various types of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems are described.
This document describes the circulatory systems of fish and mammals. It explains that fish have a single circulation where blood passes through the heart once to be oxygenated at the gills before circulating to the body. Mammals have a double circulation where blood passes through the heart twice - to the lungs to be oxygenated and then again to the body in separate circuits. The advantages of double circulation are that it increases blood pressure and flow to tissues, which is important for large mammals and those with high metabolic rates.
This document discusses coordination and response in organisms. It describes how organisms detect changes in their external and internal environments using receptors, and respond through neural and endocrine pathways. The nervous system plays a key role in coordination, with the central nervous system processing sensory information and initiating responses via the peripheral nervous system. This allows organisms to maintain stable internal conditions while living in a changing external environment.
Biogeochemical cycle and impact of anthropogenic activity by shashi shekhar s...Shashi Singh
Human activities have significantly impacted global biogeochemical cycles. The water cycle is altered through withdrawing large amounts of freshwater, clearing vegetation, polluting surface and underground water, and contributing to climate change. The phosphorus cycle is impacted by removing phosphate from the earth for fertilizer and reducing tropical forest cover. The sulfur cycle is affected by industries and the burning of fossil fuels which release sulfur dioxide. The nitrogen cycle is altered through farming practices that release nitrous oxide and nitrogen into the atmosphere, contaminating groundwater with nitrates, and deforestation.
Environmental factors such as sunlight, water, temperature, nutrients, wind, salinity, and wave action shape the evolution of species and determine what types of plant and animal communities can thrive in different ecosystems. Australian ecosystems have adapted to a diversity of environmental conditions including arid climates, variable rainfall, high salinity, fires, and poor soil. Resources in an ecosystem including energy, biomass, and nutrients cycle between biotic and abiotic elements due to the actions of producers, consumers, and decomposers.
The document discusses the three main rock types - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. It describes the rock cycle which shows how the different rock types are interrelated through geological processes. Igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma, either below ground (intrusive) or on the surface (extrusive). Sedimentary rocks form through the weathering of existing rocks, erosion, deposition of sediments, and compaction/cementation. Metamorphic rocks form from the alteration of existing rocks deep underground under high pressures and temperatures.
Population ecology studies populations in relation to their environment. Key concepts include population density, dispersion patterns, growth rates, and factors influencing population size like competition and predation. Population size can be estimated using methods like mark-recapture. Human populations have grown exponentially but are slowing, with developing regions still experiencing most growth. Community structures involve interactions between species like competition, predation, herbivory and symbiosis. Ecological succession over time involves communities changing from pioneers to a climax.
This document provides an overview of ecology and ecosystems. It defines ecology as the study of the relationships between living organisms and their environment. The key components of ecosystems discussed include producers, consumers, decomposers, trophic levels, food chains, food webs, and biogeochemical cycles. Specific cycles explained in detail are the water, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen cycles which describe how these essential elements move between living and nonliving parts of the environment.
This Presentation is about the various types of ecosystem which is present in our environment.....It is also for students who are interested in this topic
Chemical and biological weathering lesson 5Ms Geoflake
Chemical weathering involves the breakdown of rocks through chemical processes involving water and atmospheric gases. The main types of chemical weathering are oxidation, hydration, hydrolysis, carbonation, and solution. These processes weaken rocks through reactions with water and acids. Chemical weathering is common in warm, humid climates and produces dull, pitted rock surfaces.
Abiotic factors are non-living elements of an ecosystem including soil, water, temperature, air, and light. Soil provides nourishment to plants while air and water are essential for respiration and photosynthesis in organisms. Proper levels of these abiotic resources are necessary for organisms' metabolic activities and survival within an ecosystem.
Topic 1.1- Environmental value systems Four Corners.pdfNigel Gardner
Environmental Value systems (EVS) : Have been affected by events through history as the environmental movement has developed
Environmental Value systems (EVS) : Exist as a spectrum of ideas and values that depend on many factors and influences.
For IB Diploma Environmental Systems and Societies
This document discusses gene doping in sports. It provides a case study on a 16-year old Chinese swimmer and questions about her performance. Gene doping involves altering genes to enhance athletic abilities and was banned by WADA in 2003. Experiments on mice showed genetic modifications can increase endurance and muscle mass. Regulatory bodies like WADA, IOC, and FIFA monitor for gene doping and educate on its risks to health and competitive integrity. While technology may enable gene doping in the future, concerns remain around safety, ethics, and upholding the spirit of sport.
