Crazy ants, also known as yellow crazy ants, are an invasive species that have caused major ecological damage on Christmas Island. Biologists studied the supercolonies of crazy ants which can cover 700+ hectares and have killed an estimated 10-20 million red crabs, reducing the crab population by 20-25%. Crazy ants overwhelm and outcompete native species by forming huge supercolonies with thousands of ants per square meter. Their dense populations have severely impacted the biodiversity of Christmas Island's forest ecosystem. Residents have implemented integrated pest management including baiting and spraying to control the crazy ant populations and protect the native wildlife.
Topic of Sociology, Population, Population Structure, Movements and Concentration, Population Change, Sources of population change, Birth Rate, Death Rate, Migration Rate and its types, Population Structures, Population Pyramids, Birth rate, Crude Birth rate, Age specific fertility rates, Mortality, Crude death rate, Age specific mortality rate, Events that impact death rate, War, Genocide, How to reduce death rate, Migration, Immigration, Emigration
Public Expenditure and Economic Growth in Chhattisgarh State An Analytical Studyijtsrd
The study examines the structure, direction, and pattern of government expenditure and economic growth in Chhattisgarh State from 2001 to 2020, the study attempts to establish a logical relationship between the variables. The study statistically evaluated the relationship between the variables by using the least square method of regression analysis. Our empirical findings shows that the economy of Chhattisgarh is exhibiting an upward trend and pattern of economic growth and in the same way the variables are highly associated, and the regression analysis reveals that expenditure and economic growth have a positive cause and effect relations in the reference of the state. Mr. Subhrajeet Behera | Dr. Manisha Dubey "Public Expenditure and Economic Growth in Chhattisgarh State: An Analytical Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd51797.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/51797/public-expenditure-and-economic-growth-in-chhattisgarh-state-an-analytical-study/mr-subhrajeet-behera
Traditional agriculture and its modernization questions by Ishita AgarwalIshita Agarwal
This pdf is all about agriculture in ancient times the techniques and how they changed and became modern with technology . There are basic differences and characteristics . This file is prepared by economics students Ishita Agarwal and it is a topic from agriculture Economics. my prof. encouraged me and got me confidence to upload it.
Divides up the history of the earth based on life- forms that have existed during specific times since the creation of planet.
Is an important tool used to portray the history of the Earth.
Also known as the Great Dying .
96 percent of species died out.
Life on earth descended from the four percent that survived.
CAUSES: Asteroid impact, flood basalt eruptions, catastrophic methane release ,a drop in oxygen levels ,sea level fluctuations.
Ice melts in polar regions which is home to many animals like penguins and polar bears. Melted ice also leads to the rise in sea levels as well as submerging low-dying islands
Global warming gives rise to the El Niño and La Niña phenomenon which brings major disasters such as floods ,drought heatwaves ,and forest fires; destroying habitats and killing its inhabitants.
Change in temperature forces many species to flee from their comfortable habitat. They migrate and invade other territories that are similar to their old ones.
Increases in carbon dioxide concentration also cause our oceans to become more acidic .Acidic water dissolves the shells of many sea creatures such as crabs, shrimps, oysters ,and soon even coral reefs which are home to numerous marine lives.
The name dinosaur comes from the Greek words deinos (“terrible” or “fearfully great”) and sauros (“reptile” or “lizard”). The English anatomist Richard Owen proposed the formal term Dinosauria in 1842 to include three giant extinct animals (Megalosaurus, Iguanodon, and Hylaeosaurus) represented by large fossilized bones that had been unearthed at several locations in southern England during the early part of the 19th century. Owen recognized that these reptiles were far different from other known reptiles of the present and the past for three reasons: they were large yet obviously terrestrial, unlike the aquatic ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs that were already known; they had five vertebrae in their hips, whereas most known reptiles have only two; and, rather than holding their limbs sprawled out to the side in the manner of lizards, dinosaurs held their limbs under the body in columnar fashion, like elephants and other large mammals. The extensive fossil record of genera and species is testimony that dinosaurs were diverse animals, with widely varying lifestyles and adaptations. Their remains are found in sedimentary rock layers (strata) dating to the Late Triassic Epoch (approximately 237 million to 201.3 million years ago). The abundance of their fossilized bones is substantive proof that dinosaurs were the dominant form of terrestrial animal life during the Mesozoic Era (about 252.2 million to 66 million years ago). It is likely that the known remains represent a very small fraction (probably less than 0.0001 percent) of all the individual dinosaurs that once lived. Before Richard Owen introduced the term Dinosauria in 1842, there was no concept of anything even like a dinosaur. Large fossilized bones quite probably had been observed long period by
