Classification of Philosophy

1. oriental
PHILOSOPHY
ORIENTAL
PHILOSOPHY

2. Oriental Philosophy
There are two main
traditions in Oriental
philosophy, Chinese and
Indian.
basically religious and ethical in origin and
character

3. Oriental Philosophy
•its philosophy deals less with
worship rituals and
depictions of the gods, and
more with larger questions of
our relation to the cosmos.

4. Oriental Philosophy
Chinese Philosophy

5. Oriental Philosophy
Chinese
Philosophy
• Chinese philosophy has been largely practical, humanistic, and social in its
aims.
• It developed as a means of bringing about improvements in society and
politics.
• Chinese philosophy as we know it started in the 500’s B.C. with the
philosopher Confucius.
• His philosophy, called Confucianism.
aimed to help people live better and more
rewarding lives by discipline and by
instruction in the proper goals of life.
• Other philosophic traditions in China were Taoism, Mohism, and Realism.

6. Chinese Philosophy
• Confucius (孔子)
• from Kong Fuzi, literally ‘Master Kong’ – was born in 551 BC in
Zou, Lu State, in what is present day Shandong province.
• He devised the “Golden Rule” as a principle of morality, and
exemplified his own brand of humanism. His virtue ethics have
been among the most important ideas in Chinese history.

7. Chinese Philosophy
• Lao Tzu (老子)
•Laozi lived in 585–500 BC. The origin of his
name is subject to debates, it is usually
translated as “Lao, the founder of the school”
•The Tao Te Ching – His philosophy advocates
naturalness, the truth of “The Way”,
compassion, moderation, and humility.
•“Nature does not hurry, yet everything is
accomplished.”

8. Chinese Philosophy
• Sun Tzu (孫子)
• better known as Sun Tzu – a military general
serving under King Helü of Wu (544–496 BC)
• The Art of War– Sun considers war a necessary
evil, one that must be avoided whenever possible.
• “All warfare is based on deception. When we are
able to attack, we must seem unable; when using
our forces, we must appear inactive; when we are
near, we must make the enemy believe we are far
away; when far away, we must make him believe
we are near.”

9. Chinese Philosophy
• Zhuangzi (庄子)
• (Chuang-tzu “Master Zhuang” late 4th century BC) is the pivotal figure in
Classical Philosophical Daoism.
• “the world’s first anarchist,” he argued the world “does not need governing; in
fact it should not be governed,” and that “good order results spontaneously
when things are let alone.”
• “Good order results spontaneously when things are let alone.”

10. Chinese Philosophy
• Mencius (孟子)
• Mencius, or Mengzi (372–289 BC) is considered China’s "second Sage," after
only main man Confucius himself, whose birthplace was just 30 kilometers
away from his own.
• His chief work, The Mencius, is regarded as a key work in Neo-Confucian
thought.
• "He who exerts his mind to the utmost knows his nature.”

11. Indian Philosophy
• Buddhism
• Buddhism is a faith that was founded by Siddhartha Gautama (“the Buddha”)
more than 2,500 years ago in India.
• Buddhism encourages its people to avoid self-indulgence but also self-denial.
• Buddha's most important teachings, known as The Four Noble Truths, are
essential to understanding the religion.
• Buddhists embrace the concepts of karma (the law of cause and effect) and
reincarnation (the continuous cycle of rebirth)

12. Indian Philosophy
• Hinduism
• Hindus believe in the doctrines of samsara (the continuous cycle of life,
death, and reincarnation) and karma (the universal law of cause and
effect).
• central concerns of the Hindu philosophers were metaphysics,
epistemological issues, philosophy of language, and moral philosophy.

13. Oriental Philosophy
Indian
Philosophy
• philosophic thought was intermingled with religion, and most Indian
philosophic thought has been religious in character and aim.
• The Indian word for these studies is darshana, which means vision or seeing.
It corresponds to what the ancient Greeks called philosophia.
• People conceived of philosophy as a way of life, not as a mere intellectual
activity.
• The main aim of Indian philosophy was freedom from the suffering and
tension caused by the body and the senses and by attachment to worldly
things.
main philosophies developed in India were Hinduism and Buddhism, which
were also religions.

