1. The document discusses the three main components of a computer system: hardware, software, and peopleware.
2. It provides detailed descriptions of operating systems, application software, input devices, storage devices, output devices, and other hardware components that make up a computer system.
3. The document categorizes and lists examples of various types of software, hardware components, operating systems, and other parts that comprise the overall computer system.
Normal forms help structure relational database tables to minimize redundancy and improve integrity. There are several normal forms including first normal form (1NF), second normal form (2NF), third normal form (3NF), Boyce-Codd normal form (BCNF), fourth normal form (4NF) and fifth normal form (5NF). Higher normal forms address more complex dependencies, like multi-valued dependencies in 4NF and join dependencies in 5NF. Normalization helps promote data accuracy and consistency through reducing anomalies.
Software consists of programs that run on a computer to perform functions, while hardware refers to the physical components. There are two main types of software: system software that manages computer resources, and application software for specific tasks. Hardware includes basic components needed for operation like RAM and ROMs, as well as complementary components like webcams. Common hardware components are networks, hard disks, USB drives, processors, keyboards, and monitors. Together, software and hardware allow computers to function and be used by people.
This document discusses hardware and software components of computer systems. It defines hardware as the physical aspects like keyboards and monitors, and software as programs that operate computers. There are six categories of hardware including input, output, storage, CPU, telecommunications, and connecting devices. Software is divided into application software for specific tasks and system software that manages hardware interaction and supports applications. Examples of application software include word processors and spreadsheets, while operating systems are an example of system software.
Computer hardware includes all the physical parts of a computer system. A simple computer system has a processor that acts as the brain to carry out billions of instructions per second, memory made up of millions of storage locations used to store programs and data, and both RAM and ROM types of memory - RAM for temporary storage that is lost on shutdown and ROM for permanent storage of startup instructions.
This document discusses the characteristics of computers from a lecture at Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. It defines a computer as a programmable electronic device that processes data from input devices and displays useful information through output devices. The key characteristics are speed, accuracy, diligence, versatility, powerful memory, and lack of human feelings. The main functions of a computer are input, processing, output, storage, and communication. It also distinguishes between data, processes, and information.
CPU-Central Processing Unit (With History and Complete Detail)Adeel Rasheed
CPU is the heart and brain of a computer. It receives data as input.The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is simply the central processor or the processor where most calculation takes places.
1. The document discusses the three main components of a computer system: hardware, software, and peopleware.
2. It provides detailed descriptions of operating systems, application software, input devices, storage devices, output devices, and other hardware components that make up a computer system.
3. The document categorizes and lists examples of various types of software, hardware components, operating systems, and other parts that comprise the overall computer system.
Normal forms help structure relational database tables to minimize redundancy and improve integrity. There are several normal forms including first normal form (1NF), second normal form (2NF), third normal form (3NF), Boyce-Codd normal form (BCNF), fourth normal form (4NF) and fifth normal form (5NF). Higher normal forms address more complex dependencies, like multi-valued dependencies in 4NF and join dependencies in 5NF. Normalization helps promote data accuracy and consistency through reducing anomalies.
Software consists of programs that run on a computer to perform functions, while hardware refers to the physical components. There are two main types of software: system software that manages computer resources, and application software for specific tasks. Hardware includes basic components needed for operation like RAM and ROMs, as well as complementary components like webcams. Common hardware components are networks, hard disks, USB drives, processors, keyboards, and monitors. Together, software and hardware allow computers to function and be used by people.
This document discusses hardware and software components of computer systems. It defines hardware as the physical aspects like keyboards and monitors, and software as programs that operate computers. There are six categories of hardware including input, output, storage, CPU, telecommunications, and connecting devices. Software is divided into application software for specific tasks and system software that manages hardware interaction and supports applications. Examples of application software include word processors and spreadsheets, while operating systems are an example of system software.
Computer hardware includes all the physical parts of a computer system. A simple computer system has a processor that acts as the brain to carry out billions of instructions per second, memory made up of millions of storage locations used to store programs and data, and both RAM and ROM types of memory - RAM for temporary storage that is lost on shutdown and ROM for permanent storage of startup instructions.
This document discusses the characteristics of computers from a lecture at Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. It defines a computer as a programmable electronic device that processes data from input devices and displays useful information through output devices. The key characteristics are speed, accuracy, diligence, versatility, powerful memory, and lack of human feelings. The main functions of a computer are input, processing, output, storage, and communication. It also distinguishes between data, processes, and information.