Topic of Sociology, Population, Population Structure, Movements and Concentration, Population Change, Sources of population change, Birth Rate, Death Rate, Migration Rate and its types, Population Structures, Population Pyramids, Birth rate, Crude Birth rate, Age specific fertility rates, Mortality, Crude death rate, Age specific mortality rate, Events that impact death rate, War, Genocide, How to reduce death rate, Migration, Immigration, Emigration
Public Expenditure and Economic Growth in Chhattisgarh State An Analytical Studyijtsrd
The study examines the structure, direction, and pattern of government expenditure and economic growth in Chhattisgarh State from 2001 to 2020, the study attempts to establish a logical relationship between the variables. The study statistically evaluated the relationship between the variables by using the least square method of regression analysis. Our empirical findings shows that the economy of Chhattisgarh is exhibiting an upward trend and pattern of economic growth and in the same way the variables are highly associated, and the regression analysis reveals that expenditure and economic growth have a positive cause and effect relations in the reference of the state. Mr. Subhrajeet Behera | Dr. Manisha Dubey "Public Expenditure and Economic Growth in Chhattisgarh State: An Analytical Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd51797.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/51797/public-expenditure-and-economic-growth-in-chhattisgarh-state-an-analytical-study/mr-subhrajeet-behera
Traditional agriculture and its modernization questions by Ishita AgarwalIshita Agarwal
This pdf is all about agriculture in ancient times the techniques and how they changed and became modern with technology . There are basic differences and characteristics . This file is prepared by economics students Ishita Agarwal and it is a topic from agriculture Economics. my prof. encouraged me and got me confidence to upload it.
Divides up the history of the earth based on life- forms that have existed during specific times since the creation of planet.
Is an important tool used to portray the history of the Earth.
Also known as the Great Dying .
96 percent of species died out.
Life on earth descended from the four percent that survived.
CAUSES: Asteroid impact, flood basalt eruptions, catastrophic methane release ,a drop in oxygen levels ,sea level fluctuations.
Ice melts in polar regions which is home to many animals like penguins and polar bears. Melted ice also leads to the rise in sea levels as well as submerging low-dying islands
Global warming gives rise to the El Niño and La Niña phenomenon which brings major disasters such as floods ,drought heatwaves ,and forest fires; destroying habitats and killing its inhabitants.
Change in temperature forces many species to flee from their comfortable habitat. They migrate and invade other territories that are similar to their old ones.
Increases in carbon dioxide concentration also cause our oceans to become more acidic .Acidic water dissolves the shells of many sea creatures such as crabs, shrimps, oysters ,and soon even coral reefs which are home to numerous marine lives.
The name dinosaur comes from the Greek words deinos (“terrible” or “fearfully great”) and sauros (“reptile” or “lizard”). The English anatomist Richard Owen proposed the formal term Dinosauria in 1842 to include three giant extinct animals (Megalosaurus, Iguanodon, and Hylaeosaurus) represented by large fossilized bones that had been unearthed at several locations in southern England during the early part of the 19th century. Owen recognized that these reptiles were far different from other known reptiles of the present and the past for three reasons: they were large yet obviously terrestrial, unlike the aquatic ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs that were already known; they had five vertebrae in their hips, whereas most known reptiles have only two; and, rather than holding their limbs sprawled out to the side in the manner of lizards, dinosaurs held their limbs under the body in columnar fashion, like elephants and other large mammals. The extensive fossil record of genera and species is testimony that dinosaurs were diverse animals, with widely varying lifestyles and adaptations. Their remains are found in sedimentary rock layers (strata) dating to the Late Triassic Epoch (approximately 237 million to 201.3 million years ago). The abundance of their fossilized bones is substantive proof that dinosaurs were the dominant form of terrestrial animal life during the Mesozoic Era (about 252.2 million to 66 million years ago). It is likely that the known remains represent a very small fraction (probably less than 0.0001 percent) of all the individual dinosaurs that once lived. Before Richard Owen introduced the term Dinosauria in 1842, there was no concept of anything even like a dinosaur. Large fossilized bones quite probably had been observed long period by
This slideshow presents three of Australia's native endangered animals: the southern bent-wing bat, the northern hairy-nosed wombat and the Tasmanian Devil. It discusses their physical features, behaviour, ecology, threats and conservation efforts. Efforts have been made to use credible resources and this is also discussed, as well as an extensive list of references.
4. Crazy Ants are yellow-brownish body color, and is weakly
sclerotized
Can have darker striping
Workers have a long slender gracile body, darker gasters,
head and thorax.
Usually 5mm in length and has long legs, very long antennae
with a long slender body
When disturbed, Crazy Ants exhibit an erratic walking style
and may spray formic acid.
