The only documentation on the building downwash algorithm in AERMOD, referred to as PRIME, is found in the 2000 A&WMA Journal article by Schulman, Strimaitis and Scire. Recent field and wind tunnel studies have shown that AERMOD overpredicts concentrations by factors of 2 to 8 for certain building configurations. While a wind tunnel equivalent building dimension study (EBD) can be conducted to approximately correct the overprediction bias, past field and wind tunnel studies indicate that there are notable flaws in the PRIME building downwash theory. A detailed review of the theory supported by CFD and wind tunnel simulations of flow over simple rectangular buildings revealed the following serious theoretical flaws: enhanced turbulence in the building wake starting at the wrong longitudinal location; constant enhanced turbulence extending up to the wake height; constant initial enhanced turbulence in the building wake (does not vary with roughness or stability); discontinuities in the streamline calculations; and no method to account for streamlined or porous structures.
This paper documents some of the theoretical flaws that have been found in PRIME and provides supporting CFD and wind tunnel observations that confirm these findings. A suggested path forward to correct these problems is also outlined in accordance to Appendix W’s mandate that a model should be based on sound science and that its components are validated accordingly. In other words, corrections to the downwash theory in the model would ensure that the right answer is obtained for the right reason.
Air monitoring data at the water tower monitor (WTM) in Rhinelander, WI shows SO2 concentrations exceeding the 1-hour SO2 NAAQS and Expera Rhinelander Mill’s 63 m tall cyclone boiler stack is the primary contributor to the monitored exceedance. Making matters more complicated, the AERMOD predicted “design value” concentration at the WTM is in compliance and more than a factor of two lower than observations. Hence, a standard AERMOD modeling approach cannot be used to determine a compliance solution.
After investigating the building geometry, it was noticed that the 38 m high Boiler 7 building corner is directly upwind of the stack when the wind blows toward the WTM. This results in the formation of corner vortices that enhance building downwash, an effect that is not accounted for in AERMOD. To develop a compliance solution, a multi-phased approach was used. First, wind tunnel modeling was conducted to determine an EPA approved 90 m GEP stack height that is taller than the 75 m formula GEP stack height. Next, compliance at the 90 GEP stack height was assessed using two alternate methods. Method 1 employed an alternate model, HYWINMOD, a validated hybrid wind tunnel/numerical model. Method 2 utilized AERMOD in an approved non-standard manner. AERMOD was run without building downwash affects but the results were adjusted to account for building downwash affects using wind tunnel modeling. Both methods provided very similar and manageable compliance solutions.
This presentation documents some of the theoretical problems with the building downwash algorithms in AERMOD/PRIME. Some of these problems explain why AERMOD/PRIME overpredicts concentrations for long/wide, lattice and/or streamlined structures. The “fix” for these problems is relatively easy but will require the collaboration of EPA and Industry. In the meantime, while the model is being “fixed,” an EPA approved source characterization study that can approximately “fix” and minimize these overpredictions is an Equivalent Building Dimension (EBD) study. Without the “fix” provided by an EBD study, industry will continue spending time and money mitigating air quality problems that are not real.
Evaluating AERMOD and Wind Tunnel Derived Equivalent Building DimensionsSergio A. Guerra
While the current EBD method is the best available option to determine correct building dimensions in the model, a different method was suggested by EPA in the 2011 Memo: Model Clearinghouse Review of EBD for AERMOD.9 Attachment B to the 2011 Memo includes an assessment of the Alcoa Davenport Works EBD Study. In this evaluation EPA compared wind tunnel observations with AERMOD derived concentrations. However, this evaluation has important shortcomings. First, to carry out this comparison between wind tunnel and AERMOD concentrations, it is necessary to collect velocity profiles that include longitudinal and vertical turbulent intensity measurements upwind of the stack. These data were not available for the EPA evaluation of the Alcoa Davenport Works EBD Study. Second, the wind tunnel model operating conditions were converted to full scale conditions by using exact similarity. However, exact similarity is not used to specify model operating conditions since only momentum ratios are matched but not buoyancy ones. Whereas EPA did not provide important details on how this study was performed, this paper outlines how to properly carry out this new method where AERMOD is used to determine equivalent building dimensions. The viability of this new method was also evaluated and discussed.
Probabilistic & Source Characterization Techniques in AERMOD ComplianceSergio A. Guerra
The short term NAAQS are more stringent and traditional techniques are not suitable anymore. The probabilistic nature of these standards also opens the door to modeling techniques based on probability. Source characterization studies can also be used to refine AERMOD’s inputs to be more accurate and achieve reductions of more than half. This presentation will cover these compliance methods.
Currently, it is assumed that a given emission unit is in operation at its maximum capacity every hour of the year. However, assuming constant maximum emissions is overly conservative for facilities such as power plants that are not in operation all the time at full load. A better approach is the use of the Monte Carlo technique to account for emission variability. Another conservative assumption in NAAQS modeling relates to combining predicted concentrations from AERMOD with maximum or design concentrations from the monitor. A more reasonable approach is to combine the 50th percentile background concentration with AERMOD values.
The inputs to AERMOD can be obtained by more accurate source characterization studies. Such is the case of building dimensions commonly calculated with BPIP. These dimensions tend to overstate the wake effects and produce significantly higher concentrations especially for lattice structures, elongated buildings, and streamlined structures. An Equivalent Building Dimensions (EBD) study can be used to inform AERMOD with more accurate downwash characteristics.
Use of Wind Tunnel Refinements in the Dispersion Modeling Analysis of the Ala...Sergio A. Guerra
The proposed Alaska LNG GTP project includes the construction of a natural gas treatment plant on the Alaska North Slope. The Gas Treatment Plant (GTP) is proposed to be located on the west coast of Prudhoe Bay and would treat natural gas produced on the North Slope.
Initial dispersion modeling of the Alaska LNG Gas Treatment Plant (GTP) found results inconsistent with local and regional measurements when evaluating compliance with the 1-hour NO2 National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) due in part to two adjacent nearby sources. These existing sources include the Central Gas Facility (CGF) and Central Compression Plant (CCP) located immediately east of the GTP. The prevailing winds at the site are east-northeast and west-southwest which align with the arrangement of the facilities.
The building downwash inputs generated by the Building Profile Input Program for PRIME (BPIPPRM) were evaluated for the CGF and CCP facilities. This analysis confirmed that the building dimension inputs for numerous wind directions were outside of the tested theory used to develop the building downwash algorithms in AERMOD. Previous studies2,8,11,12,13 suggest that AERMOD predictions are biased to overstate downwash effects for certain building input ratios.
Wind tunnel determined equivalent building dimensions (EBD) were conducted for the most critical stacks and wind directions to refine AERMOD-derived predicted concentrations. The current paper covers the EBD method used to refine the building inputs for the CGF and CCP facilities. The regulatory process and benefits from this physical modeling method is also discussed.