CPU-Central Processing Unit (With History and Complete Detail)Adeel Rasheed
CPU is the heart and brain of a computer. It receives data as input.The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is simply the central processor or the processor where most calculation takes places.
The CPU interprets instructions and performs logical and arithmetic operations to control the computer. It follows a machine cycle of fetching instructions from memory, decoding them, executing the operations, and storing results. The CPU consists of a control unit that manages resources and a machine cycle, and an ALU that performs arithmetic and logical functions according to the control unit's instructions.
The document discusses the differences between software and hardware for personal computers. It defines software as the programs and electronic instructions that tell the hardware how to perform tasks, while hardware refers to the physical electronic components inside the computer case. It provides examples of both software and hardware components. Input devices like keyboards, mice, and touchscreens allow users to provide information to the computer. Output devices like monitors, audio, and printers allow the computer to provide information to users. The hardware and software work together, with software giving the hardware instructions to perform tasks.
Introduction to information technology lecture 1adpafit
The document provides an overview of computers and information technology. It discusses how IT uses computing and communication to spread information. It then defines computers and their basic components of hardware and software. The document outlines the different generations of computers and some early calculating devices. It also describes input/output devices, common computer components, and uses of computers in various fields.
Storage devices come in various types to suit different needs. Internal memory like ROM, RAM, and hard disks are built into computers, while external devices like floppy disks, zip disks, magnetic tapes, CDs/DVDs, and flash drives can transfer and store data. Larger capacity devices like hard disks, DVDs, and flash drives let users store more data than older options like floppy disks, but may be more expensive or fragile. The appropriate storage device depends on needs like data size, portability, and hardware compatibility.
What is Computer, Functionalities of a computer, Computer Components, Hardware, software, Input Devices, Output Devices, CPU (Central Processing Unit), Memory, Unit of Measurements, Classification of Computers, Computer Languages, Generation of Computers, Data, Information and Knowledge, Characteristics of Computer, Computer Viruses,
based on stored program design
processor system
CPU
memory
input/output system
input/output devices
secondary storage
manages the instruction-execution cycle
FETCH – DECODE – EXECUTE
coordinates the activities of other devices
There are six key components that make up a computer system: people, procedures, hardware, software, data, and communication. People are needed to provide input and use the system. Procedures provide instructions for proper use. Hardware includes physical devices like keyboards, monitors, and storage. Software consists of programs and coding languages. Data is the raw information input and stored. Communication allows transmission of data between connected systems. All six components are necessary for a computer system to function properly.
The operating system is system software that monitors, controls, and maintains the overall functions of the computer. It performs key functions such as process management, resource management, file management, communication management, security management, and memory management. Process management involves starting and stopping processes from boot up to shutdown. Resource management installs drivers and coordinates peripherals. File management handles file naming, organization, location, and attributes. Communication management facilitates interaction between users, applications, and hardware both internally and between networked computers. Security management provides virus protection, passwords, firewalls, and access controls.
A computer is an electronic machine that can store, retrieve, and process data according to a set of instructions. It converts raw data into meaningful information. Data refers to unprocessed facts while information is processed data that has meaning. A computer system consists of hardware, software, and liveware that work together. The hardware are the physical parts like the system unit, monitor, keyboard, and mouse. Software includes the programs and applications that make the computer work. Liveware are the computer users. The main components of hardware are the processor, memory, input/output devices, storage, and communication devices. The processor executes instructions and contains the arithmetic logic unit and control unit. Memory temporarily stores data and programs in RAM and permanently stores firmware
Storage devices are used to store data and information in a computer. There are two main types: primary and secondary storage. Primary storage includes RAM, ROM, and cache, which can be directly accessed by the CPU. RAM is used as the computer's main memory and comes in DRAM and SRAM varieties. ROM is used to store basic startup instructions and cannot be modified. Cache provides faster access to frequently used data. Secondary storage includes hard disks, which are not directly accessible by the CPU and require transferring data through primary storage. Hard disks are computers' main storage and come in internal and external varieties.
The document discusses various input and output devices used in computer systems. It describes common input devices like the keyboard, mouse, trackball, joystick, light pen, touch screen, and scanners. It also covers output devices such as monitors, LCD displays, and printers including dot matrix, laser, and inkjet printers. The document provides details on how each device functions and its applications.
This document outlines and describes various computer components. It discusses input devices like keyboards, mice, microphones and scanners that allow data to be entered into the system. Output devices are described as monitors, printers and speakers that display processed information to the user. The system unit contains core components like the CPU and motherboard. Storage devices permanently hold data and include hard disks, USB drives and optical discs. Communication devices allow computers to exchange information with each other using items like modems.