A series of PowerPoint slides that will be useful when introducing students to the study of biogeochemistry: definitions, four main elemental cycles, isotopic techniques.
This document discusses different types of responses in organisms to stimuli, including taxes, kineses, and tropisms. It defines a stimulus and response, and explains that receptors detect stimuli and transmit signals to effectors that produce responses. Taxes are directional movements toward or away from a stimulus. Kineses cause an increase in random movement when conditions are unpleasant. Tropisms are directional growth movements in plants, such as roots growing toward gravity and shoots growing toward light. These responses help organisms survive by orienting them to sources of food, water, and avoiding threats.
Plants can move in response to stimuli through growth movements and turgor movements. Growth movements include autonomic movements controlled by the plant itself and paratonic movements induced by external stimuli like light, moisture, gravity, chemicals, and touch. Paratonic movements include tropic movements where the plant grows toward or away from a stimulus, as well as nastic movements resulting from changes in turgor pressure. Tropic movements are mediated by plant hormones like auxins, which promote cell growth and cause plants to bend toward or away from a stimulus depending on its concentration. Auxins also influence other growth processes like apical dominance, adventitious root growth, fruit development and ripening, and weed control.
Here are the answers to the questions:
1. Negative chemotaxis. Moving away from waste products prevents the bacteria from being harmed by a build up of toxins.
2. Positive chemotaxis. Attraction towards the chemical increases the chances of fertilization and reproduction.
3. Negative geotropism. Growing away from gravity allows the stem to grow upright and positions the leaves optimally for photosynthesis.
Plants grow and bend in response to external stimuli through a process called tropism. There are several types of tropism, including phototropism (response to light), geotropism (response to gravity), and hydrotropism (response to water). Geotropism causes roots to grow downward and stems to grow upward, while phototropism causes plant parts to grow toward or away from light. Tropisms allow plants to effectively absorb water, minerals and light via controlled growth. Hormones play a key role in tropisms by regulating plant cell growth.
Plant movements occur in response to external stimuli and include tropic and nastic movements. Tropic movements are directional, including phototropism (toward light), geotropism (toward gravity), hydrotropism (toward water), and chemotropism (toward chemicals). Nastic movements are non-directional responses to stimuli like temperature and include folding of leaves. Examples of specific nastic movements are epinasty (bending toward the ground), hyponasty (upward bending), and nyctinasty (opening and closing with day/night cycles).
1. The document discusses different types of plant movement including growth-related, growth-independent, and tropic movements.
2. It provides the example of Mimosa pudica, whose leaves fold when touched due to a loss of water from pulvini, pressure-based structures at the leaf bases.
3. Plants can respond immediately to stimuli through electrical-chemical pathways between cells that cause changes in cell shape and plant movement.
This document describes the circulatory systems of fish and mammals. It explains that fish have a single circulation where blood passes through the heart once to be oxygenated at the gills before circulating to the body. Mammals have a double circulation where blood passes through the heart twice - to the lungs to be oxygenated and then again to the body in separate circuits. The advantages of double circulation are that it increases blood pressure and flow to tissues, which is important for large mammals and those with high metabolic rates.
This document discusses coordination and response in organisms. It describes how organisms detect changes in their external and internal environments using receptors, and respond through neural and endocrine pathways. The nervous system plays a key role in coordination, with the central nervous system processing sensory information and initiating responses via the peripheral nervous system. This allows organisms to maintain stable internal conditions while living in a changing external environment.
Biogeochemical cycle and impact of anthropogenic activity by shashi shekhar s...Shashi Singh
Human activities have significantly impacted global biogeochemical cycles. The water cycle is altered through withdrawing large amounts of freshwater, clearing vegetation, polluting surface and underground water, and contributing to climate change. The phosphorus cycle is impacted by removing phosphate from the earth for fertilizer and reducing tropical forest cover. The sulfur cycle is affected by industries and the burning of fossil fuels which release sulfur dioxide. The nitrogen cycle is altered through farming practices that release nitrous oxide and nitrogen into the atmosphere, contaminating groundwater with nitrates, and deforestation.
