Botflies lay their eggs on other insects that come into contact with hosts. The eggs hatch and the larvae burrow into the host's skin, causing painful bumps. They breathe through spiracles and feed on tissue exudates. After several weeks, the larvae exit the host and pupate in the soil. The human bot fly Dermatobia hominis causes a common type of myiasis in parts of Central and South America by infecting humans and other mammals.
Oriental rat fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis) are bloodsucking parasites of warm blooded animals (mainly rodents).These act as vector for may disease causing organisms like Yersinia pestis, which cause plague and murine typhus.
This is PowerPoint Presentation published in Elsevier Journal.
Link here: https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals/book-companion/9780128498859/presentation
Oriental rat fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis) are bloodsucking parasites of warm blooded animals (mainly rodents).These act as vector for may disease causing organisms like Yersinia pestis, which cause plague and murine typhus.
This is PowerPoint Presentation published in Elsevier Journal.
Link here: https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals/book-companion/9780128498859/presentation
Beg Bug ( Cimex lectularius). In this presentation, discuss about its life history, taxonomy, features, life cycle,damage and control.
Contact Email: mzeeshan_93@yahoo.com
This is a PPT presentation that cover the general description, morphology, characteristics, and feeding habits of Order Siphonaptera. This presentation includes the first three classifications.
The non-biting flies are one of the most important pest group because they are not only nuisance pests, but many are also important in disease transmission.
2) Flies feed on a variety of food materials but most of those of structural importance develop in either fermenting or decaying organic matter, although a few are parasitic on other animals. Fly control is often quite challenging because their larval developmental sites must usually be located and eliminated for success, and these sites may be some distance from where the adults are nuisance. Also, flies may invade the walls and attics of structures in large numbers to overwinter, presenting winter-time control challenge.
Beg Bug ( Cimex lectularius). In this presentation, discuss about its life history, taxonomy, features, life cycle,damage and control.
Contact Email: mzeeshan_93@yahoo.com
This is a PPT presentation that cover the general description, morphology, characteristics, and feeding habits of Order Siphonaptera. This presentation includes the first three classifications.
The non-biting flies are one of the most important pest group because they are not only nuisance pests, but many are also important in disease transmission.
2) Flies feed on a variety of food materials but most of those of structural importance develop in either fermenting or decaying organic matter, although a few are parasitic on other animals. Fly control is often quite challenging because their larval developmental sites must usually be located and eliminated for success, and these sites may be some distance from where the adults are nuisance. Also, flies may invade the walls and attics of structures in large numbers to overwinter, presenting winter-time control challenge.
Myiasis or maggot wound refers to the parasitic infestation of tissue of a living vertebrate animal by larvae of the order Diptera (true flies) that grow inside the host while feeding on its dead or living tissue causing more or less every traumatizing injury depending on the relationship of the larvae with the host and the location.
Botfly belongs to family Oestridea.Their larvae are internal parasit.pdfanandinternational01
Botfly belongs to family Oestridea.Their larvae are internal parasites of mammals, some species
growing in the host\'s flesh and others within the gut. The human botfly, Dermatobia hominis, is
the only species of bot fly known to parasitize humans routinely.The botflies are found in
tropical area so during expeditition he acquired it from that place.
Botflies deposit eggs on a host, or sometimes use an intermediate vector such as the common
housefly, mosquitoes, and, in the case ofDermatobia hominis, a species of tick. They are
common in Belize. The smaller fly is firmly held by the botfly female and rotated to a position
where the botfly attaches some 30 eggs to the body under the wings. Larvae from these eggs,
stimulated by the warmth and proximity of a large mammal host, drop onto its skin and burrow
underneath.
body heat of the host animal induces hatching upon contact or immediate proximity. Some forms
of botfly also occur in the digestive tract after ingestion by licking.
Myiasis can be caused by larvae burrowing into the skin (or tissue lining) of the host animal.