Utility software helps maintain, manage, and protect computer resources. It includes programs like disk utilities, backup utilities, security software, and diagnostic tools. Disk utilities maintain files on disks, backup utilities safeguard files by creating copies, security software searches for and removes viruses, and diagnostic tools monitor system performance. Other utility software includes file management and transfer tools, CD/DVD burners, synchronization programs, and desktop customization options that make computing easier.
This document defines and compares different types of software licensing and distribution models:
- Retail software is sold in stores with packaging and manuals, making it generally more expensive than downloadable versions.
- OEM software is sold by manufacturers to be pre-installed on hardware systems at a reduced price without retail packaging.
- Shareware and freemium allow limited use for free as a trial with options to purchase a full license.
- Adware and spyware are usually free but collect user data or show ads without fully disclosing this in the license agreement.
Course Code: CS-301
Book: Introduction to Computing.
Chapter Number 1: Introduction to Computer Systems.
Degree: BS (SE, CS, BIO)
Contents:
This chapter will cover the following topics:
1.Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure
2. The Computer System
3. How Computers Represent Data
4. The CPU and Primary Storage
5. Microprocessors and Processing Power
6. Multiple Processors and Parallel Processing
7. Storage Input, and Output Technology
8. Secondary Storage Technology
9. Input and Output Devices
10. Categories of Computers and Computer Systems
11. Computer Software
The document discusses the central processing unit (CPU). It describes the CPU as the multipurpose, programmable component of a computer that interprets instructions and performs logical and arithmetic operations. The CPU is composed of an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) that performs calculations, a control unit (CU) that directs signals between memory and the ALU, and register arrays that temporarily store processed data. Factors like clock rate, memory size, and instruction set complexity can impact a CPU's processing speed. The CPU executes a cycle of fetching instructions from memory, decoding them, executing operations, and storing results.
A computer is an electronic device that processes data into information. It takes in data through input devices, processes it using components like the CPU and memory on the motherboard in the system unit, and outputs information through output devices. Storage devices like hard disks and CDs are used to store data, programs, and information for future use. Networks connect computers and enable communication and sharing of resources and information over the internet. Computers run software programs that control the computer and enable users to perform tasks. Popular personal computers include PCs, Macs, laptops, tablets, and handheld devices. Computers are used in many aspects of society like education, business, healthcare, science and more.
A computer accepts data as input, processes it using programs, and produces output. It has four basic functions: input, processing, output, and storage. Data becomes information after being processed. A computer system has two main components - hardware which are the physical devices, and software which are the programmed instructions. Common hardware includes input devices like keyboards, processing devices like the CPU, output devices like monitors, storage devices like hard drives, and communication devices like modems. System software manages the hardware and allows other programs to run, while application software allows users to perform tasks.
This presentation represents an introduction to computer. I used every beginning lecture in my courses "Instructional Technology" and "Computer Fundamentals and its Applications".
The document discusses the actions taken by the kernel during a context switch between processes. It explains that a context switch involves suspending the currently running process, storing its context in the Process Control Block (PCB), and loading and resuming the context of another process from its PCB. The PCB contains information about the process state, registers, memory management, and more. Context switching has significant overhead as it involves saving and loading all this process context data.
fundamentals of digital communication unit 2 notes.pdfshubhangisonawane6
The document discusses different types of computer memory including primary and secondary memory. Primary memory includes RAM and ROM. RAM is volatile and used for temporary storage of data and instructions during processing. ROM is non-volatile and stores permanent programs like the BIOS. Secondary storage includes hard disks and optical disks for permanent storage of data. The CPU uses registers in RAM for processing and interacts with RAM faster than secondary storage.
A computer is an electronic device that stores data and processes it according to instructions to provide quick and accurate results. It has components like the central processing unit (CPU), memory, input devices, and output devices. The CPU contains an arithmetic logic unit and control unit and uses registers to process data. Memory comes in different types - cache, main/primary, and secondary - and is used to store data and instructions. Common input devices include keyboards and mice, while monitors and printers are examples of output devices.
The CPU interprets instructions and performs logical and arithmetic operations to control the computer. It follows a machine cycle of fetching instructions from memory, decoding them, executing the operations, and storing results. The CPU consists of a control unit that manages resources and a machine cycle, and an ALU that performs arithmetic and logical functions according to the control unit's instructions.
