Craniosynotosis in Nursing syllabus

1. Craniosynostosis
By
Mr. M Binanda Singh
RINPS

2. INTRODUCTION
• Craniosynostosis is a birth defect in which the bones in a baby’s skull
join together too early.
• This happens before the baby’s brain is fully formed.
• As the baby’s brain grows, the skull can become more misshapen.

5. What is Craniosynostosis?
• Craniosynostosis is a birth defect in which the bones in a baby’s skull join
together too early.
• This happens before the baby’s brain is fully formed.
• As the baby’s brain grows, the skull can become more misshapen.
• The spaces between a typical baby’s skull bones are filled with flexible
material and called sutures.
• These sutures allow the skull to grow as the baby’s brain grows.

6. What is Craniosynostosis?
• Around two years of age, a child’s skull bones begin to join together
because the sutures become bone.
• When this occurs, the suture is said to “close.”
• In a baby with Craniosynostosis, one or more of the sutures closes too early.
• This can limit or slow the growth of the baby’s brain.

7. What is Craniosynostosis?
• When a suture closes and the skull bones join together too soon, the baby’s
head will stop growing in only that part of the skull.
• In the other parts of the skull where the sutures have not joined together,
the baby’s head will continue to grow.
• When that happens, the skull will have an abnormal shape, although the
brain inside the skull has grown to its usual size.

8. What is Craniosynostosis?
• Sometimes, though, more than one suture closes too early. In these
instances, the brain might not have enough room to grow to its usual size.
• This can lead to a build-up of pressure inside the skull.

9. Other reasons for a misshapen head
• A misshapen head doesn't always indicate craniosynostosis.
• For example, if the back of your baby's head appears flattened,
it could be the result of spending too much time on one side of
his or her head.
• This can be treated with regular position changes, or if
significant, with helmet therapy (cranial orthosis).

10. Symptoms
• An unevenly shaped skull.
• An abnormal or missing fontanel (soft spot) on the top of the
baby’s head.
• A raised, hard edge along the suture that has closed too early.
• Abnormal growth of the baby’s head.

11. Symptoms
Depending on the type of craniosynostosis , other symptoms
can include:
• headaches
• wide or narrow eye sockets
• learning disabilities
• vision loss

12. Causes
• Often the cause of craniosynostosis is not known, but sometimes
it's related to genetic disorders.
• NONSYNDROMIC CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS is the most common
type of craniosynostosis, and its cause is unknown, although it's
thought to be a combination of genes and environmental factors.

13. Causes
• SYNDROMIC CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS is caused by certain genetic
syndromes, such as
1. Apert syndrome,
2. Pfeiffer syndrome or
3. Crouzon syndrome,
• Which can affect your baby's skull development.
• These syndromes usually also include other physical features and
health problems.

14. Types of Craniosynostosis
1. Sagittal synostosis.
2. Coronal synostosis.
• Bicoronal synostosis.
3. 3. Lambdoid synostosis.
4. 4. Metopic/Frontal synostosis.

15. Sagittal synostosis.
• The sagittal suture runs along the top of the head, from the baby’s soft spot
near the front of the head to the back of the head.
• When this suture closes too early, the baby’s head will grow long and narrow
(scaphocephaly).
• It is the most common type of craniosynostosis.

18. Coronal synostosis
• The right and left coronal sutures run from each ear to the
sagittal suture at the top of the head.
• When one of these sutures closes too early, the baby may have a
flattened forehead on the side of the skull that closed early
(anterior plagiocephaly).

19. Coronal synostosis
• The baby’s eye socket on that side might also be raised up
and his or her nose could be pulled toward that side.
• This is the second most common type of craniosynostosis.

20. Anterior Plagiocephaly

21. Coronal synostosis…..a. Bicoronal synostosis.
• This type of craniosynostosis occurs when the coronal
sutures on both sides of the baby’s head close too early.
• In this case, the baby’s head will grow broad and short
(brachycephalic).

22. Brachycephalic

24. Lambdoid synostosis
• The lambdoid suture runs along the backside of the head.
• If this suture closes too early, the baby’s head may be
flattened on the back side (posterior plagiocephaly).
• This is one of the rarest types of craniosynostosis.