Solution to AERMOD/PRIME PM10 Overpredictions for Extremely Short, Long and W...Sergio A. Guerra
The current formulation in AERMOD/PRIME is prone to downwash overestimations as documented by Petersen et al. Some of these overpredictions can be minimized by conducting a wind tunnel study to refine the building inputs used in AERMOD/PRIME for critical stacks and wind directions. Most of the wind tunnel studies conducted to date involve taller building structures of at least 20 meters in height. However, a recent wind tunnel study was conducted for the Basic American Foods, Blackfoot, Idaho facility, which has extremely short buildings (7 to 12 meters in height) with very long and wide footprints and many exhaust stacks which are less than 25 meters above ground
The wind tunnel study confirmed that AERMOD was vastly overstating downwash effects for certain critical wind directions. In some cases, AERMOD-predicted concentrations were almost four times higher without the wind tunnel refinements. This study indicates that the previously identified tendency of AERMOD to overpredict downwash using the traditional BPIP-derived building inputs also applies to sites with shorter buildings. Because shorter buildings with shorter stacks are common in many sources subject to the minor New Source Review program (such as most food and beverage and manufacturing facilities), AERMOD’s overpredictions may be causing significantly higher predicted concentrations for many industrial sources.
This paper describes the wind tunnel study performed for this site, presents the benefits obtained from these building input refinements, and reviews comments received on the project from regulatory agencies.
A renewed interest and scrutiny of downwash shortcomings has fueled a parallel, yet complementary effort, led by industry and EPA. Industrial groups funded the update to the Plume Rise Model Enhancements (PRIME) formulation in AERMOD based on new equations derived from wind tunnel measurements. Concurrently, EPA’s Office of Research and Development (ORD) conducted research that led to new enhancements to the downwash formulation.2 The new PRIME equations (PRIME2), along with EPA-ORD’s building downwash improvements, have been included as alpha options in an upcoming new EPA version of AERMOD.
As part of the renewed interest in building downwash, the PRIME2 subcommittee under the A&WMA APM committee was formed to: (1) establish a mechanism to review, approve and implement new science into the model for this and future improvements; and (2) provide a technical review forum to improve the PRIME building downwash algorithms. Collaboration and cooperation from EPA’s ORD and OAQPS have been on-going during this research project. These efforts included a downwash summit at EPA’s RTP facilities on February 16, 2018 where representatives of the PRIME2 committee and research funders met with EPA’s ORD and OAQPS staff to discuss the newly developed building downwash improvements. During that meeting it was decided that these enhancements would be included as new alpha options in AERMOD. The intent is that these experimental options will be tested by the user community to create enough justification to transition them to a beta status (approved on a case-by-case basis) and eventually to default options in AERMOD. An evaluation of some of these new downwash options is presented.
Air monitoring data at the water tower monitor (WTM) in Rhinelander, WI shows SO2 concentrations exceeding the 1-hour SO2 NAAQS and Expera Rhinelander Mill’s 63 m tall cyclone boiler stack is the primary contributor to the monitored exceedance. Making matters more complicated, the AERMOD predicted “design value” concentration at the WTM is in compliance and more than a factor of two lower than observations. Hence, a standard AERMOD modeling approach cannot be used to determine a compliance solution.
After investigating the building geometry, it was noticed that the 38 m high Boiler 7 building corner is directly upwind of the stack when the wind blows toward the WTM. This results in the formation of corner vortices that enhance building downwash, an effect that is not accounted for in AERMOD. To develop a compliance solution, a multi-phased approach was used. First, wind tunnel modeling was conducted to determine an EPA approved 90 m GEP stack height that is taller than the 75 m formula GEP stack height. Next, compliance at the 90 GEP stack height was assessed using two alternate methods. Method 1 employed an alternate model, HYWINMOD, a validated hybrid wind tunnel/numerical model. Method 2 utilized AERMOD in an approved non-standard manner. AERMOD was run without building downwash affects but the results were adjusted to account for building downwash affects using wind tunnel modeling. Both methods provided very similar and manageable compliance solutions.
This presentation documents some of the theoretical problems with the building downwash algorithms in AERMOD/PRIME. Some of these problems explain why AERMOD/PRIME overpredicts concentrations for long/wide, lattice and/or streamlined structures. The “fix” for these problems is relatively easy but will require the collaboration of EPA and Industry. In the meantime, while the model is being “fixed,” an EPA approved source characterization study that can approximately “fix” and minimize these overpredictions is an Equivalent Building Dimension (EBD) study. Without the “fix” provided by an EBD study, industry will continue spending time and money mitigating air quality problems that are not real.
Evaluating AERMOD and Wind Tunnel Derived Equivalent Building DimensionsSergio A. Guerra
While the current EBD method is the best available option to determine correct building dimensions in the model, a different method was suggested by EPA in the 2011 Memo: Model Clearinghouse Review of EBD for AERMOD.9 Attachment B to the 2011 Memo includes an assessment of the Alcoa Davenport Works EBD Study. In this evaluation EPA compared wind tunnel observations with AERMOD derived concentrations. However, this evaluation has important shortcomings. First, to carry out this comparison between wind tunnel and AERMOD concentrations, it is necessary to collect velocity profiles that include longitudinal and vertical turbulent intensity measurements upwind of the stack. These data were not available for the EPA evaluation of the Alcoa Davenport Works EBD Study. Second, the wind tunnel model operating conditions were converted to full scale conditions by using exact similarity. However, exact similarity is not used to specify model operating conditions since only momentum ratios are matched but not buoyancy ones. Whereas EPA did not provide important details on how this study was performed, this paper outlines how to properly carry out this new method where AERMOD is used to determine equivalent building dimensions. The viability of this new method was also evaluated and discussed.
Probabilistic & Source Characterization Techniques in AERMOD ComplianceSergio A. Guerra
The short term NAAQS are more stringent and traditional techniques are not suitable anymore. The probabilistic nature of these standards also opens the door to modeling techniques based on probability. Source characterization studies can also be used to refine AERMOD’s inputs to be more accurate and achieve reductions of more than half. This presentation will cover these compliance methods.
Currently, it is assumed that a given emission unit is in operation at its maximum capacity every hour of the year. However, assuming constant maximum emissions is overly conservative for facilities such as power plants that are not in operation all the time at full load. A better approach is the use of the Monte Carlo technique to account for emission variability. Another conservative assumption in NAAQS modeling relates to combining predicted concentrations from AERMOD with maximum or design concentrations from the monitor. A more reasonable approach is to combine the 50th percentile background concentration with AERMOD values.
The inputs to AERMOD can be obtained by more accurate source characterization studies. Such is the case of building dimensions commonly calculated with BPIP. These dimensions tend to overstate the wake effects and produce significantly higher concentrations especially for lattice structures, elongated buildings, and streamlined structures. An Equivalent Building Dimensions (EBD) study can be used to inform AERMOD with more accurate downwash characteristics.
Use of Wind Tunnel Refinements in the Dispersion Modeling Analysis of the Ala...Sergio A. Guerra
The proposed Alaska LNG GTP project includes the construction of a natural gas treatment plant on the Alaska North Slope. The Gas Treatment Plant (GTP) is proposed to be located on the west coast of Prudhoe Bay and would treat natural gas produced on the North Slope.
Initial dispersion modeling of the Alaska LNG Gas Treatment Plant (GTP) found results inconsistent with local and regional measurements when evaluating compliance with the 1-hour NO2 National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) due in part to two adjacent nearby sources. These existing sources include the Central Gas Facility (CGF) and Central Compression Plant (CCP) located immediately east of the GTP. The prevailing winds at the site are east-northeast and west-southwest which align with the arrangement of the facilities.