The document discusses the differences between software and hardware for personal computers. It defines software as the programs and electronic instructions that tell the hardware how to perform tasks, while hardware refers to the physical electronic components inside the computer case. It provides examples of both software and hardware components. Input devices like keyboards, mice, and touchscreens allow users to provide information to the computer. Output devices like monitors, audio, and printers allow the computer to provide information to users. The hardware and software work together, with software giving the hardware instructions to perform tasks.
Introduction to information technology lecture 1adpafit
The document provides an overview of computers and information technology. It discusses how IT uses computing and communication to spread information. It then defines computers and their basic components of hardware and software. The document outlines the different generations of computers and some early calculating devices. It also describes input/output devices, common computer components, and uses of computers in various fields.
Storage devices come in various types to suit different needs. Internal memory like ROM, RAM, and hard disks are built into computers, while external devices like floppy disks, zip disks, magnetic tapes, CDs/DVDs, and flash drives can transfer and store data. Larger capacity devices like hard disks, DVDs, and flash drives let users store more data than older options like floppy disks, but may be more expensive or fragile. The appropriate storage device depends on needs like data size, portability, and hardware compatibility.
What is Computer, Functionalities of a computer, Computer Components, Hardware, software, Input Devices, Output Devices, CPU (Central Processing Unit), Memory, Unit of Measurements, Classification of Computers, Computer Languages, Generation of Computers, Data, Information and Knowledge, Characteristics of Computer, Computer Viruses,
based on stored program design
processor system
CPU
memory
input/output system
input/output devices
secondary storage
manages the instruction-execution cycle
FETCH – DECODE – EXECUTE
coordinates the activities of other devices
There are six key components that make up a computer system: people, procedures, hardware, software, data, and communication. People are needed to provide input and use the system. Procedures provide instructions for proper use. Hardware includes physical devices like keyboards, monitors, and storage. Software consists of programs and coding languages. Data is the raw information input and stored. Communication allows transmission of data between connected systems. All six components are necessary for a computer system to function properly.
The operating system is system software that monitors, controls, and maintains the overall functions of the computer. It performs key functions such as process management, resource management, file management, communication management, security management, and memory management. Process management involves starting and stopping processes from boot up to shutdown. Resource management installs drivers and coordinates peripherals. File management handles file naming, organization, location, and attributes. Communication management facilitates interaction between users, applications, and hardware both internally and between networked computers. Security management provides virus protection, passwords, firewalls, and access controls.
A computer is an electronic machine that can store, retrieve, and process data according to a set of instructions. It converts raw data into meaningful information. Data refers to unprocessed facts while information is processed data that has meaning. A computer system consists of hardware, software, and liveware that work together. The hardware are the physical parts like the system unit, monitor, keyboard, and mouse. Software includes the programs and applications that make the computer work. Liveware are the computer users. The main components of hardware are the processor, memory, input/output devices, storage, and communication devices. The processor executes instructions and contains the arithmetic logic unit and control unit. Memory temporarily stores data and programs in RAM and permanently stores firmware
Storage devices are used to store data and information in a computer. There are two main types: primary and secondary storage. Primary storage includes RAM, ROM, and cache, which can be directly accessed by the CPU. RAM is used as the computer's main memory and comes in DRAM and SRAM varieties. ROM is used to store basic startup instructions and cannot be modified. Cache provides faster access to frequently used data. Secondary storage includes hard disks, which are not directly accessible by the CPU and require transferring data through primary storage. Hard disks are computers' main storage and come in internal and external varieties.
The document discusses various input and output devices used in computer systems. It describes common input devices like the keyboard, mouse, trackball, joystick, light pen, touch screen, and scanners. It also covers output devices such as monitors, LCD displays, and printers including dot matrix, laser, and inkjet printers. The document provides details on how each device functions and its applications.
This document outlines and describes various computer components. It discusses input devices like keyboards, mice, microphones and scanners that allow data to be entered into the system. Output devices are described as monitors, printers and speakers that display processed information to the user. The system unit contains core components like the CPU and motherboard. Storage devices permanently hold data and include hard disks, USB drives and optical discs. Communication devices allow computers to exchange information with each other using items like modems.
Utility software helps maintain, manage, and protect computer resources. It includes programs like disk utilities, backup utilities, security software, and diagnostic tools. Disk utilities maintain files on disks, backup utilities safeguard files by creating copies, security software searches for and removes viruses, and diagnostic tools monitor system performance. Other utility software includes file management and transfer tools, CD/DVD burners, synchronization programs, and desktop customization options that make computing easier.
This document defines and compares different types of software licensing and distribution models:
- Retail software is sold in stores with packaging and manuals, making it generally more expensive than downloadable versions.