Environmental factors such as sunlight, water, temperature, nutrients, wind, salinity, and wave action shape the evolution of species and determine what types of plant and animal communities can thrive in different ecosystems. Australian ecosystems have adapted to a diversity of environmental conditions including arid climates, variable rainfall, high salinity, fires, and poor soil. Resources in an ecosystem including energy, biomass, and nutrients cycle between biotic and abiotic elements due to the actions of producers, consumers, and decomposers.
The document discusses the three main rock types - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. It describes the rock cycle which shows how the different rock types are interrelated through geological processes. Igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma, either below ground (intrusive) or on the surface (extrusive). Sedimentary rocks form through the weathering of existing rocks, erosion, deposition of sediments, and compaction/cementation. Metamorphic rocks form from the alteration of existing rocks deep underground under high pressures and temperatures.
Population ecology studies populations in relation to their environment. Key concepts include population density, dispersion patterns, growth rates, and factors influencing population size like competition and predation. Population size can be estimated using methods like mark-recapture. Human populations have grown exponentially but are slowing, with developing regions still experiencing most growth. Community structures involve interactions between species like competition, predation, herbivory and symbiosis. Ecological succession over time involves communities changing from pioneers to a climax.
This document provides an overview of ecology and ecosystems. It defines ecology as the study of the relationships between living organisms and their environment. The key components of ecosystems discussed include producers, consumers, decomposers, trophic levels, food chains, food webs, and biogeochemical cycles. Specific cycles explained in detail are the water, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen cycles which describe how these essential elements move between living and nonliving parts of the environment.
This Presentation is about the various types of ecosystem which is present in our environment.....It is also for students who are interested in this topic
Chemical and biological weathering lesson 5Ms Geoflake
Chemical weathering involves the breakdown of rocks through chemical processes involving water and atmospheric gases. The main types of chemical weathering are oxidation, hydration, hydrolysis, carbonation, and solution. These processes weaken rocks through reactions with water and acids. Chemical weathering is common in warm, humid climates and produces dull, pitted rock surfaces.
Abiotic factors are non-living elements of an ecosystem including soil, water, temperature, air, and light. Soil provides nourishment to plants while air and water are essential for respiration and photosynthesis in organisms. Proper levels of these abiotic resources are necessary for organisms' metabolic activities and survival within an ecosystem.
Topic 1.1- Environmental value systems Four Corners.pdfNigel Gardner
Environmental Value systems (EVS) : Have been affected by events through history as the environmental movement has developed
Environmental Value systems (EVS) : Exist as a spectrum of ideas and values that depend on many factors and influences.
For IB Diploma Environmental Systems and Societies
This document discusses gene doping in sports. It provides a case study on a 16-year old Chinese swimmer and questions about her performance. Gene doping involves altering genes to enhance athletic abilities and was banned by WADA in 2003. Experiments on mice showed genetic modifications can increase endurance and muscle mass. Regulatory bodies like WADA, IOC, and FIFA monitor for gene doping and educate on its risks to health and competitive integrity. While technology may enable gene doping in the future, concerns remain around safety, ethics, and upholding the spirit of sport.
A series of PowerPoint slides that will be useful when introducing students to the study of biogeochemistry: definitions, four main elemental cycles, isotopic techniques.
This document discusses different types of responses in organisms to stimuli, including taxes, kineses, and tropisms. It defines a stimulus and response, and explains that receptors detect stimuli and transmit signals to effectors that produce responses. Taxes are directional movements toward or away from a stimulus. Kineses cause an increase in random movement when conditions are unpleasant. Tropisms are directional growth movements in plants, such as roots growing toward gravity and shoots growing toward light. These responses help organisms survive by orienting them to sources of food, water, and avoiding threats.
Plants can move in response to stimuli through growth movements and turgor movements. Growth movements include autonomic movements controlled by the plant itself and paratonic movements induced by external stimuli like light, moisture, gravity, chemicals, and touch. Paratonic movements include tropic movements where the plant grows toward or away from a stimulus, as well as nastic movements resulting from changes in turgor pressure. Tropic movements are mediated by plant hormones like auxins, which promote cell growth and cause plants to bend toward or away from a stimulus depending on its concentration. Auxins also influence other growth processes like apical dominance, adventitious root growth, fruit development and ripening, and weed control.
Here are the answers to the questions:
1. Negative chemotaxis. Moving away from waste products prevents the bacteria from being harmed by a build up of toxins.
2. Positive chemotaxis. Attraction towards the chemical increases the chances of fertilization and reproduction.
3. Negative geotropism. Growing away from gravity allows the stem to grow upright and positions the leaves optimally for photosynthesis.