The building downwash inputs generated by the Building Profile Input Program for PRIME (BPIPPRM) were evaluated for the CGF and CCP facilities. This analysis confirmed that the building dimension inputs for numerous wind directions were outside of the tested theory used to develop the building downwash algorithms in AERMOD. Previous studies2,8,11,12,13 suggest that AERMOD predictions are biased to overstate downwash effects for certain building input ratios.
Wind tunnel determined equivalent building dimensions (EBD) were conducted for the most critical stacks and wind directions to refine AERMOD-derived predicted concentrations. The current paper covers the EBD method used to refine the building inputs for the CGF and CCP facilities. The regulatory process and benefits from this physical modeling method is also discussed.
Solution to AERMOD/PRIME PM10 Overpredictions for Extremely Short, Long and W...Sergio A. Guerra
The current formulation in AERMOD/PRIME is prone to downwash overestimations as documented by Petersen et al. Some of these overpredictions can be minimized by conducting a wind tunnel study to refine the building inputs used in AERMOD/PRIME for critical stacks and wind directions. Most of the wind tunnel studies conducted to date involve taller building structures of at least 20 meters in height. However, a recent wind tunnel study was conducted for the Basic American Foods, Blackfoot, Idaho facility, which has extremely short buildings (7 to 12 meters in height) with very long and wide footprints and many exhaust stacks which are less than 25 meters above ground
The wind tunnel study confirmed that AERMOD was vastly overstating downwash effects for certain critical wind directions. In some cases, AERMOD-predicted concentrations were almost four times higher without the wind tunnel refinements. This study indicates that the previously identified tendency of AERMOD to overpredict downwash using the traditional BPIP-derived building inputs also applies to sites with shorter buildings. Because shorter buildings with shorter stacks are common in many sources subject to the minor New Source Review program (such as most food and beverage and manufacturing facilities), AERMOD’s overpredictions may be causing significantly higher predicted concentrations for many industrial sources.
This paper describes the wind tunnel study performed for this site, presents the benefits obtained from these building input refinements, and reviews comments received on the project from regulatory agencies.
A renewed interest and scrutiny of downwash shortcomings has fueled a parallel, yet complementary effort, led by industry and EPA. Industrial groups funded the update to the Plume Rise Model Enhancements (PRIME) formulation in AERMOD based on new equations derived from wind tunnel measurements. Concurrently, EPA’s Office of Research and Development (ORD) conducted research that led to new enhancements to the downwash formulation.2 The new PRIME equations (PRIME2), along with EPA-ORD’s building downwash improvements, have been included as alpha options in an upcoming new EPA version of AERMOD.
As part of the renewed interest in building downwash, the PRIME2 subcommittee under the A&WMA APM committee was formed to: (1) establish a mechanism to review, approve and implement new science into the model for this and future improvements; and (2) provide a technical review forum to improve the PRIME building downwash algorithms. Collaboration and cooperation from EPA’s ORD and OAQPS have been on-going during this research project. These efforts included a downwash summit at EPA’s RTP facilities on February 16, 2018 where representatives of the PRIME2 committee and research funders met with EPA’s ORD and OAQPS staff to discuss the newly developed building downwash improvements. During that meeting it was decided that these enhancements would be included as new alpha options in AERMOD. The intent is that these experimental options will be tested by the user community to create enough justification to transition them to a beta status (approved on a case-by-case basis) and eventually to default options in AERMOD. An evaluation of some of these new downwash options is presented.
Evaluation of the Theoretical Problems with Building Downwash Using A New Met...Sergio A. Guerra
While the current EBD method is the best available option to determine correct building dimensions in the model, a different method was suggested by EPA in the 2011 Memo: Model Clearinghouse Review of EBD for AERMOD. Attachment B to the 2011 Memo includes an assessment of the Alcoa Davenport Works EBD Study. In this evaluation EPA compared wind tunnel observations with AERMOD derived concentrations. However, this evaluation has important shortcomings. First, to carry out this comparison between wind tunnel and AERMOD concentrations, it is necessary to collect velocity profiles that include longitudinal and vertical turbulent intensity measurements upwind of the stack. These data were not available for the EPA evaluation of the Alcoa Davenport Works EBD Study. Second, the wind tunnel model operating conditions were converted to full scale conditions by using exact similarity. However, exact similarity is not used to specify model operating conditions since only momentum ratios are matched but not buoyancy ones. Whereas EPA did not provide important details on how this study was performed, this paper outlines how to properly carry out this new method where AERMOD is used to determine equivalent building dimensions. The viability of this new method was also evaluated and discussed.
Air monitoring data for the City of Rhinelander, WI shows SO2 concentrations exceeding the 1-hour standard at the water tower monitoring location (WTM) and, as a result, this area has been designated a SO2 non-attainment area. An analysis of emission sources and air quality modeling indicates that the Expera Rhinelander Mill 63 m tall cyclone boiler stack (S09) appears to be the primary contributor to the ambient air impact at this monitor. One solution being evaluated for showing compliance with the 1-hr SO2 NAAQS is raising the 63 m tall S09 stack to the GEP stack height. Based on the Boiler 7 building dimensions the formula GEP stack height is 75 m.
After investigating the Expera Rhinelander Mill building geometry, it was noticed that the Boiler 7 building corner is directly upwind of the stack when the wind blows directly toward the WTM. When the wind blows along a building corner, building corner vortices are generated that enhance building downwash by as much as a factor of two over that observed for wind directions normal to a building face. Past wind tunnel results suggest that the actual GEP stack height could be up to 95 m for this corner vortex situation. Hence, the purpose of this study was to determine the actual GEP stack height for the Expera Rhinelander Mill cyclone boiler stack (S09) using wind tunnel modeling.
This paper provides detailed information on determining GEP stack height, outlines the wind tunnel modeling method required to demonstrate a GEP stack height taller than the EPA formula height and provides detailed results documenting that a 90 m stack height is creditable as GEP which is well above the 75 m EPA formula height. As part of the GEP stack height demonstration, results are provided that document that the wind tunnel simulation provides similar turbulence and dispersion characteristics as the atmosphere.
PRIME2: Consequence Analysis and Model EvaluationSergio A. Guerra
This presentation will cover a preliminary consequence analysis and field evaluation related to the updates to the Plume Rise Model Enhancements updates (PRIME2). Additional research needs uncovered through this research project will also be discussed.