- OEM software is sold by manufacturers to be pre-installed on hardware systems at a reduced price without retail packaging.
- Shareware and freemium allow limited use for free as a trial with options to purchase a full license.
- Adware and spyware are usually free but collect user data or show ads without fully disclosing this in the license agreement.
Course Code: CS-301
Book: Introduction to Computing.
Chapter Number 1: Introduction to Computer Systems.
Degree: BS (SE, CS, BIO)
Contents:
This chapter will cover the following topics:
1.Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure
2. The Computer System
3. How Computers Represent Data
4. The CPU and Primary Storage
5. Microprocessors and Processing Power
6. Multiple Processors and Parallel Processing
7. Storage Input, and Output Technology
8. Secondary Storage Technology
9. Input and Output Devices
10. Categories of Computers and Computer Systems
11. Computer Software
The document discusses the central processing unit (CPU). It describes the CPU as the multipurpose, programmable component of a computer that interprets instructions and performs logical and arithmetic operations. The CPU is composed of an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) that performs calculations, a control unit (CU) that directs signals between memory and the ALU, and register arrays that temporarily store processed data. Factors like clock rate, memory size, and instruction set complexity can impact a CPU's processing speed. The CPU executes a cycle of fetching instructions from memory, decoding them, executing operations, and storing results.
A computer is an electronic device that processes data into information. It takes in data through input devices, processes it using components like the CPU and memory on the motherboard in the system unit, and outputs information through output devices. Storage devices like hard disks and CDs are used to store data, programs, and information for future use. Networks connect computers and enable communication and sharing of resources and information over the internet. Computers run software programs that control the computer and enable users to perform tasks. Popular personal computers include PCs, Macs, laptops, tablets, and handheld devices. Computers are used in many aspects of society like education, business, healthcare, science and more.
A computer accepts data as input, processes it using programs, and produces output. It has four basic functions: input, processing, output, and storage. Data becomes information after being processed. A computer system has two main components - hardware which are the physical devices, and software which are the programmed instructions. Common hardware includes input devices like keyboards, processing devices like the CPU, output devices like monitors, storage devices like hard drives, and communication devices like modems. System software manages the hardware and allows other programs to run, while application software allows users to perform tasks.
This presentation represents an introduction to computer. I used every beginning lecture in my courses "Instructional Technology" and "Computer Fundamentals and its Applications".
The document discusses the actions taken by the kernel during a context switch between processes. It explains that a context switch involves suspending the currently running process, storing its context in the Process Control Block (PCB), and loading and resuming the context of another process from its PCB. The PCB contains information about the process state, registers, memory management, and more. Context switching has significant overhead as it involves saving and loading all this process context data.
fundamentals of digital communication unit 2 notes.pdfshubhangisonawane6
The document discusses different types of computer memory including primary and secondary memory. Primary memory includes RAM and ROM. RAM is volatile and used for temporary storage of data and instructions during processing. ROM is non-volatile and stores permanent programs like the BIOS. Secondary storage includes hard disks and optical disks for permanent storage of data. The CPU uses registers in RAM for processing and interacts with RAM faster than secondary storage.
A computer is an electronic device that stores data and processes it according to instructions to provide quick and accurate results. It has components like the central processing unit (CPU), memory, input devices, and output devices. The CPU contains an arithmetic logic unit and control unit and uses registers to process data. Memory comes in different types - cache, main/primary, and secondary - and is used to store data and instructions. Common input devices include keyboards and mice, while monitors and printers are examples of output devices.
This document provides an overview of various computer devices and components. It discusses the central processing unit (CPU) which includes the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit (CU). It also describes different types of computer memory including primary memory like random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM), as well as secondary storage devices. Finally, it lists several common input/output and network devices.
The document discusses how computers represent and store data. Computers use binary digits (bits) represented as electrical voltages to store all types of data. Bits are grouped into bytes of 8 bits to represent characters, numbers, images, sound etc. Memory is measured in bytes, kilobytes and megabytes. RAM is volatile memory that temporarily stores active data and programs, while ROM permanently stores basic startup instructions. Caches improve performance by storing frequently used data closer to the CPU.
This presentation is about Computer Systems and its Componentsabena
The document summarizes the main components of a computer system:
- The central processing unit (CPU) controls the system and includes an arithmetic logic unit, control unit, and memory unit. It processes input and outputs results as it coordinates operations.
- Computers operate at high speeds measured in hertz or megahertz. Modern computers can perform millions of operations per second.
