The document summarizes the design of the Spirit of Randy human powered vehicle created by the Cal Poly Pomona Human Powered Vehicle Team. Key points:
- The team's goal was to establish an organization to design and build HPVs for annual competition.
- Their design, the Spirit of Randy, is an unfaired front wheel drive recumbent bicycle intended for both competition and everyday use.
- Ergonomic testing was conducted to optimize rider position. The frame design was inspired by the Vendetta HPV but adapted to improve maneuverability.
- Components include a 35 degree steering angle for a shorter wheelbase, 4130 steel tubing, and a wood core seat for comfort and
The Indian Society of New Era Engineers (ISNEE) was founded in 2013 to provide a platform for students to enhance their technical and managerial skills through competitions and events. ISNEE organizes various design challenges involving vehicles like go-karts, quad bikes, and electric formula cars. The Go Kart Design Challenge (GKDC) is one of ISNEE's flagship events where teams design and fabricate go-karts, which are evaluated through technical inspections and dynamic tests at the final competition round. GKDC has seen increasing participation over the years with 170 teams involved in 2015.
The document provides information about go-karting. It describes go-karts as small four-wheeled vehicles that resemble Formula One cars but are slower and cheaper. Go-karting is becoming popular in India, though go-karts are more advanced in other countries. The document discusses the parts of a go-kart including the chassis, engine, steering system, transmission, tires, and brake. It also outlines the fuel, ignition, lubrication and cooling systems of a go-kart.
This document summarizes a student project to modify a go-kart gearbox to allow for full hand control operation for physically impaired drivers. The project objectives were to research available human motions, determine the optimal motion for controls, generate concept ideas, and 3D model the final design. Various control concepts were analyzed and a final concept using a thumb throttle, motorcycle brake levers for braking and clutching, and electronic push buttons for gear changing was developed. Future work could include optimizing the design, clarifying regulations, prototyping, and testing.
Transportation, both public and private, has become an important part of our day-to-day life. Its usage has increased
enormously leading to an increase in consumption of fuels. Global warming at this junction seems to be elevating rapidly.
However, due to the increased consumption of fuels and the depleting resources, there will be non-availability of
fossil fuels in the coming future. An alternative to this can be use of green vehicles. But, as the source of their energy is
in batteries, the best solution out of the both is hybrid vehicle transportation.
MotorHeadTM Racing Academy is a go-kart coaching firm that uses drones and software to analyze drivers' performance and help them improve. It targets younger drivers between ages 5-15. The company aims to establish itself in the motorsports coaching market by focusing on personalized training for kids. It will operate in Sonoma, California, which has a large population of families interested in motorsports with incomes over $100,000.
The document provides details about Team Exergy's electric kart including descriptions of the kart's chassis, steering mechanism, suspension system, brake mechanism, purchased parts, transmission, and body work. The chassis is designed to provide a safe space for the driver while meeting competition requirements. Key components include the roll cage, steering linkage, disc brake, PMDC motor, lead-acid batteries, and fiber reinforced body panels. Calculations and cost estimates are provided for each major system.
This document provides a progress report for a senior project to design and build a single-rider recumbent human powered vehicle. It outlines the objectives and roles of team members in frame, drivetrain, steering, and fairing design. The frame is being constructed out of bamboo based on a wood model. Drivetrain components have been ordered and gearing has been modified for a wider range. Computational fluid dynamics was used to optimize the aerodynamic fairing design, which is now being constructed through vacuum bagging of fiberglass over a foam plug mold.
A Study Work on Design and Development of Hubless CycleIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and development of a hubless bicycle. It aims to address issues with traditional bicycles like high weight, power consumption, and balancing issues. The key aspects of the proposed hubless bicycle design include a hubless or centerless wheel that reduces weight, a multi-stage gear system to reduce effort required, and a hubless crank mechanism. The document outlines the objectives, advantages, literature review, and working principle of the proposed hubless bicycle design. The overall goal is to develop an innovative hubless bicycle with reduced effort requirements, increased speed, and added benefits like storage space and energy savings.
The Indian Society of New Era Engineers (ISNEE) was founded in 2013 to provide a platform for students to enhance their technical and managerial skills through competitions and events. ISNEE organizes various design challenges involving vehicles like go-karts, quad bikes, and electric formula cars. The Go Kart Design Challenge (GKDC) is one of ISNEE's flagship events where teams design and fabricate go-karts, which are evaluated through technical inspections and dynamic tests at the final competition round. GKDC has seen increasing participation over the years with 170 teams involved in 2015.