The Plume Rise Model Enhancements (PRIME) formulation in AERMOD has been updated based new equations developed from wind tunnel measurements taken downwind of various solid and streamlined structures. These new equations, along with other building downwash improvements have been included as alpha options in the upcoming new version of AERMOD. The PRIME2 options include: • PRIME2UTurb which enables enhanced calculations of turbulence and wind speed • PRIME2Ueff which defines the height used to compute effective parameters Ueff, Sweff, Sveff and Tgeff at plume height and at 30 m • Streamline defines the set of constants for modeling all structures as streamlined. If omitted, rectangular building constants are used. The ORD Options include: • PRIMEUeff which controls the heights for which the wind speed is calculated for the main plume concentrations. • Average between plume height and receptor height recommended in ORD version • Default is current method in AERMOD, stack height wind speed. • PRIMETurb which adjusts the vertical turbulence intensity, wiz0 from 0.6 to 0.7. • PRIMECav modifies the cavity calculations These improvements aim to address important theoretical issues that significantly affect the accuracy of predicted concentrations subject to downwash effects. This research effort was funded in part by the American Petroleum Institute, the Electric Power Research Institute, the Corn Refiners Association and the American Forest & Paper Association. As part of it, the PRIME2 subcommittee under the A&WMA APM committee was formed to: (1) establish a mechanism to review, approve and implement new science into the model for this and future improvements; and (2) provide a technical review forum to improve the PRIME building downwash algorithms. Collaboration and cooperation from the EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD) has been on-going during the research project resulting in new alpha options aimed at solving known issues with the treatment of building downwash effects in AERMOD. The intent is that these experimental options will be tested by the user community to create enough justification to make these beta (approved on a case-by-case basis) and eventually default options in AERMOD. A preliminary evaluation for the following four cases will be presented: • Arconic- Davenport, IA (formerly Alcoa) • Mirant Potomac River Generating Station- Alexandria, VA • Basic American Foods- Blackfoot, ID • Oakley Generating Station- Oakley, CA The evaluation includes comparing 1-hr, 24-hr and annual averages along with Q-Q plots and isopleths. A discussion related to the results obtained will also be presented.
Andracsek, Robynn, Burns & McDonnell, What Every EHS Staff should Know about ...Kevin Perry
Andracsek Robynn Burns McDonnell What Every EHS Staff should Know about Monitoring and Modeling MECC Kansas City May 11-13, 2016 Overland Park www.mecconference.com
Modelling Natural Ventilation in IES-VE: Case studies & Research OutlookDaniel Coakley
Presented at Technical Seminar: Ventilative Cooling & Overheating Risk - Cork Institute of Technology, 20th April 2016
This half day seminar for researchers, designers, engineers & architects, is organised in collaboration with IEA-EBC Annex 62 and will present state of the art in utilising ventilation for reducing cooling energy demand and addressing the risk of overheating in low energy buildings.
The presentation focuses on natural ventilation modelling features in the IES-VE Virtual Environment and case study of the application of some of these features as part of the ASHRAE LowDown ShowDown Competition 2015.
2017 CalAPA Fall Asphalt Pavement Conference presentation: A summary of research conducted by the University of California Pavement Research Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the University of Southern California on lifecycle impacts of cool pavement strategies in California.
HRSC Techniques: High-Resolution Hydrogeologic Characterization
Presentation given at the Remediation Workshops in:
* Oakland, CA - January 25, 2017
* Sacramento, CA- January 26, 2017
* Long Beach, CA- February 7, 2017
* Los Angeles (Rosemead), CA- February 8, 2017
HRSC Technologies: Using MiHpt for Rapid In-Situ Contaminant and Hydrostratig...ASC-HRSC
HRSC Technologies: Using MiHpt for Rapid In-Situ Contaminant and Hydrostratigraphic Characterization
Presentation given at the Remediation Workshops in:
* San Antonio, TX - January 12, 2016
* Houston, TX - January 13, 2016
* Baton Rouge, LA - January 14, 2016
* Los Angeles (Rosemead), CA - February 16, 2016
* Honolulu, HI - February 18, 2016
* Oakland, CA - March 15, 2016
* Sacramento, CA - March 16, 2016
* Reno, NV - March 17, 2016
* Denver, CO - April 12, 2016
* Salt Lake City, UT - April 14, 2016
* Vancouver, BC - April 19, 2016
* Calgary, AB - April 20, 2016
* TriCities, WA - May 17, 2016
* Seattle, WA - May 18, 2016
The 2013 EPA Draft SO2 NAAQS Designations Modeling Technical Assistance Document states that an accurate characterization of the modeled facility is critical. The document also says that that if the building information is not accurate, downwash will not be accurately accounted for in AERMOD. This presentation will discuss two generic facilities, one with a 31 m high long narrow solid building and a single stack that is 1.5 times the building height. The second facility has two 50 m high porous structures located near a single stack of the same height. Accurate building information was assembled for these two facilities and input into BPIP. The BPIP AERMOD input file was analyzed and the following problems were found: 1) building widths and/or lengths outside the range of AERMOD theory; and 2) the porous structures were assumed to be solid. In spite of inputting accurate site information, BPIP generated building dimensions for AERMOD input will not result in accurate predictions. Consequently, an EPA “Source Characterization” study was conducted where “Equivalent Building Dimensions” were defined that more accurately model the dispersion for these two sites. AERMOD was then run using the original BPIP determined inputs and the refined inputs based on a more accurate “Source Characterization.” With refined BPIP inputs, the maximum 1-hr concentrations decreased by factors of 2 to 3.5 Due to the stringent nature of the 1-hr NAAQS, clearly a more accurate source characterization study should be high on the list of refined modeling options.
Avoid Air-rors! Discuss the Air Regulations that Impact Oil and Gas DevelopmentTrihydro Corporation
Presentation about the air regulations affecting oil and gas development. Topics covered include NSPS OOOO, Leak Detection and Repair, Greenhouse Gas Inventory/Reporting, Optical Gas Imaging with Infrared Cameras
This presentation investigates the hypersonic high enthalpy flow in a leading edge configuration using computational techniques, specifically using computational fluid dynamics.
Flow separation in/over a hypersonic space vehicle is an important phenomenon which occurs due to flow interaction with various geometric elements of the vehicle. This however can lead to adverse pressure gradient and localised intense heating resulting in detrimental consequences for the successful performance of the vehicle. It is therefore critical and necessary to understand the separation phenomenon and its characteristics. In the last several decades, experimental, analytical and computational techniques have been used to investigate flow separation in hypersonic flow. Despite these efforts, large gaps still remain in our understanding of the aerothermodynamics of flow separation. Typically, flow separation can be examined with simple geometric configurations representing a generic region of separated flow over a vehicle. These could range from geometries such as compression corners, flat plate with steps to blunt bodies such as cylinders and spheres. However, most of these configurations exhibit a pre-existing boundary layer prior to separation thus increasing the complexity of the interaction. A simple geometry capable of producing separation at the leading-edge without any pre-existing boundary layer is therefore considered here. This geometry was originally proposed by Chapman in 1958 for supersonic flows at high Reynolds numbers and is investigated here numerically under laminar low density hypersonic conditions using N-S and DSMC methods.
Evaluation of the Theoretical Problems with Building Downwash Using A New Met...Sergio A. Guerra
While the current EBD method is the best available option to determine correct building dimensions in the model, a different method was suggested by EPA in the 2011 Memo: Model Clearinghouse Review of EBD for AERMOD. Attachment B to the 2011 Memo includes an assessment of the Alcoa Davenport Works EBD Study. In this evaluation EPA compared wind tunnel observations with AERMOD derived concentrations. However, this evaluation has important shortcomings. First, to carry out this comparison between wind tunnel and AERMOD concentrations, it is necessary to collect velocity profiles that include longitudinal and vertical turbulent intensity measurements upwind of the stack. These data were not available for the EPA evaluation of the Alcoa Davenport Works EBD Study. Second, the wind tunnel model operating conditions were converted to full scale conditions by using exact similarity. However, exact similarity is not used to specify model operating conditions since only momentum ratios are matched but not buoyancy ones. Whereas EPA did not provide important details on how this study was performed, this paper outlines how to properly carry out this new method where AERMOD is used to determine equivalent building dimensions. The viability of this new method was also evaluated and discussed.