- Computers use binary digits (bits) represented as 0s and 1s to store and process all information digitally. Memory comes in two main types: random access memory (RAM) stores temporary data while read only memory (ROM) permanently stores basic startup instructions.
The document discusses the central processing unit (CPU) and its components, functions, and operation. It describes how the CPU reads and executes program instructions, performs calculations, and controls devices. It discusses the CPU's main components like registers, arithmetic logic unit (ALU), control unit, and their functions. It explains how the CPU fetches, decodes, executes instructions, and returns results in a four phase process using clock pulses and memory units like RAM, ROM, and cache.
This document provides an overview of the basic components and operations of a computer system. It discusses how a computer system is composed of input, output, processing, memory, and controlling units. The central processing unit (CPU) acts as the brain and contains the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit to process data. Memory, including primary memory like RAM and ROM, is used to store programs and data both temporarily for processing and more permanently. Input and output devices allow the user to interface with the computer system by entering and receiving data. The five basic operations of a computer system are inputting, storing, processing, outputting, and controlling data.
This document summarizes the key components of a typical personal computer. It describes that a personal computer has components that provide storage (hard disks, floppy disks, CD-ROM), memory, a central processing unit, and input/output devices like a keyboard, mouse, display, printer and speakers. The main internal components are then described in more detail, including the monitor, motherboard, CPU, memory (including caches and RAM), ports, and peripheral devices.
The system unit, or computer case, houses the main electronic components of a computer. It contains the processor, memory, motherboard, and other internal devices. The processor interprets and executes instructions using its control unit and arithmetic logic unit. It communicates with the other components via the motherboard. Memory stores data and instructions for processing. Caches provide faster access to frequently used data and instructions. Various types of memory like RAM and ROM are used. The system unit protects these critical components and provides power to run the computer.
The Control Unit controls data transfers between input and output devices and activates other computer units to carry out functions. It examines program instructions to interpret them, decodes the instructions, and ensures they are executed in the proper sequence. The Arithmetic Logic Unit performs logical operations, data manipulation, and mathematical calculations. Registers are high-speed memory units used for special tasks like storing the address of the next instruction, holding the currently executing instruction, and temporarily storing processed data. Units in the CPU are connected by buses that transfer data and control signals.
Computer is an electronic device which converts row data into meaningful information .It can perform many task.It work very fast and accuratc.A computer programmed device with a set of instnections of perform is spicilic task and generate result at a very high speed
This document provides an introduction to computing by discussing the basic components and functions of a computer system. It defines a computer as an electronic device that accepts raw data as input, processes it according to instructions, and produces the desired output. The key components discussed include input/output devices, storage devices, the central processing unit (CPU), memory (RAM and ROM), and how computer memory is measured. The document also provides a brief history of computing and explains how computers are programmed using software to process specific jobs.
A typical personal computer consists of several main components that work together:
- Storage devices like hard disks, CDs, and DVDs store programs and files.
- A central processing unit (CPU) interprets and carries out instructions. Memory temporarily stores data and instructions for the CPU.
- Input devices like keyboards and mice allow entering data. Output devices like monitors, printers, and speakers display and present information to the user.
In computer engineering, computer architecture is a set of rules and methods that describe the functionality, organization, and implementation of computer systems. Some definitions of architecture define it as describing the capabilities and programming model of a computer but not a particular implementation.
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The document provides an overview of computers, including their basic components and functions. It discusses that a computer accepts raw data as input, processes it according to instructions, and produces an output. The four basic functions of a computer are input, processing, output, and storage. It also summarizes the history of early calculating machines and the invention of programmable digital computers by Charles Babbage in the 1830s. The key hardware components of a computer are described as the central processing unit, memory (RAM and ROM), storage devices, and input/output devices. Software provides the instructions to operate the computer.
BASIC OF COMPUTER.pptx regarding detailsMuskanMukhi1
This is basically a presentation of IT regarding the topic Basics of a Computer. So anybody can use it for Information Technology. A PowerPoint presentation on the basics of computers typically covers fundamental concepts such as hardware components (CPU, memory, storage devices), software (operating systems, applications), input and output devices (keyboard, mouse, monitor), and basic computer operations (booting, file management, software installation). It may also touch upon topics like computer networks, internet basics, and computer security. The presentation aims to provide a foundational understanding of computers to beginners, highlighting their essential components and functions in a clear and concise manner.The PowerPoint presentation on the basics of computers provides a comprehensive overview suitable for beginners. It covers fundamental concepts including hardware components like CPU, memory, and storage devices, alongside software such as operating systems and applications. Additionally, it explores input and output devices like keyboards, mice, and monitors, and delves into basic computer operations such as booting, file management, and software installation. The presentation also touches upon computer networks, internet basics, and computer security, offering a foundational understanding of these topics. With clear explanations and visual aids, the presentation aims to equip beginners with essential knowledge about computers and their functionalities in a concise and accessible manner.