25. Posterior Plagiocephaly

27. Metopic/Frontal synostosis
• The metopic suture runs from the baby’s nose to the
sagittal suture at the top of the head.
• If this suture closes too early, the top of the baby’s head
shape may look triangular, meaning narrow in the front and
broad in the back (trigonocephaly).
• This is one of the rarest types of craniosynostosis.

28. Trigonocephaly

29. Other Problems
Many of the problems a baby can have depend on:
• Which sutures closed early.
• When the sutures closed (was it before or after birth and at
what age).
• Whether or not the brain has room to grow.

30. If the condition is not treated, the build-up of pressure in the
baby’s skull can lead to problems, such as:
1. Blindness.
2. Seizures.
3. Brain damage.
Other Problems

31. • Have developmental delays or intellectual disabilities,
• May have issues with self-esteem if they are concerned with visible
differences between themselves and other children.

32. How Many Babies are Born with Craniosynostosis?
• Researchers estimate that about 1 in every 2,500 babies is
born with craniosynostosis in the United States.

33. Diagnosis
• Craniosynostosis usually is diagnosed soon after a baby is born.
Sometimes, it is diagnosed later in life.
• Usually, the first sign of craniosynostosis is an abnormally
shaped skull. Other signs may include:
1. No “soft spot” on the baby’s skull
2. A raised firm edge where the sutures closed early
3. Slow growth or no growth in the baby’s head size over time

34. Diagnosis
• Physical examination.
• A special x-ray test, such as a CT or CAT scan, can show the
details of the skull and brain, whether certain sutures are
closed, and how the brain is growing.

35. Treatments
• Many types of craniosynostosis require surgery.
• The surgical procedure is meant to relieve pressure on the brain and
allow the brain to grow properly.
• When needed, a surgical procedure is usually performed during the
first year of life.
• But, the timing of surgery depends on which sutures are closed and
whether the baby has one of the genetic syndromes.

36. Treatments
• Babies with very mild craniosynostosis might not need
surgery.
• As the baby gets older and grows hair, the shape of the
skull can become less noticeable.
• Sometimes, special medical helmets can be used to help
mold the baby’s skull into a more regular shape.

37. Special Medical Helmets

38. Treatments
• Each baby born with craniosynostosis is different, and the
condition can range from mild to severe.
• Most babies with craniosynostosis are otherwise healthy.
• A baby with craniosynostosis will need to see a healthcare
provider regularly to make sure that the brain and skull are
developing properly.

39. SURGERY
• ENDOSCOPIC SURGERY
• Endoscopy works best in infants younger than 3 months, but may be
considered for infants as old as 6 months if only one suture is involved.
• During this procedure, the surgeon makes 1 or 2 small incisions in the baby’s
head.
• They then insert a thin, lighted tube with a camera on the end to help them
remove a small strip of bone over the fused suture.
• May need to wear a special helmet for up to 12 months to reshape the skull.

40. SURGERY
• Open surgery can be done on infants up to 11 months of age.
• In this procedure, makes one large cut in the baby’s scalp.
• They remove bones in the affected area of the skull, reshape them, and put
them back.
• The reshaped bones are held in place with plates and screws that eventually
dissolve.
• Some babies need more than one surgery to correct their head shape.

41. Complications
• Surgery can prevent complications from craniosynostosis.
• If the condition isn’t treated, the baby’s head may be permanently
deformed.
• As the baby’s brain grows, pressure can build up inside the skull and
cause problems such as blindness and slowed mental development.

42. CONCLUSION

43. REFERANCE
• What Is Craniosynostosis? Available at
https://www.healthline.com/health/craniosynostosis.
• Facts about Craniosynostosis. Available at
https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/craniosynostosis.html.
• Kajdic, N., Spazzapan, P., & Velnar, T. (2018). Craniosynostosis -
Recognition, clinical characteristics, and treatment. Bosnian journal of basic
medical sciences, 18(2), 110–116. https://doi.org/10.17305/bjbms.2017.2083