Air monitoring data for the City of Rhinelander, WI shows SO2 concentrations exceeding the 1-hour standard at the water tower monitoring location (WTM) and, as a result, this area has been designated a SO2 non-attainment area. An analysis of emission sources and air quality modeling indicates that the Expera Rhinelander Mill 63 m tall cyclone boiler stack (S09) appears to be the primary contributor to the ambient air impact at this monitor. One solution being evaluated for showing compliance with the 1-hr SO2 NAAQS is raising the 63 m tall S09 stack to the GEP stack height. Based on the Boiler 7 building dimensions the formula GEP stack height is 75 m.
After investigating the Expera Rhinelander Mill building geometry, it was noticed that the Boiler 7 building corner is directly upwind of the stack when the wind blows directly toward the WTM. When the wind blows along a building corner, building corner vortices are generated that enhance building downwash by as much as a factor of two over that observed for wind directions normal to a building face. Past wind tunnel results suggest that the actual GEP stack height could be up to 95 m for this corner vortex situation. Hence, the purpose of this study was to determine the actual GEP stack height for the Expera Rhinelander Mill cyclone boiler stack (S09) using wind tunnel modeling.
This paper provides detailed information on determining GEP stack height, outlines the wind tunnel modeling method required to demonstrate a GEP stack height taller than the EPA formula height and provides detailed results documenting that a 90 m stack height is creditable as GEP which is well above the 75 m EPA formula height. As part of the GEP stack height demonstration, results are provided that document that the wind tunnel simulation provides similar turbulence and dispersion characteristics as the atmosphere.
PRIME2: Consequence Analysis and Model EvaluationSergio A. Guerra
This presentation will cover a preliminary consequence analysis and field evaluation related to the updates to the Plume Rise Model Enhancements updates (PRIME2). Additional research needs uncovered through this research project will also be discussed.
The Plume Rise Model Enhancements (PRIME) formulation in AERMOD has been updated based new equations developed from wind tunnel measurements taken downwind of various solid and streamlined structures. These new equations, along with other building downwash improvements have been included as alpha options in the upcoming new version of AERMOD. The PRIME2 options include: • PRIME2UTurb which enables enhanced calculations of turbulence and wind speed • PRIME2Ueff which defines the height used to compute effective parameters Ueff, Sweff, Sveff and Tgeff at plume height and at 30 m • Streamline defines the set of constants for modeling all structures as streamlined. If omitted, rectangular building constants are used. The ORD Options include: • PRIMEUeff which controls the heights for which the wind speed is calculated for the main plume concentrations. • Average between plume height and receptor height recommended in ORD version • Default is current method in AERMOD, stack height wind speed. • PRIMETurb which adjusts the vertical turbulence intensity, wiz0 from 0.6 to 0.7. • PRIMECav modifies the cavity calculations These improvements aim to address important theoretical issues that significantly affect the accuracy of predicted concentrations subject to downwash effects. This research effort was funded in part by the American Petroleum Institute, the Electric Power Research Institute, the Corn Refiners Association and the American Forest & Paper Association. As part of it, the PRIME2 subcommittee under the A&WMA APM committee was formed to: (1) establish a mechanism to review, approve and implement new science into the model for this and future improvements; and (2) provide a technical review forum to improve the PRIME building downwash algorithms. Collaboration and cooperation from the EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD) has been on-going during the research project resulting in new alpha options aimed at solving known issues with the treatment of building downwash effects in AERMOD. The intent is that these experimental options will be tested by the user community to create enough justification to make these beta (approved on a case-by-case basis) and eventually default options in AERMOD. A preliminary evaluation for the following four cases will be presented: • Arconic- Davenport, IA (formerly Alcoa) • Mirant Potomac River Generating Station- Alexandria, VA • Basic American Foods- Blackfoot, ID • Oakley Generating Station- Oakley, CA The evaluation includes comparing 1-hr, 24-hr and annual averages along with Q-Q plots and isopleths. A discussion related to the results obtained will also be presented.
Andracsek, Robynn, Burns & McDonnell, What Every EHS Staff should Know about ...Kevin Perry
Andracsek Robynn Burns McDonnell What Every EHS Staff should Know about Monitoring and Modeling MECC Kansas City May 11-13, 2016 Overland Park www.mecconference.com
Modelling Natural Ventilation in IES-VE: Case studies & Research OutlookDaniel Coakley
Presented at Technical Seminar: Ventilative Cooling & Overheating Risk - Cork Institute of Technology, 20th April 2016
This half day seminar for researchers, designers, engineers & architects, is organised in collaboration with IEA-EBC Annex 62 and will present state of the art in utilising ventilation for reducing cooling energy demand and addressing the risk of overheating in low energy buildings.
The presentation focuses on natural ventilation modelling features in the IES-VE Virtual Environment and case study of the application of some of these features as part of the ASHRAE LowDown ShowDown Competition 2015.
2017 CalAPA Fall Asphalt Pavement Conference presentation: A summary of research conducted by the University of California Pavement Research Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the University of Southern California on lifecycle impacts of cool pavement strategies in California.
HRSC Techniques: High-Resolution Hydrogeologic Characterization
Presentation given at the Remediation Workshops in:
* Oakland, CA - January 25, 2017
* Sacramento, CA- January 26, 2017
* Long Beach, CA- February 7, 2017
* Los Angeles (Rosemead), CA- February 8, 2017
HRSC Technologies: Using MiHpt for Rapid In-Situ Contaminant and Hydrostratig...ASC-HRSC
HRSC Technologies: Using MiHpt for Rapid In-Situ Contaminant and Hydrostratigraphic Characterization
Presentation given at the Remediation Workshops in:
* San Antonio, TX - January 12, 2016
* Houston, TX - January 13, 2016
* Baton Rouge, LA - January 14, 2016
* Los Angeles (Rosemead), CA - February 16, 2016
* Honolulu, HI - February 18, 2016
* Oakland, CA - March 15, 2016
* Sacramento, CA - March 16, 2016
* Reno, NV - March 17, 2016
* Denver, CO - April 12, 2016
* Salt Lake City, UT - April 14, 2016
* Vancouver, BC - April 19, 2016
* Calgary, AB - April 20, 2016
* TriCities, WA - May 17, 2016
* Seattle, WA - May 18, 2016
The 2013 EPA Draft SO2 NAAQS Designations Modeling Technical Assistance Document states that an accurate characterization of the modeled facility is critical. The document also says that that if the building information is not accurate, downwash will not be accurately accounted for in AERMOD. This presentation will discuss two generic facilities, one with a 31 m high long narrow solid building and a single stack that is 1.5 times the building height. The second facility has two 50 m high porous structures located near a single stack of the same height. Accurate building information was assembled for these two facilities and input into BPIP. The BPIP AERMOD input file was analyzed and the following problems were found: 1) building widths and/or lengths outside the range of AERMOD theory; and 2) the porous structures were assumed to be solid. In spite of inputting accurate site information, BPIP generated building dimensions for AERMOD input will not result in accurate predictions. Consequently, an EPA “Source Characterization” study was conducted where “Equivalent Building Dimensions” were defined that more accurately model the dispersion for these two sites. AERMOD was then run using the original BPIP determined inputs and the refined inputs based on a more accurate “Source Characterization.” With refined BPIP inputs, the maximum 1-hr concentrations decreased by factors of 2 to 3.5 Due to the stringent nature of the 1-hr NAAQS, clearly a more accurate source characterization study should be high on the list of refined modeling options.