It covers hardware components like the CPU, memory, and storage devices, as well as software including operating systems and applications. Furthermore, it explains input and output devices such as keyboards, mice, and monitors, and discusses basic computer operations like booting and file management. Additionally, the presentation touches on computer networks, internet fundamentals, and computer security, providing a well-rounded understanding of key aspects of computing. With clear explanations and visual aids, the presentation aims to demystify computers and empower beginners to navigate the digital world with confidence.
The system unit, or computer case, houses the main electronic components of a computer. It contains the motherboard, processor, memory, storage devices, ports, and power supply. The motherboard serves as the central circuit board to which these components connect. At the heart of the system unit are the processor and memory, which work together to process instructions and data and temporarily store active programs and information. Additional components like graphics cards, sound cards, and network adapters can be installed via expansion slots to add functionality to the system unit.
The document discusses the basic components and organization of a computer system. It describes the input and output units that allow for data entry and display. The central processing unit (CPU) is comprised of an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) for processing, a control unit for directing operations, and memory units for temporary and permanent storage. The CPU interacts with primary memory like RAM and secondary memory like hard drives for long-term storage. Together, hardware and software work to power computer functions.
A rugged computer is designed to operate reliably in harsh environments like vibrations, extreme temperatures, and dusty or wet conditions. They have protective casing that allows them to last a long time, even after internal components stop working. Rugged computers are built with the fastest available processors and maximum RAM in order to ensure they remain useful for as long as possible, especially for military applications. Their protective casings are also very expensive, so the goal is for the entire computer to have a long lifespan before requiring repairs.
A rugged computer is designed to operate reliably in harsh environments like vibrations, extreme temperatures, and dusty or wet conditions. They have protective casing that allows them to last a long time, even after internal components stop working. Rugged computers are built with the fastest available processors and maximum RAM in order to ensure they remain useful for as long as possible, especially for military applications. Their protective casings are also very expensive, so the goal is for the entire computer to have a long lifespan before requiring repairs.
Meet up Milano 14 _ Axpo Italia_ Migration from Mule3 (On-prem) to.pdfFlorence Consulting
Quattordicesimo Meetup di Milano, tenutosi a Milano il 23 Maggio 2024 dalle ore 17:00 alle ore 18:30 in presenza e da remoto.
Abbiamo parlato di come Axpo Italia S.p.A. ha ridotto il technical debt migrando le proprie APIs da Mule 3.9 a Mule 4.4 passando anche da on-premises a CloudHub 1.0.
Gen Z and the marketplaces - let's translate their needsLaura Szabó
The product workshop focused on exploring the requirements of Generation Z in relation to marketplace dynamics. We delved into their specific needs, examined the specifics in their shopping preferences, and analyzed their preferred methods for accessing information and making purchases within a marketplace. Through the study of real-life cases , we tried to gain valuable insights into enhancing the marketplace experience for Generation Z.
The workshop was held on the DMA Conference in Vienna June 2024.
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1. • Describe the purpose of the CPU
• Understand how ROM, RAM, I/O, storage link to CPU
• Explain performance of CPU – looking at clock speed, cores & cache
2.
3. The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is hardware that executes programs and manages
the rest of the computer system. It sits underneath the heat sink on the
motherboard and is made up of millions of electrical switches called transistors.
All data is stored within a computer as electronic signals in micro-circuits. There are
only 2 types of signal –on or off. A micro-circuit can either carry an electrical signal
or not. This will lead to our discussion of binary later in the course.
The CPU is often known as the “brains” of the computer and its purpose is to process
data. It does this by performing functions such as calculating, decision making and
moving data around.
Our computers would not work if not for the CPU, similar to us not functioning
without our brain!
Think of all the tasks our computer does. Write a list of 10 jobs.
Eg. Perform a function on a spreadsheet…
4. Processor speed has doubled over time while a second processor has resulted in the phrase
dual-core which is a double processor – doubling the speed.
It doesn’t stop there, quad-core, hexa-core and octa-core offer the next steps to power
our machines even faster.
Software running on our systems have to be designed to take full advantage of all these
new progressions.
Current mobile devices will carry mobile processors; small versions without fans to keep it
cool.
…the CPU will deal with all the data processing, without it none of your tasks will be
performed.