The document provides information about go-karting. It describes go-karts as small four-wheeled vehicles that resemble Formula One cars but are slower and cheaper. Go-karting is becoming popular in India, though go-karts are more advanced in other countries. The document discusses the parts of a go-kart including the chassis, engine, steering system, transmission, tires, and brake. It also outlines the fuel, ignition, lubrication and cooling systems of a go-kart.
This document summarizes a student project to modify a go-kart gearbox to allow for full hand control operation for physically impaired drivers. The project objectives were to research available human motions, determine the optimal motion for controls, generate concept ideas, and 3D model the final design. Various control concepts were analyzed and a final concept using a thumb throttle, motorcycle brake levers for braking and clutching, and electronic push buttons for gear changing was developed. Future work could include optimizing the design, clarifying regulations, prototyping, and testing.
Transportation, both public and private, has become an important part of our day-to-day life. Its usage has increased
enormously leading to an increase in consumption of fuels. Global warming at this junction seems to be elevating rapidly.
However, due to the increased consumption of fuels and the depleting resources, there will be non-availability of
fossil fuels in the coming future. An alternative to this can be use of green vehicles. But, as the source of their energy is
in batteries, the best solution out of the both is hybrid vehicle transportation.
MotorHeadTM Racing Academy is a go-kart coaching firm that uses drones and software to analyze drivers' performance and help them improve. It targets younger drivers between ages 5-15. The company aims to establish itself in the motorsports coaching market by focusing on personalized training for kids. It will operate in Sonoma, California, which has a large population of families interested in motorsports with incomes over $100,000.
The document provides details about Team Exergy's electric kart including descriptions of the kart's chassis, steering mechanism, suspension system, brake mechanism, purchased parts, transmission, and body work. The chassis is designed to provide a safe space for the driver while meeting competition requirements. Key components include the roll cage, steering linkage, disc brake, PMDC motor, lead-acid batteries, and fiber reinforced body panels. Calculations and cost estimates are provided for each major system.
This document provides a progress report for a senior project to design and build a single-rider recumbent human powered vehicle. It outlines the objectives and roles of team members in frame, drivetrain, steering, and fairing design. The frame is being constructed out of bamboo based on a wood model. Drivetrain components have been ordered and gearing has been modified for a wider range. Computational fluid dynamics was used to optimize the aerodynamic fairing design, which is now being constructed through vacuum bagging of fiberglass over a foam plug mold.
A Study Work on Design and Development of Hubless CycleIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and development of a hubless bicycle. It aims to address issues with traditional bicycles like high weight, power consumption, and balancing issues. The key aspects of the proposed hubless bicycle design include a hubless or centerless wheel that reduces weight, a multi-stage gear system to reduce effort required, and a hubless crank mechanism. The document outlines the objectives, advantages, literature review, and working principle of the proposed hubless bicycle design. The overall goal is to develop an innovative hubless bicycle with reduced effort requirements, increased speed, and added benefits like storage space and energy savings.
The document discusses go-karts. It begins by defining a go-kart as a simple four-wheeled racing car with a small engine that was initially created in the 1950s in the United States. It notes that go-karts have no suspension or differential. The document then discusses the parts of a go-kart including the chassis, engine, steering, transmission, tires, brakes, and electric starter. It provides some specifications of go-karts including engine size, maximum speed, weight, and dimensions. The document concludes by mentioning that many people are trying to build go-karts for under $1,000 USD to make them more affordable and popular.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Hubless BikeIRJET Journal
1) The document describes the design and fabrication of a hubless bicycle. A conventional bicycle frame was used and only the rear wheel was modified to be hubless.
2) The hubless rear wheel consists of an inner rim and outer rim connected by independently moving nylon rollers. Power is transmitted from the rear gear which is meshed with an internal rack welded to the outer rim.
3) The hubless design aims to improve aesthetics, reduce fatigue for the rider through a shorter chain length, and increase steering efficiency by attaching the handlebars to the wheel rim.
EFFI-CYCLE is a national level intercollegiate design competition held annually by Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) for undergraduate students for simulating real world engineering design projects and their related challenges. It gives a wide platform for the students to work in teams and to come up with innovative design in addition to designing and fabrication of an energy efficient hybrid human powered three wheeled electric vehicle. This year’s theme of the competition is ‘Light Weight Season’, in which teams are required to keep the weight of the vehicle below 160 kgs. Team GARUD is one such group of highly motivated individuals who are recklessly working towards the realization of this goal since its very inception. To achieve this, Team GARUD has adopted various Light Weight approaches.