Taxonomic name is Anoplolepis gracilipes from the
Formicidae (sub-family: Formicinae)
Identity and Taxonomy
9. Native range of the yellow crazy ant is unclear
Research suggests it is native to either Africa or
Asia
The Global Invasive Species Database (GISD2009)
lists the native range of the species as Brunei
Darussalam, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia,
Malaysia, Myanmar (Burma), Philippines,
Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam.
Origin
11. Ready invaders of disturbed habitats such as
urban areas, forest edges or agricultural
Can live in human dwellings or human-
frequented areas
Serious pest in many households and
buildings
Present around the world including the
United States
Habitat
15. Diet
Broad diet for brood production requiring proteinaceous
foods, those essential nitrogenous components of all organic
bodies
In the Seychelles of the western Indian Ocean, they are
known to feed on invertebrates and, in culture, attack, kill,
and dismember large arthropods
In the field, they capture ants of other species as well as a
wide range of other insects, isopods, myriapods, mollusks,
and arachnids
In Hawaii, where Anoplolepis was introduced in the 1950s,
they are associated with decreased occurrence and density of
endemic spiders at elevations up to1000 m
17. The first supercolony on Christmas Island was detected
in 1989
Supercolonies really became widespread from about
1995 onwards
At present, Crazy Ants infest more than 2000 ha of
rainforest on the island.
The supercolonies can be huge; one has been mapped at
over 700 ha.
The infestation on the island makes it a focal point for
the international control effort
They’re here . . .
18. A species or organism that causes ecological
or economic harm in a new environment
where it is not native; precisely what the
Crazy Ant is inflicting upon Christmas
Island.
Crazy Ants are widely regarded as
environmental pests and are included as one
of the world's 100 worst invasive species
What is an invasive specie?
20. Biologists studied the high-density of
supercolonies of the Yellow Crazy
Ant across Christmas Island
Purpose of Study
21. Figure 1 Arrangement of transects perpendicular to
Anoplolepis gracilipes supercolony boundary, extending into
intact rainforest. The shaded region indicates the high-density
supercolony where A. gracilipes kills red land crabs. The
region extending outward to the right is the ‘transition zone’,
where ant activity decreases from > 50 ants per 30 s in the
supercolony to zero in intact rainforest. The larger asterisk is
the initial marker peg. The 2 × 6 m and 1 m2 observation
quadrats were centred on each 10-m interval point (X) where
A. gracilipes activity was recorded. As boundaries expanded
(toward the right in figure) I extended the transect to reflect
the change in boundary position.
Figure 1
22.
23. Figure 2
Figure 2 The extent of Anoplolepis gracilipes
supercolony formation on Christmas Island between
1996 and September 2002. Shaded areas indicate
densities of yellow crazy ants that will kill red crabs and
were defined as supercolonies. Supercolony boundaries
used in this study are numbered (1–13) and correspond
with Table 1.
24.
25. Figure 3
Figure 3 Range of supercolony areas (ha) on Christmas
Island. Supercolonies described here are those shaded in
Figure 2.
26.
27. Ant population on forest floor and trees
before and after exclusion.
28. Before and After Graphs
These graphs show the number in the trees before and
after the ant exclusion. The Barringtonia was
inconclusive as the biologist determined in the research.
The other two trees however, were very evident. The
ants being absent played a huge role in their presence
33. Land crabs play an
important role in
Christmas Island’s
forest ecosystem
helping in litter
breakdown and
influencing forest
composition by
eating leaves and
seedlings of
rainforest trees
Red Crabs of Christmas Island
37. It is estimated that since 1995,
Crazy Ants have killed 10-20
million red crabs, which is 20-
25% of the entire population of
Christmas Island
This has been a catastrophic loss,
and the deletion of red crabs from
large tracts of forest on the island
is immediately obvious
Impact on Crab Population
39. Crazy Ants have the ability to form multi-
queened "supercolonies", where rather than fight
each other; the offspring of different queens
cooperate to form infestations.
There can be several thousand ants per square
meter of forest floor in these supercolonies, but at
any one time there are just as many ants foraging
in the treetops above.
We are family!
40. Crazy Ants have the ability to overwhelm and kill the
red land crabs, robber crabs, endemic reptiles, and a host
of native invertebrates.
There is also grave concern for the island's native birds -
Crazy Ants forage mostly in the canopies of large forest
trees, so nesting land and sea-birds are at risk.
Supercolony Impact
45. With the Crazy Ant population somewhat under
control, Christmas Island residents must continue
to manage the ant population.
Infestations are treated by spraying or baiting.
Foraging ants collect the bait and carry it back to
the colony, sharing it with the queens.
As the queens are the only ants able to reproduce,
the death of the queens ensures the colony is
destroyed.
Crazy Ant Management