Plants grow and bend in response to external stimuli through a process called tropism. There are several types of tropism, including phototropism (response to light), geotropism (response to gravity), and hydrotropism (response to water). Geotropism causes roots to grow downward and stems to grow upward, while phototropism causes plant parts to grow toward or away from light. Tropisms allow plants to effectively absorb water, minerals and light via controlled growth. Hormones play a key role in tropisms by regulating plant cell growth.
Plant movements occur in response to external stimuli and include tropic and nastic movements. Tropic movements are directional, including phototropism (toward light), geotropism (toward gravity), hydrotropism (toward water), and chemotropism (toward chemicals). Nastic movements are non-directional responses to stimuli like temperature and include folding of leaves. Examples of specific nastic movements are epinasty (bending toward the ground), hyponasty (upward bending), and nyctinasty (opening and closing with day/night cycles).
1. The document discusses different types of plant movement including growth-related, growth-independent, and tropic movements.
2. It provides the example of Mimosa pudica, whose leaves fold when touched due to a loss of water from pulvini, pressure-based structures at the leaf bases.
3. Plants can respond immediately to stimuli through electrical-chemical pathways between cells that cause changes in cell shape and plant movement.
A Slideshow for Gr 12 Life Sciences students, focussing on aspects of plant responses to the environment. It is essentially about plant hormones - Auxins, gibberellins, Abscicic acids, etc. Also contains information on plant defense, geotropism and phototropism.
Plant movements exist to help plants obtain resources and adapt to their environment. Plants move their organs, such as roots growing downward towards water and shoots growing upward towards light. Other movements include carnivorous plants trapping insects, flowers closing at night, pollen tubes moving towards ovules for fertilization, and stomata opening and closing to regulate transpiration. Understanding these plant movements can help improve crop production by manipulating the environment or internal control mechanisms.
Plant responses to internal and external signals can be categorized as tropisms, movements in response to stimuli, or photomorphogenesis, light-mediated changes in growth. Signal transduction pathways involve the reception of a stimulus, transmission of the signal through second messengers, and cellular responses such as gene regulation or post-translational modification. Plant growth regulators known as hormones, including auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene, control various growth and developmental processes and are transported throughout the plant to elicit responses.
The document provides an overview of the course ACS 104: Crop Physiology. It describes the intended learning outcomes which are to describe plant cell structure and function, plant physiology related to structure and environment, photosynthesis and respiration, water movement in plants, and plant development stages. It then discusses various topics in depth including plant cell parts, distinguishing features of plants, consequences of being stationary, environmental positioning, sensing and responding to the environment, dangers in the environment, plant water relations, water transport in plants, and water potential.
This document discusses different types of movements that can occur in plants. There are three main categories: hygroscopic, endogenous, and exogenous movements. Hygroscopic movements are caused by changes in water levels in plant cells, like the opening of fern sporangium. Endogenous movements have internal stimuli as their cause, like cytoplasmic streaming. Exogenous movements are in response to external stimuli and include tropisms like phototropism, nastic movements controlled by the plant itself, and taxis movements directing plant parts towards stimuli.
This document discusses plant development and responses to stimuli. It covers how plants like potatoes respond to light exposure through processes like de-etiolation. It also summarizes the major plant hormones (auxin, cytokinins, gibberellins, brassinosteroids, abscisic acid, ethylene, and strigolactones) and their roles in growth, development, stress response, and reproduction. The document also discusses the receptors (blue light photoreceptors and phytochromes) that plants use to detect light and trigger photomorphogenic responses.
This document discusses different types of plant hormones and their functions. It identifies the main plant hormones as auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin, ethylene, and abscisic acid and describes what each regulates, such as cell elongation, growth, ripening, and stress response. It also covers tropisms that direct plant growth in response to stimuli like light, gravity, touch, and water. Photoperiodicity, or the response to day length, influences flowering and is categorized into long day, short day, and neutral day plants.
The document discusses plant tropisms and how they are controlled by the plant hormone auxin. It defines different types of tropisms including phototropism, where a plant grows towards light, and geotropism, where shoots grow away from gravity and roots grow towards it. Auxin is produced at the shoot tip and causes differential growth, resulting in the shoot bending towards light or away from gravity. Weedkillers work by mimicking auxin and causing uncontrolled growth leading to plant death.