The designing of the vehicle have been done on SOLIDWORKS 2014 while the design analysis has been done on ANSYS 2014. Various light weight approaches like Light weight wheels, seats and steering have also been adopted. The innovations include use of rear wheel steering instead of conventional front wheel steering and use of universal joints in front axle. This way along with lot other ways, we have succeeded to bring our vehicle weight up to 140 kgs. Team GARUD aims to design a cost effective, aerodynamically stable, comfortable and ergonomically suitable tricycle that meets the need of the market and can be produced by a fictitious firm effectively.
This document summarizes a student's project to design and 3D print a front suspension upright for a Formula Student racing car. The objectives were to design the suspension geometry, create an upright that withstands forces, conduct FEA analysis, and manufacture the component. FEA testing showed the upright could withstand the estimated braking and cornering forces for the 400kg car. After research and experiments, a unique front suspension upright was designed that complies with Formula Student regulations. It will be 3D printed and used by the KU e-racing team at the Silverstone race. The student gained knowledge in suspension components and FEA analysis through this project.
Comparison Of Multibody Dynamic Analysis Of Double Wishbone Suspension Using ...IJRES Journal
This paper presents the multibody dynamic analysis of wishbone suspension for automotive cars. Modeling and analysis of suspension is carried out using MATLAB SimMechanics toolbox. Rigid dynamic analysis of suspension is also carried out using ANSYS software. Results of both the analysis are compared and it is observed that results of both the analysis are similar.
Kinematics Analysis Of 8-UPS Parallel Robot Walking ModeIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Achieving stable machining is a difficult problem in large workspace robot field, this paper
proposes a new 8-UPS parallel robot with 6 DOF as well as walking and machining ability. In machining mode,
it equals to a traditional parallel robot, in walking mode it is a 4 legs walking robot. It mainly from kinematics
and inverse solution, workspace, mobile platform trajectory planning, singularity analysis, performance analysis
to do kinematics analysis in machining mode; when the robot works in walking mode, the reseach mainly from
configuration design, gait planning and kinematics analysis aspects. The inverse kinematic model of 8-UPS
Parallel robot under machining mode was established, and the rod length function was obtained. Based on the
machining mode workspace, a robot design method was proposed, and the full performance indicator was used
to help design the main parameters of the robot. Based on MATLAB, Simulink model was established to
complete inverse kinematics simulation and get the rod length as well as drive speed variation of the 8-UPS
parallel robot. Based on SolidWorks, 8-UPS model was established, with using Motion part according to the
specified trajectory, kinematics simulation curve was obtained to help analyse the performance of the robot. At
the end, interference checking process was proposed to help to check the interface between hinge and rods
Research into automobile seat design has identified key parameters that improve comfort. Seat design must consider fit, feel, and support parameters. Fit parameters ensure the seat accommodates a range of body sizes using anthropometric data. Feel parameters minimize pressure points and maintain a suitable temperature. Support parameters influence posture through lumbar support that adjusts in height and firmness, adjustable armrests and a forward-tilting seatback. The goal is a seat with no discomfort that supports the natural curves of the spine.
Study and Analysis of Automotive Seating System Riser Design & Development fo...ijsrd.com
Seat is a sub system of automobile or vehicle. It is the main aggregate in a vehicle, which impacts the visibility, comfort, safety for the occupant. H-point plays vital role in seat system design & occupant safety. As a part of vehicle development, requirement raised is to have elevated H-point to have better visibility & control for occupant. Use of carryover seat with minimum part alterations is a challenge. After studying all relative factors, it has been decided to integrate carry over seat with BIW by addition of seat riser member. This paper speaks about design and development of seat riser member for automotive seat.
This document evaluates the effectiveness of virtual validation methods like finite element analysis (FEA) for testing automotive seating systems. It discusses the various challenges in seating system design given the need for comfort, safety and health. A variety of physical and analytical validation tests are described, including head restraint performance, seat anchorage strength, and fatigue resistance testing. The document achieves correlations of 87-92% between physical test and FEA simulation results, demonstrating the effectiveness of virtual validation methods for seating system testing.
Baja project 2010 report by bangalore institue of techKapil Singh
This document provides a summary of the final design report for Team Stratos' mini-Baja vehicle that will compete in Baja SAEASIA 2010. The team divided responsibilities for major subsystems and used CAD modeling, FEA analysis, and dynamics simulations to optimize the design. Key aspects of the vehicle design include a roll cage frame made of steel that was analyzed for impact, torsion, and rollover testing. A double wishbone suspension and disc brakes were chosen. Ergonomic features like an adjustable seat and tilt steering were included for safety. Performance estimates indicate a 0-60 time of 7 seconds and a braking distance of 2.89 meters.