14. WESTERN
PHILOSOPHY
WESTERN
PHILOSOPHY

15. Western Philosophy
is commonly divided into
three periods-ancient,
medieval, and modern.
• Ancient philosophy extended from about 600 B.C. to about the A.D. 400’s.
• Medieval philosophy lasted from the 400’s to the 1600’s.
• Modern philosophy covers the period from the 1600’s to the present

16. Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy
Ancient philosophy was almost entirely Greek.
The greatest philosophers of the ancient world were three Greeks of the 400’s
and 300’s B.C.

17. The early Greek philosophers saw the
world around them and asked
questions about it.
Instead of attributing its creation to
anthropomorphic gods, they sought
rational explanations
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy
Pre-Socratics Philosophy

18. BIGQUESTION:
WHAT was a single underlying
substance that held within
itself ?
WHAT is the building blocks of
matter?
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

19. The early philosophers looked at the
stars, music, and number systems.
Later philosophers focused entirely on
conduct or ethics.
Instead of asking what made the
world, they asked what was the best
way to live.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

20. PRE SOCRATICS
6th 5th
and century BCE Greek thinkers who
introduced a new way of inquiring into the world
and the place of human beings in it
1. Milesian School
school of thought that practiced material monism.
Material monism is a belief which provides an
explanation of the physical world.
World's objects are composed of a single element.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

21. WHAT IS THE ARCHE OF ALL THINGSin
THE COSMOS?
means the primary senses
• Arche a Greek word
“BEGINNING”
• The origin or “source of action”
• The principles of knowledge
• The ultimate underlying substance
• Origin and the root of things that exists
THUS, it is the element or a principle exists in the
world
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

22. THALES
as the "Father of
• dubbed
Science"
• Main ideas: Thales theorem,
water is the arche
• Main Interest: ethics,
metaphysics, mathematics,
astronomy
• He believed that water is the
material cause of all things. He
is also famous in geometry,
finding the height of a pyramid
and the length of the sea.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

23. ANAXIMANDER
• the principle of all things was infinity.
Apeiron(infinite) is the arche
• the moon borrowed its light from the
sun, which was made up of fire.
• the first to draw a map of the
inhabited world
• Invented the gnomon (pointer) on
the sundial, which tells the time.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

24. ANAXIMENES
• Main idea: Air is the arche
• Main interest: metaphysics
• He based his conclusion on
natural observable phenomena
process of refraction and
condensation.
Example: Lightning- violent
separation of clouds that create
bright fire like flash.
• Rainbow- densely compressed
air touched the rays of the sun.
A crater of moon is also named
after him in his honour.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

25. ANAXAGORAS
• He believed there were no pure
stuffs in the universe but that
everything shared a part of
everything else:
• "There is a portion of everything
in everything.“
• the universe was originally an
undifferentiated mass until it was
worked upon by mind (nous), a
spiritual component.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

26. Pythagoreanism
• Pythagoras said to be a student of
Anaximander.
• Pythagoreanism is a system of
esoteric and metaphysical belief
held by Pythagoras.
• It developed 2 separate school of
thought, Mathematikoi- learners
and Akousmatikoi- listeners.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

27. • Main idea: musica universalis, pythagorean tuning,
pythagorean theorem
• Main interest: metaphysics, music, mathematics,
ethics and politics
• Musica universalis is the harmony of spheres
regarding the proportions in the movement of
celestial bodies.
• Pythagoras believed in transmigration or
reincarnation of soul again and again.
• He was also said to have spread the seeds of political
liberty to Crotons, Sybaris, Sicili, etc.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

28. Heraclitus
• he was called "The Obscure" and
the "Weeping Philosopher".
• Heraclitus is famous for his
insistence on ever-present change
in the universe, as stated in the
famous saying, "No man ever
steps in the same river twice".
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

29. Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy
• Unlike most other people of their time, the pre-Socratic
philosophers did not believe that gods or supernatural
forces caused natural events.
• Instead, they sought a natural explanation for
natural phenomena.
• The importance of the pre-Socratics lies not in
the truth of their answers but in the fact that
they examined the questions in the first place.