Avoid Air-rors! Discuss the Air Regulations that Impact Oil and Gas DevelopmentTrihydro Corporation
Presentation about the air regulations affecting oil and gas development. Topics covered include NSPS OOOO, Leak Detection and Repair, Greenhouse Gas Inventory/Reporting, Optical Gas Imaging with Infrared Cameras
This presentation investigates the hypersonic high enthalpy flow in a leading edge configuration using computational techniques, specifically using computational fluid dynamics.
Flow separation in/over a hypersonic space vehicle is an important phenomenon which occurs due to flow interaction with various geometric elements of the vehicle. This however can lead to adverse pressure gradient and localised intense heating resulting in detrimental consequences for the successful performance of the vehicle. It is therefore critical and necessary to understand the separation phenomenon and its characteristics. In the last several decades, experimental, analytical and computational techniques have been used to investigate flow separation in hypersonic flow. Despite these efforts, large gaps still remain in our understanding of the aerothermodynamics of flow separation. Typically, flow separation can be examined with simple geometric configurations representing a generic region of separated flow over a vehicle. These could range from geometries such as compression corners, flat plate with steps to blunt bodies such as cylinders and spheres. However, most of these configurations exhibit a pre-existing boundary layer prior to separation thus increasing the complexity of the interaction. A simple geometry capable of producing separation at the leading-edge without any pre-existing boundary layer is therefore considered here. This geometry was originally proposed by Chapman in 1958 for supersonic flows at high Reynolds numbers and is investigated here numerically under laminar low density hypersonic conditions using N-S and DSMC methods.
Irv Holmes of Challenge Dairy Products shares some helpful information on how to propel your business forward in 2016. Its never to early to prepare! Enjoy and please share.
Text Editors (Atom / Sublime)
Apache Server (sftp/ssh/php) – Todd's Server!
CPanel / Wordpress (server side details)
Working with any Web API (Mapping Example)
(facebook, linkedin, twitter, maps, d3.js, jquary)
JSON and HTML <img>
GIT http://www.github.com
This is our assignment for Basic English course in United International University (UIU). If there is any query then contact me through email: nahian6014@gmail.com
My youtube channel: youtube.com/lowbatteryproduction
Using Physical Modeling to Refine Downwash Inputs to AERMODSergio A. Guerra
Achieving compliance in dispersion modeling can be quite challenging because of the tight National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). In addition, AERMOD’s limitations can, in many cases, produce higher than normal concentrations due to the inherent assumptions and simplifications in its formulation. In the case of downwash, the theory used to estimate these effects was developed for a limited set of building types. However, these formulations are commonly used indiscriminately for all types of buildings. This presentation will cover how the basics of wind tunnel modeling can overcome some of these limitations and be used to mitigate downwash induced overpredictions to achieve compliance.
dispersion modeling requirements are more common in air permitting projects and in many cases become the bottleneck in permitting. Unlike any other consulting firm, CPP promotes cutting edge techniques which can alleviate excessive conservatism in permit modeling to a reasonable level that still protects public health. At CPP we start with the standard modeling techniques and apply the following advanced analysis tools, as needed, to optimize your permitting strategy:
• Analysis of BPIP output to verify if AERMOD is overpredicting,
• Screening tool to assess the benefit of refining the BPIP building dimensions inputs,
• Use of Equivalent Building Dimension (EBD) studies to correct building wake effects in AERMOD,
• Evaluation of background concentrations to determine a reasonable value to combine with predicted concentrations,
• Use of the Monte Carlo approach (i.e., EMVAP) to address sources with variable emissions,
• Use of the adjusted friction velocity (u-star) option in AERMET to address AERMOD’s overestimation during low wind stable hours,
• Site analysis to determine whether stacks taller than formula GEP stack heights are justified,
• Site specific wind tunnel modeling to determine GEP stack heights and Equivalent Building Dimensions,
• Site-specific wind erosion inputs, and
• Area and volume source enhancements.
Complying with EPA's Guidance for SO2 DesignationsSergio A. Guerra
EPA is under a Court order to complete the remaining SO2 designations for the rest of the country in three additional rounds. On March 20, 2015 the EPA released an updated guidance for 1-hr SO2 area designations. The two options included are compliance through dispersion modeling or ambient monitoring. Of these two options, dispersion modeling is the fastest and most cost effective one to characterize SO2 air quality. However, this compliance demonstration can be challenging given that AERMOD tends to produce overly conservative concentration estimates. Source characterization techniques and probabilistic techniques may be used to achieve compliance with the 1-hour NAAQS. Three advanced methods discussed: 1) Equivalent Building Dimensions (EBD); 2) Emission Variability Processor (EMVAP); 3) 50th Percentile Background Concentrations.
Overview and update of the PRIME2 Advisory Committee from the Atmospheric Modeling and Meteorology (APM) Technical Committee of the Air and Waste Management Association (A&WMA). Presentation delivered at the 2016 EPA RSL Modelers’ Workshop in New Orleans, LA. Update relates to downwash improvements being done to the current Plume Rise Enhancements Model (PRIME) in AERMOD.
Evaluation of AERMOD and Wind Tunnel Derived Equivalent Building DimensionsSergio A. Guerra
While the current EBD method is the best available option to determine correct building dimensions in the model, a different method was suggested by EPA in the 2011 Memo: Model Clearinghouse Review of EBD for AERMOD. Attachment B to the 2011 Memo includes an assessment of the Alcoa Davenport Works EBD Study. In this evaluation EPA compared wind tunnel observations with AERMOD derived concentrations. However, this evaluation has important shortcomings. First, to carry out this comparison between wind tunnel and AERMOD concentrations, it is necessary to collect velocity profiles that include longitudinal and vertical turbulent intensity measurements upwind of the stack. These data were not available for the EPA evaluation of the Alcoa Davenport Works EBD Study. Second, the wind tunnel model operating conditions were converted to full scale conditions by using exact similarity. However, exact similarity is not used to specify model operating conditions since only momentum ratios are matched but not buoyancy ones. Whereas EPA did not provide important details on how this study was performed, this paper outlines how to properly carry out this new method where AERMOD is used to determine equivalent building dimensions. The viability of this new method was also evaluated and discussed.
Advanced Modeling Techniques for Permit Modeling - Turning challenges into o...Sergio A. Guerra
Advance modeling techniques can be used in AERMOD to refine the inputs that are entered in the model to get more accurate results. This presentation covers:
-AERMOD’s Temporal Mismatch Limitation
-Building Downwash Limitations in BPIP/PRIME
-Advanced Modeling Techniques to Overcome these Limitations
Solutions include:
Equivalent Building Dimensions (EBD)
Emission Variability Processor (EMVAP)
Updated ambient ratio method (ARM2)
Pairing AERMOD values with the 50th % background concentrations in cumulative analyses.