This thesis presents the design, analysis, and fabrication of a reconfigurable stair climbing robot. The robot uses a novel legged wheel design that allows each wheel to independently orient itself for improved mobility over uneven terrain. Dynamic simulation and finite element analysis were used to analyze step climbing and stresses. The robot was then fabricated and tested, demonstrating its ability to climb stairs of varying heights through independent control of its front and rear wheels.
Effects on motorcycles of structural flexibility and rider dynamics using mul...Raoul POPESCU-GHIMIS
This document discusses using multibody system methods to model the effects of structural flexibility and rider dynamics on motorcycles. It presents four ADAMS motorcycle models of varying complexity: a rigid model, a flexible model including a flexible frame and swingarm, one also including fork torsional stiffness, and one that further adds rider dynamics. Simulations are run to analyze weave and wobble modes at different speeds, steering ratio, and wheelies/stoppies. The conclusions found the flexible models demanded more of the motorcycle and that the rider acts as a dynamic absorber, helping stabilize various modes.
The document summarizes the design of an off-road vehicle created by University of Texas at San Antonio students for the 2015 Baja SAE competition. It describes the design of the front and rear suspension systems, drivetrain, controls including steering and braking, and the frame. Analysis was conducted using software tools to optimize various components for performance over rough terrain while maintaining structural integrity. The vehicle was designed with a focus on safety, manufacturability, durability and performance given engineering and economic constraints.
This document analyzes the double wishbone suspension system used in sedan vehicles. It discusses how using low profile tires can increase hub rotation during braking due to the coupled nature of castor and longitudinal stiffness in a traditional double wishbone design. The objectives are to decouple castor and longitudinal stiffness, reduce castor trail loss and hub rotation when braking, while maintaining the suspension geometry kinematics. A potential solution of moving the longitudinal elastic center vertically down from the wheel center to the ground plane is proposed to be analyzed using multibody dynamics software.
- The document summarizes research on the effect of wheel geometry parameters on vehicle steering. It describes how parameters like caster angle, steering axis inclination (SAI) angle, camber angle, toe angle, and scrub radius can affect steering effort, wheel returnability, and vehicle stability.
- Simulation results showed that positive caster angles improve wheel returnability but increase steering effort, while negative caster can reduce effort but cause wheel wandering. Higher SAI angles help improve returnability and decrease effort. Negative camber improves cornering. Toe-in aids straight-line stability and toe-out aids cornering.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Lower Wishbone arm using Finite Element Analysi...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of a lower wishbone arm for a vehicle suspension system using finite element analysis (FEA) and experimental validation. It begins with an introduction to lower wishbone arms and their purpose in a vehicle suspension. It then describes the modeling of a lower wishbone arm in CAD software and performing static structural analysis in FEA software. The results are experimentally validated. The material of the arm is then optimized by changing it from one steel grade to another steel grade to improve strength properties. FEA is again used to analyze the arm with the new material.
This document provides a summary of an individual's professional background and experience. It outlines their educational history, including obtaining an MD and PhD from Greek universities. It then details their work experience, including positions held at various universities in Greece teaching microbiology and conducting research. It also lists organizational roles, research grants received, publications, international collaborations, and other scientific activities. Overall, the document presents an extensive curriculum vitae for a medical microbiologist and professor based in Greece.
Mr. Amit Raja has successfully completed a certificate course in financial modeling, as evidenced by a certificate issued by BFSIacademy.com and BFSIhiring.com. The certificate acknowledges his completion of the course with an enrollment number of 1220278 and a date of January 15, 2015, and was signed by the director, P. Naveen Kanth CFPCM.
Rachel Foreman is applying for the Honors Co-Op program at California State University, Northridge to gain hands-on engineering experience. She believes the internship would strengthen her work ethic, problem-solving skills, and understanding of the field. As a mechanical engineering student, she is passionate about applying math and science concepts. Her past research assistant position challenged her to work independently and expand her knowledge beyond the classroom. Rachel has strong communication, teamwork, and leadership abilities developed through sports and academic team projects. She would be honored to represent CSUN in the Honors Co-Op program.
The document discusses go-karts. It begins by defining a go-kart as a simple four-wheeled racing car with a small engine that was initially created in the 1950s in the United States. It notes that go-karts have no suspension or differential. The document then discusses the parts of a go-kart including the chassis, engine, steering, transmission, tires, brakes, and electric starter. It provides some specifications of go-karts including engine size, maximum speed, weight, and dimensions. The document concludes by mentioning that many people are trying to build go-karts for under $1,000 USD to make them more affordable and popular.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Hubless BikeIRJET Journal
1) The document describes the design and fabrication of a hubless bicycle. A conventional bicycle frame was used and only the rear wheel was modified to be hubless.