30. SOCRATES
ARISTOTLE
(FATHER OF
PHILOSOPHY
PLATO
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Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy
TRIUMVIRATE

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Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy
Socratic Philosophy

32. Ancient
Philosophy

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BRANCH
Epistemology
APPROACH
Dialectical method
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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Born in Athens in
469 BCE,
Socrates was the
son of a
stonemason and a
midwife.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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As a young man he is
believed to have
studied natural
philosophy, looking at
the various
explanations
of the nature of the
universe
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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He then became involved
in the politics of the city-
state and concerned
with more down-to-
earth ethical issues,
such as the natureof
justice.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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His primary concern in
philosophy was: “How
should we live?”
3 Questions
What is good?
What is right?
What is just (justice)?
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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Care of the Soul
For Socrates, knowledge
may also play a part in
life after death.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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I tell you that to let no day
pass without discussing
goodness and all the other
subjects about which you
hear me talking, and that
examining both myself and
others is really the very best
thing a man can do.”
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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The Socratic Method
DIALECTIC: A method
of seeking truth
through a series of
questions and
answers.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

41. Ancient
Philosophy

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Socrates' ethics assumes
that Education is the key
to living an ethical life.
• Virtue—all virtue—
is knowledge.
• Virtue = positive
moral behavior
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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Socrates' ethics assumes
that Education is the key
to living an ethical life.
• No one desires evil.
• No one errs or does
wrong willingly or
knowingly.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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What knowledge
and skills are
worthwhile
learning
according to
Socrates?
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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The most important of all
knowledge is "how best
to live." He posits that
this is not easily
answered, and most
people live in shameful
ignorance regarding
matters of ethics and
morals.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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The goals of
education are to
know what you can;
and, even more
importantly, to know
what you do not
know.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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Two Different Sorts of
Knowledge
• ordinary knowledge
• definitional
knowledge
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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What is learning?
Learning is the seeking of truth
in matters, and it occurs when
after questioning and
interpreting the wisdom and
knowledge of others, one
comes to recognize their own
ignorance.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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How are skills and
knowledge
acquired?
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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(1)interpreting the
statements ofothers
(2)testing or examining
the knowledge or
wisdom of those
reputed (by themselves
or others) to be wise
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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(3) showing those who
are not wise their
ignorance
(4 ) learning fromthose
who are wise
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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(5) examining oneself
(6) exhorting othersto
philosophy
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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(7) examining the lives
of others
(8) attainingmoral
knowledge
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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Who is to teach?
Socrates does not
believe that any one
person or any one school
of thought is
authoritative or hasthe
wisdom to teach
"things."
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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By what methods?
The Socratic method is one
in which a teacher, by
asking, leading questions,
guides students to
discovery.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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What will be the curriculum
be?
Socrates devoted himself to a free-
wheeling discussion with the the
aristocratic young citizens of of Athens,
insistently questioning their unwarranted
confidence in the truth of popular
opinions, even though he often offered
them no clear alternative teaching.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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Who is to be educated?
He wanted to educate,
challenge, question and debate
men of ignorance mistaking
themselves as knowledgeable,
and by doing so, to promote their
intellectual and moral
improvement.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

58. “Strong minds discuss ideas,
Average minds discuss events,
Weak minds discuss people”.
SOCRATES

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EARTHLY
KNOWLEDGE IS BUT
SHADOW
PLATO (C.427–347 BCE)
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy
Platonic Philosophy