CO Removal and Smoke Extraction: Garage Ventilation System Design with CFDSimScale
Using a cloud-based CFD software is a cost-efficient and accessible way for HVAC, Civil and Fire Safety Engineers to maintain good air quality in underground or multilevel parking garages, metro stations, tunnels or other enclosed spaces.
This presentation was used in a free webinar hosted by SimScale’s CEO David Heiny. The participants learned how CFD simulations can help engineers virtually test and optimize basement ventilation for smoke management and clearance or the removal of carbon monoxide and other pollutants (passive scalar transport).
A cloud-based CFD platform like SimScale can help you easily validate exhaust fan and jet fan placement, or ventilation system design configurations for smoke control.
Learn more about improving indoor air quality with the aid of simulation and watch the webinar recording below:
- Webinar recording:
https://www.simscale.com/webinars-workshops/garage-ventilation-validation-cfd/
- Blog article:
https://www.simscale.com/blog/2018/02/garage-ventilation-system-jet-fan/
- Simulation project template: https://www.simscale.com/projects/vaibhav_s/pollutant_extraction_from_parking_garage_-_editorial_demo/
Highlights from the 2016 Guideline on Air Quality Models ConferenceSergio A. Guerra
The revision of the Guideline on AQ Models (Appendix W) will prompt many changes in the way dispersion modeling is conducted for regulatory purposes. Some of the changes to the Guideline include enhancements and bug fixes to the AERMOD modeling system, new screening techniques to address ozone and secondary PM2.5, delisting CALPUFF as the preferred long-range transport model, and updates on the use of meteorological input data. These changes will have a significant impact on the regulated community. In anticipation of these updates, the Air & Waste Management Association will hold its 6th Specialty Conference: “Guideline on Air Quality Models: The New Path” to provide a technical forum to discuss the Guideline. This talk covered the main highlights from this conference including the presentations from EPA on the status and future direction of the Guideline. Learn how these changes may impact dispersion modeling evaluations for short and long range transport.
SimScale Demo and Discussion on External AECSimScale
This presentation is for architects, urban planners, environmental consultants, and engineers wanting to learn how to set up, simulate and evaluate Pedestrian Wind Comfort. The slides walk through SimScale's automated Pedestrian Wind Comfort workflow using an area of Bristol, UK as a test case. Learn the requirements of the geometry and discover how easy the simulation setup is within the SimScale workbench. The slides cover key results and share public projects for further exploration of Pedestrian Wind Comfort and wind simulation.
PRIME2_consequence_analysis_and _model_evaluationSergio A. Guerra
The Plume Rise Model Enhancements (PRIME) building downwash algorithms1 (Schulman et al. 2000) in AERMOD2 are being updated to address some of the most critical limitations in the current theory. These enhancements will incorporate the latest advancements related to building downwash effects. The technical aspects of these enhancements are discussed in more detail in a companion paper titled “PRIME2: Development and Evaluation of Improved Building Downwash Algorithms for Solid and Streamlined Structures (MO13)”. The updates to the PRIME code include new equations to account for building wake effects that decay rapidly back to ambient levels above the top of the building; reduced wake effects for streamlined structures; and reduced wake effects for high approach roughness. A consequence analysis comparing the current AERMOD/PRIME model versus the new AERMOD/PRIME2 model was performed. Additionally, a field data evaluation was conducted with the Bowline Point database. The results from these analyses are discussed below.
15 05-05 wind uplift - the next big lift - roof tech presentationJRS Engineering
All exterior building components need to be properly designed to withstand the forces of nature. However, many of the buildings being constructed today are not properly designed or the responsibility has been improperly designated to a contractor. This has resulted in many failures, both minor and major, of various building envelope components.
Wind Uplift: The Next Big Lift will focus on the aspects of designing roofing to properly withstand the forces of wind that act upon the building. We will go through the NBC design requirements and how they relate to the CSA A123.21 testing standard. We will discuss the pitfalls of using FM Global references in our specs and how it interacts with our codes. We will also discuss the shortfalls of our current building code and the direction of the next code edition.
Spacerolls is a deep tech startup focused on the development of axial flow compressor technology for gas turbine jet engines, with the aim of enhancing their fuel efficiency. As a company dedicated to providing pure technology solutions, we are committed to innovating and transforming the future of the aerospace industry through efficient applications.
Using SimScale for Demonstrating Compliance With LEED, BREEAM & the WELL Buil...SimScale
SimScale is a cloud-based simulation tool that allows engineers, designers, and architects to achieve certain credits within the well-established international building codes such as LEED, BREEAM, and WELL. Explore how CFD tools and simulation software can enhance modelling and building design. SimScale can be used to evaluate indoor thermal comfort and air quality, and various external comfort conditions.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Critical Review of the Building Downwash Algorithms in AERMOD
1. www.cppwind.comwww.cppwind.com
Critical Review of the
Building Downwash
Algorithms in AERMOD
Guideline on Air Quality Models: The New Path
Chapel Hill, NC
April 12-14, 2016
Ron Petersen, PhD, CCM, FASHRAE
Sergio Guerra, PhD
CPP, Inc.
2400 Midpoint Drive, Suite 190
Fort Collins, CO 80525
www.cppwind.com @CPPWindExperts
2. www.cppwind.comwww.cppwind.com
Background
• AERMOD with PRIME became the preferred model in 2006.
• Primary documentation on PRIME is in 2000 A&WMA Journal
article by Schulman, Strimaitis and Scire. Not all the details
included.
• PRIME code is in Fortran and is well documented. Details are
there.
• Overprediction and underprediction problems have been
found for various building configurations.
• CPP funded research into the PRIME theory to find the cause
of these problems.
3. www.cppwind.comwww.cppwind.com
Examples Problems -Overprediction
From 10th Modeling Conference
Schulman, 2012, Wide/Long Building Issue
• Wide Buildings: Concentration
increased by factors of 3 to 14
when Width > 4 x Height
• Long Buildings: Concentration
increased by factors of 4 to 10
when Length > 4 x height for
GEP stack.
• Field Observations at ALCOA TN
wide/long facility: Model
overpredicts by factor of ~10.
Hs/Hb = 2.5
4. www.cppwind.comwww.cppwind.com
An Assessment of the AERMOD by
IDEM
Keith Baugues, Assistant
Commissioner
AERMOD not working!!!!
• Q:Q: Model Overpredicts by
Factor of 2 or More
• Paired: Very Poor
Agreement
Model (ppm)
Model (ppm)
Observed(ppm)
Observed(ppm)
5. www.cppwind.comwww.cppwind.com
AECOM Field Study at Mirant Power
Station (Shea et al., 2012)
2Shea, D., O. Kostrova, A. MacNutt, R. Paine, D. Cramer, L. Labrie, “A Model Evaluation Study of AERMOD Using Wind Tunnel
and Ambient Measurements at Elevated Locations,” 100th Annual AWMA Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, June 2007.
• Model overpredicted by factor
of 10 on residential tower
• Best agreement with no
buildings, still overpredicted by
factor of 2.