Mature larvae drop from the host and complete the pupal stage in soil. They do not kill the host
animal, thus are true parasites.
human botfly occasionally uses humans to host its larvae. The larva, because of its spines, can
pose an extremely painful subepidermal condition. The fastest way to remove a botfly is by
putting a generous amount of iodine in the hole. The botfly will react instantly by poking out of
the hole[citation needed]. Seemingly unknown by the medical field. Another removal method is
to use the tree sap of the matatorsalo, found in Costa Rica, which is reputed to kill the larva, yet
leave its body in the skin.Additionally, one can attempt to seal the breathing hole of the larva
with nail polish or petroleum jelly; after a day, with a clinical professional, the breathing hole is
enlarged and the larva is removed with forceps. Squeezing the larvae out is not recommended, as
it can cause the larvae to rupture; their bodily fluids have been known to cause severe
anaphylactic shock.Use of adhesive tape can work, but carries additional risk of infection
because portions of the larva\'s breathing tube can be broken off by the tape and make the
remainder of the body difficult to remove.
So in expedition of aquiring the pupa the boy might get infected.
Solution
Botfly belongs to family Oestridea.Their larvae are internal parasites of mammals, some species
growing in the host\'s flesh and others within the gut. The human botfly, Dermatobia hominis, is
the only species of bot fly known to parasitize humans routinely.The botflies are found in
tropical area so during expeditition he acquired it from that place.
Botflies deposit eggs on a host, or sometimes use an intermediate vector such as the common
housefly, mosquitoes, and, in the case ofDermatobia hominis, a species of tick. They are
common in Belize. The smaller fly is firmly held by the botfly female and rotated .
Each female fly can lay approximately 500 eggs in several batches of about 75 to 150. The eggs are white and are about 1.2 mm in length. Within a day, larvae (maggots) hatch from the eggs; they live and feed in (usually dead and decaying) organic material, such as garbage or feces. They are pale-whitish, 3–9 mm long, thinner at the mouth end, and have no legs. They live at least one week. At the end of their third instar, the maggots crawl to a dry cool place and transform into pupae, colored reddish or brown and about 8 mm long. The adult flies then emerge from the pupae. (This whole cycle is known as complete metamorphosis.) The adults live from two weeks to a month in the wild, or longer in benign laboratory conditions. After having emerged from the pupae, the flies cease to grow; small flies are not young flies but are instead the result of getting insufficient food during the larval stage.
The male mounts the female from behind
Some 36 hours after having emerged from the pupa, the female is receptive to mating.
The male mounts her from behind to inject sperm. Copulation takes between a few seconds to a couple of minutes.
[3] Normally the female mates only once, storing the sperm to use it repeatedly for laying several sets of eggs.
It's a very important topic on Environmental Hygiene and its a part of Community Health Nursing. Here is brief description on Arthropod. Its specially for Nursing Students.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
GIÁO ÁN DẠY THÊM (KẾ HOẠCH BÀI BUỔI 2) - TIẾNG ANH 8 GLOBAL SUCCESS (2 CỘT) N...
Botfly
1. Botfly: Oestridae
They are commonly known as bot flies, warble flies, heel flies, gadflies.
The word "bot" means a maggot.
A warble is a skin lump or callus which is caused by the presence of warble
fly maggot inside the skin.
The infestation of any fly larvae inside the body is known as myiasis.
The human bot fly, Dermatobia hominis is responsible for myiasis in human.
The human bot fly is native to Central and South America.
The fly do not transmit pathogens, but the larvae of D. hominis infest the skin
of mammals and live out the larval stage in the subcutaneous layer, causing
painful pustules (bumps) that secrete fluids.
The larvae of some species grow in the flesh of their hosts, while others grow
within the hosts' alimentary tracts.
2. BODY CHARACTERISTICS AND LIFE CYCLE
Adults:
Hairy, 12-18 mm long in length with a wide array of colors. The face is yellow
with a metallic blue abdomen and orange legs. Adult have extremely sensitive
antennae which help male and female to find each other quickly. During the adult
stage, D. hominis does not feed.
Hosts: Hosts are warm-blooded animals including buffalo, cattle, cats, dogs,
humans, monkeys, pigs, rabbits, sheep, cattle and dogs.
Egg:
The egg of the bot fly is creamy colored and oval in shape.
Egg is attached to different species of blood-feeding insects (mosquito or a tick)
captured by the female bot fly. This behavior is known as phoresy.
The eggs, usually attached to the ventral side of the body, hatch when the insect
carrying the eggs begins to blood feed on a warm-blooded host.
3. Larva:
The larva feed on tissue exudates. It burrows into the skin through the bite
wound or hair follicles. It breath through 2 posterior spiracles.