61. Ancient
Philosophy

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BRANCH
Epistemology
APPROACH
Rationalism
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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*Socrates‘ Student
*Founded the
Academy
– First institution for
higher education
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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*FirstWestern
philosopher
whose writings have
survived
*Most of what we know
about Socratescomes
from Plato's writings
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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Key works
c.399–387 BCE Apology, Crito, Giorgias,
Hippias Major, Meno, Protagoras (early
(early dialogues)
c.380–360 BCE Phaedo, Phaedrus,
Republic, Symposium (middle dialogues)
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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WILL
INTELLECT PASSIONS
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

67. PASSIONS
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WILL
INTELLECT
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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TheoryofForms
Reality can be
divided intotwo
realms:
• The Visible
World
• Forms - Ideas
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

69. Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

70. Metaphysics
The Visible World
 Lower - Imperfect
 World experienced by our
senses
 Physical
 Bound by Spaceand Time
 Always changing
 Always “becoming”
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

71. Metaphysics
Realm of Forms-Ideas
• Higher - Perfect
• ULTIMATE REALITY
• Not accessible to our
senses
• Non-Physical
• Not Bound by Space and
Time
• Never Changing
• Always “is”
HORSE
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

72. Plato's Cave
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

73. Politics: The Ideal Republic
Philosophically Aware
Rulers (Governing Class)
Police Class
(Protective Class)
General Population
(Worker Class)
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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There are 3 sources
of knowledge:
• Knowledge
• Opinion
• Knowledge through mind orwisdom
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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Knowledge is obtained
from senses i.e.
knowledge of objects ,
colours, taste, touch etc.
etc. But Plato does not
consider this as real
knowledge.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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An opinion regarding
any object , but this
knowledge cannot be
relied upon as the
views of every person
differs regarding the
same object.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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Knowledge through mind or
wisdom – it is the highest degree
of knowledge which includes
virtues like truth , goodness and
and beauty. This knowledge is
idealistic and is based on original
original thinking. The
characteristic of knowledge is that
that it is found in the form of
universal truth.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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The highest goal of
education, Plato believed,
is the knowledge of Good;
to nurture a man to a
better human being, it is
not merely an awareness
of particular benefits and
pleasures.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
Children enter school at
six where they first learn
how to read, write and
count and then engage
with music and sports.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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TEACHING METHODS
Plato recommended play
method at elementary level;
student should learn by doing.
And when he/she reaches the
higher level of education, his
reason would be trained in
the processes of thinking and
abstracting.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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TEACHINGMETHODS
Plato wanted motivation
and interest in learning.He
was against the use of
force in education.
• "Knowledge which is acquired under compulsion obtains no
hold on the mind."
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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TEACHING METHODS
According to Plato "Do not
then train youths by
force and harshness,
but direct them to it by
what amuses their
minds so that you may
be better able to
discover with accuracy
the peculiar bent of the
genius of each."
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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TEACHING METHODS
Plato wanted a place where
children love to go and stay
there and play with things
which enhance their
education by playing.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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TEACHING METHODS
Plato gave importance to nursery
education, as nursery education
plays a vital role in the education of
man and it helps to build his moral
character and state of mind.
"The mostimportant part of
education is proper training in
the nursery."
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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ROLE OF THE TEACHER
• The educator is considered to
have greatest importance.
• He is like torch bearer who leads
a man lying in the dark cave, out
of the darknessinto the bright
light of the outside world.
• The teacher is thusthe
constant guide of the
students.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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ROLE OF THE TEACHER
• The teacher must be a
person of highintegrity
and must possess high
self worth.
• He must have pleasing
personality, in depth
knowledge and
professionaltraining.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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ROLE OF THE TEACHER
• He should be deeply
committed to his
profession, have high
sense of responsibility and
a true role model. Teachers
should lead a true moral
life. They should practice
whatthey preach.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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In a nutshell, Plato’s
polis (state) is
essentially an
educational
community.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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It is created by education. It can
survive only on condition that all its
its citizens receive an education that
that enables them to make rational
rational political decisions.
It is up to education to preserve the
the state intact and to defend it against
against all harmful innovations.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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The aim of education is
not personal growth
but service of the state,
which is the guarantor
of the happiness of its
citizens for as long as
they allow it to be the
embodiment of justice.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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Education must be
compulsory for all.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