This document provides a review of key terminology in ecology, including definitions of ecology, ecosystem, biotic factors, and abiotic factors. It discusses various abiotic factors like soil, temperature, water, and light and how they affect living things. It also defines biotic factors as living things, and categorizes them as producers, consumers, and decomposers. Producers are autotrophs that can photosynthesize, such as plants. Consumers are heterotrophs that depend on producers for food and are divided into herbivores, omnivores, and carnivores. Decomposers break down dead organic matter.
Nastic movements are plant movements that are independent of external stimuli and are controlled by internal mechanisms. There are two types of nastic movements: growth movements which are permanent, and turgor movements which are temporary and reversible.
Some examples of specific nastic movements include nyctinasty, which is the opening and closing of plant organs in response to day and night cycles. Seismonasty is the movement of plants in response to physical disturbances like touch or wind. Thigmonastic movements occur in response to touch but without regard to the direction of the stimulus, as seen in insect-trapping plants. Hydronasty is the movement of plants in response to atmospheric moisture.
A simple Q/ A on Nutrition in plants for class 7. This ppt covers the basic definition on autotrophs, heterotrophs, parasites, symbiosis, insectivores plant and much more ........
Biology is the study of living things and is divided into several branches including zoology, botany, and microbiology. It involves studying the characteristics of living things such as nutrition, respiration, reproduction, growth, and response to stimuli. Classification systems group organisms based on similarities, with taxonomy being the science of classification. The main taxonomic units are domain, kingdom, phylum/division, class, order, family, genus, and species. Classification is important for identification, understanding evolutionary relationships, and arranging biological information.
This document provides an overview of genetics concepts including:
- Genetics is the study of heredity and variation in living organisms. It explains similarities and differences between related organisms.
- Variation exists between individuals of the same species, which can be continuous (gradual differences) or discontinuous (distinct categories). Variation arises from processes like independent assortment and crossing over during meiosis.
- DNA contains the genetic information passed from parents to offspring. Genes located on chromosomes determine inherited traits. Genetic information is expressed through processes like DNA replication, transcription, and protein synthesis.
This document provides an overview of sexual and asexual reproduction in plants and animals. It discusses the process of cell division through mitosis, which results in two daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell. The four phases of mitosis - prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase - are described in detail. The stages of interphase and how the cell prepares for division are also outlined. The roles of chromosomes, genes, and other cellular structures in heredity and cell division are explained.
This document discusses crop pests and diseases. It introduces how pests and diseases damage crops, lower yields and quality, and increase production costs. To effectively manage these issues, it is important to understand pest life cycles, feeding habits, and causes of crop disease. The document then discusses different types of crop pests, both direct and indirect, and some examples. It also outlines several negative effects of crop pests, such as destroying seeds, damaging roots, and lowering photosynthesis. Pests are classified in the document according to their feeding method, the crops they attack, the damage they cause, and their scientific grouping.
This document discusses respiration, including the substrates that provide energy through oxidation during respiration. The main energy sources are carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Carbohydrates provide the most energy per gram, while fats provide the most total energy but are not as easily transported. Proteins are rarely used directly as an energy source. The respiratory quotient is the ratio of carbon dioxide produced to oxygen consumed during respiration, varying based on the substrate and aerobic/anaerobic conditions. Factors like age, oxygen levels, body size, hormones, activity level, health, and substrate concentration can influence the rate of respiration.
Anaerobic respiration is the breakdown of food substances without oxygen. It occurs in the cytoplasm and produces less energy than aerobic respiration. Glucose is incompletely broken down, resulting in carbon dioxide, energy, and either alcohol in plants or lactic acid in animals. The products are toxic if allowed to accumulate, so they must be eliminated immediately. Anaerobic respiration in humans during strenuous exercise produces lactic acid in muscles.
Respiration is a chemical process where organic compounds are broken down to release energy, carbon dioxide, and water or alcohol. It occurs in cells through two main stages: glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. Aerobic respiration involves the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP energy through a series of enzyme-controlled reactions in the cytoplasm and mitochondria. Conditions like glucose, oxygen, respiratory enzymes, proper temperature, and removal of byproducts are necessary for aerobic respiration to take place.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
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Article: https://pecb.com/article
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Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
2. Introduction
• Stimulus – A condition arising from the environment (internal or external) which produces a
change in activity of a part of or the whole organism.