A white maggot undergoes through three instars once in the mammalian host.
Each instar possesses backward projecting spines that encircle the thorax.
The first instar is worm-like with a bulbous end. The second instar larva has a
bottle-neck shape. The third instar is cylinder shaped.
After 7th
day of infestation, the larvae molt in to 2nd
instars, and then to 3rd
instar
after 18 days.
After 30 day interval, 3rd
instar larvae crawl out from the host body and pupate in
the soil. Generally, the life of the larvae inside the host takes 5-12 weeks.
Pupa: It have prominent anterior spiracles. Pupation takes place in the ground
and the pupae do not feed. Adults will emerge after two to three weeks.
7. TREATMENT
Conventional Methods
The most conventional way of removing the larvae is with a simple surgical
procedure that includes local anesthesia. Using a scalpel to cut a slit to enlarge
the wound, the larvae can be taken out.
Dermatobia hominis survives in its host by breathing through spiracles that are
flush with the skin. In order to coax the larva out, the spiracles need to be
covered. They can be covered with bacon, petroleum jelly, beeswax, or any other
thick substance that prevents the larvae from breathing. The larvae will come up
out of the lesion to breath. It can be removed with forceps.
8. Modern Technique for treatment
Larva may be popped out by applying pressure around the wound. Use two
wooden spatulas to apply pressure to pop the larva out.
Lidocaine injections can be used underneath the cyst. This creates pressure that
pushes the larva out.
After any of these 2 procedures, antibiotics are given to prevent further infection.
The wound should heal in 1-2 weeks with little or no scarring.
Management
Travelers to botfly infestation regions and people residing in those areas need to
take preventive measures, including applying insect repellent and wearing
protective clothing
9. SCREW-WORM FLY
Cochliomyia hominivorax, screw-worm fly, or screw-worm is
parasitic fly whose larvae (maggots) eat the living tissue of warm-
blooded animals.
A female can lay up to 3,000 eggs and fly up to 200 km (120 mi) during her life.
There are 5 species of Cochliomyia
Infestation of a live vertebrate animal by a maggot is technically called myiasis.
It is called screw-worm because larvae burrow or "screw" deeper into victim
flesh.
Screw-worm maggots only attack healthy tissue. It do not attack dead tissue in
any case.
10. LIFE CYCLE
Eggs
Females lay 250-500 eggs/batch in exposed flesh of warm-blooded animals,
including humans, such as in wounds and the navels of newly-born animals.
Larvae
The larvae hatch and burrow into the surrounding tissue as they feed.
The maggots are capable of causing severe tissue damage or even death to the
host. After 3-7 to seven days of hatching, the larvae fall to the ground to pupate.
Pupa
The pupae reach the adult stage about seven days later.
Adult
Female mate within 4-5 days after hatching. The entire life cycle takes 20 days.
11.
12. MANAGEMENT
During the cold months when screwworm fly activity is negligiable. Breeding of
livestock must be timed in such away that newborn animals were born during the
cold months of the year.
Human-induced wounds from branding, dehorning, castrating, earmarking and
shearing should be done only in cold months.
Animals should be inspected routinely for the presence of wounds and
screwworm infestations. Wounds should be prophylactically treated.
Use benzol and pine tar oil to treat screwworms infested wounds.
13. MYIASIS
Frederick William Hope coined the term myiasis in 1840
Myiasis is defined as the parasitic infestation of organs and tissues of humans or
animals by dipterous larvae for a period of time. The host my be living, necrotic
or dead.
Some flies are attracted to open wounds and urine or feces soaked fur of victim.
Some flies species (botfly, blowfly and screwfly) can infest unbroken skin and
have even been known to use moist soil.
Myiasis is classified in various types. Such variations depend largely on the fly
species and where larvae are located. Some flies lay eggs in open wounds, other
larvae may invade unbroken skin or enter the body through the nose or ears, and
still others may be swallowed if the eggs are deposited on victim lips or food.
14. LIFE CYCLE
The female flies lay their eggs on the sheep in damp, protected areas of the body
that are soaked with urine and feces, mainly the sheep's breech (buttocks).
It takes 8 hrs 1 day for the eggs to hatch, depending on environmental conditions.