92. If particulars
are to have
meaning, there
must be
universals.
Plato

93. The soul of man is immortal and
imperishable.
Plato

94. What we call learning is only a process of
recollection.
Plato

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EARTHLY
KNOWLEDGE IS BUT
SHADOW
PLATO (C.427–347 BCE)
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy
Platonic Philosophy

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TRUTH
AROUND US
resides in the world
ARISTOTLE (384–322 B.C.E.)
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy
Aristotelian Philosophy

97. Ancient
Philosophy

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BRANCH
Epistemology
APPROACH
Empiricism
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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Key works
Organon, Physics (as
(as compiled in book
book form in the 9th
9th century).
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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The first to classify
areas of human
knowledge into
distinct
disciplines such
as mathematics,
biology, and ethics.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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He was the first to
devise a formal
system for reasoning,
whereby the validity
of an argument is
determined by its
structure rather than
its content
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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Aristotle was the
founder of the
Lyceum, the first
scientific
institute, based in
Athens, Greece.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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Along with his teacher Plato,
he was one of the strongest
advocates of a liberal arts
education, which stresses
the education of the whole
person, including one’s
moral character, rather than
merely learning aset of
skills.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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According to Aristotle,
this view of
EDUCATION is
necessaryif weare to
produceasociety of
happyaswell as
productive
individuals.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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Syllogism,a form of
reasoning, is the first
formal system of
logic ever devised,
and it remained the
basic model for logic
up until the 19th
century.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

106. Ancient
Philosophy

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eudaimonia
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy
greek term for happiness

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Four
Aspects of
Human
Nature
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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Four Aspects of Human Nature
1. We are
physical
beings
(because we
are animals).
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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2. We are
emotional
beings
(because we
are animals).
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy
Four Aspects of Human Nature

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3. We are social
beings
(because
humans live in
groups).
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy
Four Aspects of Human Nature

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4. We are
rational beings.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy
Four Aspects of Human Nature

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On
Virtue
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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The Doctrine
of the Mean:
The Golden
Mean
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

115. Ancient
Philosophy

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Teleology:
the study
of purpose
in nature.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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A “good” life is
therefore one in
which we fulfill our
purpose, or use all
the characteristics
that make ushuman
to the full.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

118. Everything that depends on
the action of nature is by
nature as good as it can be.
Aristotle
Ancient
Philosophy

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What knowledge
and skills are
worthwhile
learning for
Plato?
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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The purpose of the state is
to educate the people -- to
make them virtuous.
Virtue is the life principle
of the state. The goal of the
state is to educate with a
view toward its own
institutions (to preserve
them) - political education
of all citizens.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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What are
the goals
of
education?
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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Education is a
function of the
State, and is
conducted,
primarily at least,
for the ends of the
State.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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Education is
preparationfor
some worthy
activity.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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Education should be
guided by legislation to
make it correspondwith
the results of
psychological analysis,
and follow the gradual
development of the
bodily and mental
faculties.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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What is knowledge?
Knowledge is always
about an object; it is
conceptual; it is based
on the form of the
object; concepts are
the generalized
classes of objects
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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What is learning?
Education and
teaching are
always about an
object and should
have content.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

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How are skills and
knowledge acquired?
In the Aristotelian
teaching act, the teacher
instructs a learner about
some object, some body
of knowledge, or some
discipline.
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

128. Prepared byRPC2014
Who is to teach?
The state is a university
which arranges the
entire scheme of
education and is itself
the highest grade (174,
Davidson) The state is
both teacher and pupil
(173, Davidson).
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

129. Prepared byRPC2014
By what
methods?
Observation
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

130. Prepared byRPC2014
What will the
curriculum be?
Theoretical and
practical (technical
skills, liberal
education, subjects,
theoretical
subjects).
Western Philosophy
Ancient
Philosophy

131. Every action must be due to one or other
of seven causes: chance, nature,
compulsion, habit, reasoning, anger, or
appetite.
Aristotle
Ancient
Philosophy