• Response – It is the actual change in activity by the organism due to stimulus/stimuli.
• Irritability/sensitivity/responsiveness – The ability of an organism to detect and respond to
changes occurring in the environment.
• For reception and response to occur, there are; receptors (parts that perceive changes) and
effectors (parts that bring about response to changes).
3. Common stimuli
• External; temperature changes, light, pH, humidity, mineral salt concentration, population
density and presence/absence of predators.
• Internal; waste accumulation, gas concentration, presence/absence of internal parasites,
temperature changes and glucose concentration in the blood.
4. Co-ordination
• It is the mechanism by which systems of organisms are integrated to bring
about the appropriate response to stimuli.
Or;
• Working together of parts of body of organisms in an orderly and organized
manner to bring about the correct response to stimuli.
• E.g. On touching a hot object the skin - receptor and hotness (high temp) –
stimulus, a person withdraws the hand – response by the help of muscles –
effector.
5. Responses
• Grouped according to causative stimulus.
• Involve movement of whole or part of organism.
• Are of two types;
i. Positive – movement is towards the stimulus.
ii. Negative – movement is away from the stimulus.
• Major response are;
a. Taxes
b. Tropisms
6. Taxes (Sing; taxis)
• Locomotory responses of whole organism or the motile cell e.g. a gamete to
a unidirectional stimulus.
• Unidirectional stimulus – a stimulus that gets to the organism from one
direction.
• Types of taxes include;
7. Phototaxis
• Response to variation in light intensity.
• Movement towards light is positive phototaxis e.g. in euglena and fruit flies
• Movement away from light is negative phototaxis e.g. in woodlice, maggots
and termites.
8. Chemotaxis
• Response to variation in chemical substances.
• Positive chemotaxis is seen in male gametes of bryophytes and pteridophytes
towards ova.
• Negative chemotaxis is seen in mosquitoes moving away from insect
chemical repallants.
9. Aerotaxis
• Response to variation in oxygen concentration.
• Positive aerotaxis – an amoeba (aerobic) moves from an area of low oxygen
concentration to an area of high oxygen concentration.
10. Osmotaxis
• Response to variation in osmotic pressure.
• Negative osmotaxis is shown in marine crabs burrowing into sand to avoid
dilution of their body fluids.
11. Rheotaxis
• Response to variation in direction of water or air currents.
• Fish and planarian worms show negative rheotaxis by moving against water
currents. Also butterflies and moths fly against direction of wind.
• Some birds e.g. crows may show positive rheotaxis by moving towards the
direction of wind for easy flight
12. Thermotaxis
• Locomotory response to temperature changes.
• E.g. paramecium moves from a place with low temperature to that of
moderate temperature.
13. Importance of Tactic Responses
• Enable organisms to escape from harmful stimuli e.g. excessive heat.
• Enable the organisms to seek favorable/appropriate habitats and acquire
resources e.g. nutrients.
• Enable important life processes such as fertilization to occur e.g. chemotaxis.
14. In Plants
• Unlike animals, plants lack organized nervous and sensory systems.
• Sensitivity is by responses in certain parts.
• Responses are in form of growth movements aka tropisms.
15. Tropisms
• Growth movements in response to unidirectional external stimuli.
• Are expressed by growth curvatures of plant parts.
• If the growth curvature is towards the stimulus, the response is positive.
• The response is negative when curvature is away from the stimulus.
• Are classified according to the causative stimulus.
• Are slow as growth rate is controlled by plant hormones (auxins)
16. Types of Tropisms
Phototropism
• Growth curvature in response to the direction and intensity of light.
• Shoots show positive phototropism while roots show negative
phototropism.
17. Chemotropism
• Growth curvature in response to gradient of chemical concentration.
• A developing pollen grain growing towards embryo is a positive
chemotropism.
• It is a response to chemicals secreted by the embryo sac.
18. Geotropism
• Growth curvature in response to gravity.
Give examples of positive and negative geotropism!
• Roots are positively geotropic whiles shoots are negatively geotropic.
20. Thigmotropism aka haptotropism
• Growth curvature in response to contact with a solid objects.
• It is shown by tendrils and climbing stems which twine around objects such
as branches or stems of other trees.