Once hatched, the larvae then lacerate the skin with their mouthparts, causing
open sores.
Once the skin has been breached, the larvae then tunnel through the sores into the
host's subcutaneous tissue, causing deep and irritating lesions highly subject to
infection.
Bacterial infection starts after 2nd
day. If it is left untreated, toxemia (presence of
blood toxins) or septicemia (infection in lungs, abdomen, and urinary tract)
results in victim body. This leads to anorexia (loss of appetite) and weakness and
is generally fatal if untreated.
15. CLASSIFICATION OF MYIASIS
Classification according to the part of host that is infected
1. CUTANEOUS
Creeping myiasis: where larvae burrow through or under the skin. It
involves the migration of fly larvae underneath the skin.
Furuncular, where a larva remains in one spot, causing a boil-like lesion.
the “tumbu fly” Cordylobia anthropophaga penetrate healthy skin and
produce itchy sores that develop into painful boil-like lesions or furuncles,
hence the term furuncular myiasis.
1. DERMAL
2. SUB-DERMAL
16. NASOPHARYNGEAL/ NASAL MYIASIS
It is nasal cavity infestation by S. haemorrhoidalis which oviposit either directly
within the nasal cavity or in the vicinity while the patient is sleeping.
The endoscopic use of forceps remove the maggots manually.
Turpentine solution is also used to kill the maggots.
AURICULAR/ AURAL MYIASIS, OR OTOMYIASIS.
It involves infestation of external ear and/or middle ear. The eggs or larvae are
oviposited around the aural cavity. Deafness may occur and penetration within
the central nervous system results meningitis and eventually death.
Aural myiasis must be treated by the manual extraction of the larvae irrigation of
the ear with saline, 70% ethanol, 10% chloroform, normal saline, oil drops, urea,
dextrose, creatine, topical ivermectin, or iodine saline has been used to help
remove the maggots.
17. OPHTHALMIC MYIASIS/ OPHTHALMOMYIASIS
It is infestation of anterior or posterior segment of the eyeball. The larva may be
seen in the anterior segment and the vitreous and subretinal space.
The larva is destroyed by laser photocoagulation.
GASTRIC/ RECTAL/ OR INTESTINAL/ Gastrointestinal MYIASIS
It occurs by ingesting contaminated food and infestations may be persistant if left
untreated. 20 species of Sarcophaga cause gastrointestinal myiasis. Presence of
larvae in fresh stool and rectal area can diagnose it.
UROGENITAL MYIASIS
It is the infestation of genitourinary tract of males and females by dipteran larvae.
Endoscopic imaging should be performed to diagnose and treatment. Broad
antibiotic treatment is recommended to prevent secondary infections.
18. Classification on the basis of relationship between the host and the parasite
Obligatory myiasis: where the parasite need a living animal/human host to
complete certain part of its life cycle e.g. screw worm. Obligatory myiasis may
be Specific, Semispecific, or Opportunistic.
Facultative myiasis: Incidental, or accidental, a living host is not essential for
parasite to complete its life cycle. Normally a free-living parasitic larva
accidentally gain chance to enter the living host and results myiasis.
Accidental myiasis/ Enteric myiasis/ pseudomyiasis: The invasion of body
orifices especially when the larvae cannot complete their development.
Accidental myiasis commonly is enteric, resulting from swallowing eggs or
larvae with one's food.
One cause of pseudomyiasis is ingestion of cheese fly maggots. Pseudomyiasis
leeds to significant medical symptoms.
19. PREVENTION
Poor sanitation is the most important risk factor for myiasis. Lack of basic
sanitation and inadequate garbage disposal, leaving organic material exposed,
attract insects and small animals. Adequate sanitation can be adapted by
combined effort of government, population, and education programs.
Emptying and steam cleaning of dumpsters on regular basis must be adapted.
Washing food before consumption, storing food in adequate receptacles, wounds
must be cleaned and dressed regularly.
In regions of endemicity, sleeping nude, outdoors, and on the floor should be
avoided. Use of screens and mosquito nets is essential to prevent flies.
Application of insect repellents containing diethyltoluamide (DEET).
Drying clothes in bright sunlight and ironing them are effective methods of
destroying occult eggs laid in clothing by C. anthropophaga.
Sterile insect technique by ionizing radiation has been highly successful.