The first CPU chip was invented in 1971 – a 4 bit processor designed for a calculator! This
is where our story starts…
5. •You input information and commands using
the mouse and keyboard.
•You see/hear the results on the output devices-
screen and speakers
•The CPU ("processor") is the working brain of
the computer, that does all the processing and
computation
•The memory ("RAM") is where the CPU keeps
information it is working with (the information in
the RAM is lost when the computer is switched
off)
•Storage (e.g. hard-disks, USB data sticks) is
where the computer keeps information for longer
periods (not lost when the computer is off)
6. The CPU consists of 3 major components:
The Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
The Memory Unit
The Control Unit (CU)
The ALU – carries out mathematical tasks rapidly, performs
calculations and logic operations in binary form 1/0 on data from the
memory unit. The ALU transforms the digital data and outputs the
resulting value.
The Memory Unit consists of a small number of memory registers
which will store items of data and send them to the ALU for
processing. The result of the processing will be copied back to the
memory unit for storage.
The CU – is in charge of processing. It interprets the software
instruction and sends the right data and operation to the ALU. It
accepts the result of the processing from the ALU and sends it back to
the memory unit. The CU will keep track of the sequence of
instructions and the location of each item of data and software
instruction in the memory unit.
7. It runs a computer program
What is a program?
Program : the sequence of instructions stored in ‘memory’ required to solve a specified problem
Computer architecture:
8.
9.
10. Fetch : read instruction from cook book. Decode : understand instruction and get ingredients from store
Execute : crack egg into bowl.
11. The CPU will typically perform the following
execution cycle:
The CU fetches a single instruction and data from
the main memory
The instruction is decoded.
The ALU executes the instruction
The ALU sends the result of the processing back to
the control unit – this is stored in the memory unit.
12. Just how does the CPU interact with the rest
of the system?
A bus or a cable (a collection of fine wires)
The System Bus is a major component of a
computer:
Data Bus: Carries the data that needs processing
Address Bus: Determines where data should be
sent
Control Bus: Determines data processing
13. ROM & RAM are memory areas that are closely linked to the CPU.
RAM is the type of memory used in the computer’s main memory.
RAM is the active memory of the computer. The contents of all open software applications and
data files are held in RAM.
So when a program is running it has to be loaded from the hard disk into the main memory so
the processor can access the instructions.
RAM acts as temporary storage for programs and data just while it is running. This makes it
volatile.
Once the program has finished and closed it is no longer main memory.
ROM is Read Only Memory – you can not write over the contents once it has been created. This
makes it non-volatile.
More on ROM & RAM later in the course…
14. The power and speed of a computer is limited by the speed with which the computer
can carry out the fetch-execute cycle.
Computers can only process one instruction at a time.
If you are running many programmes eg. Surfing the net, working on an essay,
listening to music and sending an e-mail all at the same time (multi-tasking) it may
seem that the computer is processing all these tasks simultaneously.
In reality it is handling one instruction at a time but it does it rapidly!
The amount of time the CPU has to process each instruction is controlled by a quartz
clock, with every tick the CPU is able to process one piece of data or execute one
instruction.
The CPU clock speed is measured in cycles per second. 1 cycle peer second is known
as 1 Hertz.
A computer running at 1GHz can carry out a thousand million instructions per second.
So the speed of the clock determines the basic performance of the CPU – the faster it
goes, the more powerful the computer.
If the CPU has more than one core, it can execute more than one instruction.
15. Cache memory is memory that can be accessed
rapidly by the processor. It holds a copy of the data
that is stored elsewhere.
If the processor has to access main memory less
often it can work faster so the CPU performs better.
The data that the computer needs right away is
taken from storage before processing begins and
kept in cache memory while it is in use.
There are several types of cache:
The memory register is very small cache, it holds data
for immediate use.
L1 cache is small, fast and expensive
L2 cache is larger but slower
In programming a cache library can be used for
storing database queries for later use.
16. CPU The central processing unit of a computer. Hardware that executes programs and manages
the system
ALU The arithmetic and logic unit. Part of the CPU where data transformation occurs. It
operates electronically.
Fetch-Execute
Cycle
A single operation of the CPU: a stored instruction is taken from memory, carried out and
the resulting value stored to memory.
Dual-Core
Processor
A CPU with 2 processing components to speed up tasks
Cache Memory Acts as a buffer between main memory and the CPU – “fast memory”
ROM Read Only Memory – Not Volatile
RAM Random Access Memory - Volatile
17. Fill in the blanks with the given words
NAME: ______________