• Root tips grow avoiding solid objects such as rocks showing negative
thigmotropism.
21. Survival Value of Tropic Responses
• Phototropism exposes leaves in position for maximum light absorption and enhance
photosynthesis.
• Hydrotropism enables the plant roots to seek water.
• Thigmotropism enables herbaceous (non-woody) plants to obtain mechanical
support.
• Geotropism enables plant roots grow deep in soil thus offering firm anchorage.
• Chemotropism enables growth of pollen tube towards embryo sac thus enhance
fertilization.
22. Comparison of Tropic and Tactic responses
Similarities
• Both are adaptive responses that enable the organisms to survive better in
their environments.
• Both are due to similar external stimuli such as water and light.
• Both are directional i.e. they follow a certain direction when responding to
stimuli.
• Both are caused by unidirectional stimuli.
23. Differences between Tropic and Tactic Responses.
Tropisms
• Are growth responses thus more
permanent.
• Responses are slow.
• Are brought about by growth
hormones.
Taxes
• Are locomotory responses thus
temporary.
• Responses are fast.
• Are not influenced by growth
hormones.
24. Nastic Responses.
• Non-directional movements of plant parts in response to different stimuli.
• Caused by turgor pressure changes at petal and leaf bases.
• The bases have pressure sensitive swellings called pulvini.
• Pulvini cause the movements as they lose or gain turgidity.
• Examples; leaf-folding during hot weather, opening and closing of flowers in
response to light intensity and leaf-closing in response to touch e.g. in Mimosa pudica.
• Types of nastic movements are;
25. Nyctinasty (sleep movement)
• Movements in response to variation in light intensity and temperature changes of
day and night e.g. in sunflowers.
• Photonasty – response to variation in light intensity. Flower is open in presence of
light and closed in absence.
• Thermonasty – response to temperature changes. Some plants have their flowers
open when temperature increases and close when it decreases.
26. Haptonasty
• Response to touch e.g. in Mimosa pudica.
• In Mimosa pudica leaves close rapidly when they or stem is touched.
• An insectivorous plant called venus (Dionaea) fly trap also show haptonasty.
• It grows in nitrogen deficient soils.
• It traps and digest insects to replenish itself with nitrogen.
• When insect land on its sensitive hairs on leaves, the mid-rib cells lose water rapidly
thus turgor pressure.
• Trap springs inward and close leaf and spines interlock.
27. Chemonasty
• Movement in response to presence of certain chemical substances of
nitrogenous compounds such as urea and ammonium compounds.
• Sundew plants (Drosera) show chemonasty.
• When insect trapped by plant’s tentacles, it provides the substances that
stimulate release of digestive enzymes by plant.
28. Hydronasty
• Response due to changes in humidity.
• It is seen in flowers such as of Dandelion.
• They close when the air is moist.
29. Survival value for Nastism
• Helps in protection of inner parts of flowers.
• Helps to reduce the transpiration thus excessive loss of water.
• Helps in temperature regulation.
• Helps in obtaining some mineral nutrients that are limited in the soil.
30. Co-ordination in Plants.
• Growth responses in plants are coordinated by growth hormones;
• GHs; auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins and florigens.
• Tropisms are mostly influenced by auxins.
31. Role of Auxins in Tropisms.
• Indole-acetic acid (IAA) is the common auxin.
• Auxins are produced at apical meristems of shoots and roots.
• They move backward to the region of cell elongation where they exert their
effects.
• They move by diffusion from cell to cell in one direction.
• Shoots produce more auxins than roots thus more amounts are translocated
from them to roots.
32. Role of Auxins…
• IAA stimulate growth in both shoots and tips at cell elongation region.
• Required in very small amounts to cause the response.
• Roots are however more sensitive to IAA than shoots; amounts that cause
maximum shoot growth inhibits root growth.
33. Auxins and Phototropism
• When light is uniformly distributed, auxins produced at shoot apex are
evenly translocated down the shoot.
• There is equal growth rate in the zone of cell elongation.
• Leads to normal growth/increase in height of shoot.
34. Auxins and Phototropism…
• When light is unidirectional, auxins migrate laterally to the darker side.
• Auxins are more concentrated on darker side stimulating rapid cell
elongation on that side.
• Growth rate is faster on this side hence the shoot tip bends/curves towards
light source/direction of the light.
• This explains the positive phototropism in shoot.