• In reality, plume is not affected
by building downwash.
AERMOD
with BPIP
AERMOD
No Buildings
7. www.cppwind.comwww.cppwind.com
AERMOD Building Wake Problems –
AERMOD Overestimates Downwash (BPIP & PRIME Problem)
Hb = 20 m
Problem even worse for longer buildings
• Wake height
overestimated: need
higher plumes to
avoid downwash.
• Start of maximum
building downwash
farther downwind than
in reality
8. www.cppwind.comwww.cppwind.com
Turbulence Calculations in Wake Flawed
- Constant downwash enhancement up to wake height (Fix?)
Starting Relation
J.C. Weil, A New Dispersion Model for Stack Sources in Building Wakes,
9th Joint Conference on Air Pollution Meteorology with A&WMA, 1996.
Bad assumptions
𝑖 𝑧 = 𝑖 𝑜
1 +
Δ𝜎 𝑤𝑜
𝜎 𝑤𝑜
𝜉
𝑅
−
2
3
1 + Δ𝑈 𝑜/𝑈 𝑜
𝜉
𝑅
−
2
3
10. www.cppwind.comwww.cppwind.com
Another PRIME Problem
Downwash (turbulence) enhanced by factor of ~10
under stable conditions: not documented (Fix?).
Not supported by theory. No evidence
supporting this is provided!!
ξ = R @ X = 0, the lee wall
Is PRIME really enhancing
turbulence like this? Yes
𝑖 𝑧(𝜉, 𝑧) = 𝑖 𝑧𝑜(𝑧) 1 +
1.7𝑖 𝑧𝑁
𝑖 𝑧𝑜(𝑧)
− 1 +
∆𝑈 𝑜
𝑈 𝑜
ξ
𝑅
2
3
−
∆𝑈 𝑜
𝑈 𝑜
Wake
Turbulent
=
Approach
Turbulence
Function
(ξ, Stability)*
16. www.cppwind.comwww.cppwind.com
Findings from CPP’s Limited Research
- Wind tunnel measurements show little enhancement
above building height (Fix?)
Building
Distance Turbulence Increase Factor
ξ/Hb AERMOD Observed
1 5.7 1.0 to 5.7
2 4.4 1.0 to 5.2
3 2.9 1.0 to 2.2
Turbulence Increase Factor
19. www.cppwind.comwww.cppwind.com
Streamline Calculation Comparison
Flawed (Bug?)
Figure 6. Prime predicted and observed streamlines from Schulman1
Given:
• H=W=L=R
PRIME Logic
• If L> 0.9R (= 0.9L)
reattachment occurs, and
Hr = H
For this case,
• L>0.9R = 0.9L, therefore
• Hr = H
That means all streamlines
should be horizontal and they
are not in example.
What is PRIME really doing?
21. www.cppwind.comwww.cppwind.com
More Difficult Fixes:
AERMOD Underprediction Cases
Require Major Research and New Theory
• Factor of two:
Corner Vortex
Rhinelander Corner Vortex
AERMOD ~ Factor of 2 Low at Monitor
Upwind Terrain Wakes Not
Treated in AERMOD
• Factor of 2-6:
Upwind
Terrain
22. www.cppwind.comwww.cppwind.com
Solutions and Next Generation
• Short Term Fix: Use Equivalent Building Dimensions
• EBDs are the dimensions (height, width, length
and location) that are input into AERMOD in place
of BPIP dimensions to more accurately predict
building wake effects
• Not a complete fix because of problems with the
theory
• Determined using wind tunnel modeling
• Next Generation: Improved PRIME (AERMOD
and SCICHEM) and BPIP
• Collaboration between EPA and Industry
25. www.cppwind.comwww.cppwind.com
• Equivalent Building Dimensions (EBDs) are the dimensions (height, width, length
and location) that are input into AERMOD in place of BPIP dimensions to more
accurately predict building wake effects
• Guidance originally developed when ISC was the preferred model –
– EPA, 1994. Wind Tunnel Modeling Demonstration to Determine Equivalent
Building Dimensions for the Cape Industries Facility, Wilmington, North
Carolina. Joseph A. Tikvart Memorandum, dated July 25, 1994. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC
• Determined using wind tunnel modeling
EBD Method
26. www.cppwind.comwww.cppwind.com
Why EBD helps but
doesn’t solve
problem.
EBD is smallest
building that
replicates the site
dispersion
AERMOD works best
for smaller buildings
AERMOD/PPRIME
Overestimates
Downwash
EBD
~ reality
Reality
27. www.cppwind.comwww.cppwind.com
AERMOD Results With Wind Tunnel EBD
Very wide/narrow building
Stack height: 47 m
Building height: 31 m
Property line in Red
Emission rate: 1 g/s
AERMOD RESULTS
Five years of met data
AERMOD Building Dimension
Inputs 1-hour 24-hour annual
BPIP 15.19 8.20 0.89
Wind Tunnel EBD 3.99 1.88 0.18
Reduction Factor 3.80 4.37 4.93
AERMOD Maximum predicted
30. www.cppwind.comwww.cppwind.com
Stack height: 45 m
Structure height: 61 m
Emission rate: 1 g/s
Five years of met data
Stack
AERMOD Result
Lattice Structure
Building
Input 1-hour 24-hour annual
BPIP 23.21 5.51 0.37
Wind Tunnel EBD 7.72 2.36 0.11
Reduction Factor 3.01 2.33 3.51
Maximum Concentration Results
31. www.cppwind.comwww.cppwind.com
FACTOR of 4 to 8
reduction when EBD used
Short building with a large foot print
FACTOR of 2 to 4
reduction when EBD used
Hyperbolic cooling towers
Typical AERMOD Overprediction Factors When
Using BPIP Inputs and Current Theory
32. www.cppwind.comwww.cppwind.com
Typical AERMOD Overprediction Factors When
Using BPIP Inputs and Current Theory
FACTOR of 2 to 5
reduction when EBD used
Very Wide/Narrow Buildings
FACTOR of 2 to 3.5
reduction when EBD used
Lattice Structures
33. www.cppwind.comwww.cppwind.com
Summary
The Next Generation Downwash Model
• Correct all the bugs and fix the known problems in
the theory
• Incorporate the current state of science
• Advance the current state of the science
• Expand the types of structures that can be accurately
handled
• Well documented and verified model formulation
document and code for PRIME
• Add section to Appendix W that outlines a method
that all can use (versus just EPA) to update models
based on current research.
34. www.cppwind.comwww.cppwind.com
First Steps
• EPA policy that encourages industrial research
and freely and openly collaborates during the
execution of that research → theme of this
conference.
• PRIME2 Advisory Committee has an initial
kickoff meeting to start this cooperative
process after lunch. A subcommittee of APM.
• Meeting is open to all interested in improving
building downwash.
35. www.cppwind.comwww.cppwind.com
Ron Petersen, PhD, CCM
rpetersen@cppwind.com
Direct: + 970 498 2366
Sergio Guerra, PhD
sguerra@cppwind.com
CPP, Inc.
2400 Midpoint Drive, Suite 190
Fort Collins, CO 80525
+ 970 221 3371
www.cppwind.com @CPPWindExperts
Questions?