2) The hubless rear wheel consists of an inner rim and outer rim connected by independently moving nylon rollers. Power is transmitted from the rear gear which is meshed with an internal rack welded to the outer rim.
3) The hubless design aims to improve aesthetics, reduce fatigue for the rider through a shorter chain length, and increase steering efficiency by attaching the handlebars to the wheel rim.
EFFI-CYCLE is a national level intercollegiate design competition held annually by Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) for undergraduate students for simulating real world engineering design projects and their related challenges. It gives a wide platform for the students to work in teams and to come up with innovative design in addition to designing and fabrication of an energy efficient hybrid human powered three wheeled electric vehicle. This year’s theme of the competition is ‘Light Weight Season’, in which teams are required to keep the weight of the vehicle below 160 kgs. Team GARUD is one such group of highly motivated individuals who are recklessly working towards the realization of this goal since its very inception. To achieve this, Team GARUD has adopted various Light Weight approaches.
The designing of the vehicle have been done on SOLIDWORKS 2014 while the design analysis has been done on ANSYS 2014. Various light weight approaches like Light weight wheels, seats and steering have also been adopted. The innovations include use of rear wheel steering instead of conventional front wheel steering and use of universal joints in front axle. This way along with lot other ways, we have succeeded to bring our vehicle weight up to 140 kgs. Team GARUD aims to design a cost effective, aerodynamically stable, comfortable and ergonomically suitable tricycle that meets the need of the market and can be produced by a fictitious firm effectively.
This document summarizes a student's project to design and 3D print a front suspension upright for a Formula Student racing car. The objectives were to design the suspension geometry, create an upright that withstands forces, conduct FEA analysis, and manufacture the component. FEA testing showed the upright could withstand the estimated braking and cornering forces for the 400kg car. After research and experiments, a unique front suspension upright was designed that complies with Formula Student regulations. It will be 3D printed and used by the KU e-racing team at the Silverstone race. The student gained knowledge in suspension components and FEA analysis through this project.
Comparison Of Multibody Dynamic Analysis Of Double Wishbone Suspension Using ...IJRES Journal
This paper presents the multibody dynamic analysis of wishbone suspension for automotive cars. Modeling and analysis of suspension is carried out using MATLAB SimMechanics toolbox. Rigid dynamic analysis of suspension is also carried out using ANSYS software. Results of both the analysis are compared and it is observed that results of both the analysis are similar.
Kinematics Analysis Of 8-UPS Parallel Robot Walking ModeIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Achieving stable machining is a difficult problem in large workspace robot field, this paper
proposes a new 8-UPS parallel robot with 6 DOF as well as walking and machining ability. In machining mode,
it equals to a traditional parallel robot, in walking mode it is a 4 legs walking robot. It mainly from kinematics
and inverse solution, workspace, mobile platform trajectory planning, singularity analysis, performance analysis
to do kinematics analysis in machining mode; when the robot works in walking mode, the reseach mainly from
configuration design, gait planning and kinematics analysis aspects. The inverse kinematic model of 8-UPS
Parallel robot under machining mode was established, and the rod length function was obtained. Based on the
machining mode workspace, a robot design method was proposed, and the full performance indicator was used
to help design the main parameters of the robot. Based on MATLAB, Simulink model was established to
complete inverse kinematics simulation and get the rod length as well as drive speed variation of the 8-UPS
parallel robot. Based on SolidWorks, 8-UPS model was established, with using Motion part according to the
specified trajectory, kinematics simulation curve was obtained to help analyse the performance of the robot. At
the end, interference checking process was proposed to help to check the interface between hinge and rods
Research into automobile seat design has identified key parameters that improve comfort. Seat design must consider fit, feel, and support parameters. Fit parameters ensure the seat accommodates a range of body sizes using anthropometric data. Feel parameters minimize pressure points and maintain a suitable temperature. Support parameters influence posture through lumbar support that adjusts in height and firmness, adjustable armrests and a forward-tilting seatback. The goal is a seat with no discomfort that supports the natural curves of the spine.
Study and Analysis of Automotive Seating System Riser Design & Development fo...ijsrd.com
Seat is a sub system of automobile or vehicle. It is the main aggregate in a vehicle, which impacts the visibility, comfort, safety for the occupant. H-point plays vital role in seat system design & occupant safety. As a part of vehicle development, requirement raised is to have elevated H-point to have better visibility & control for occupant. Use of carryover seat with minimum part alterations is a challenge. After studying all relative factors, it has been decided to integrate carry over seat with BIW by addition of seat riser member. This paper speaks about design and development of seat riser member for automotive seat.
This document evaluates the effectiveness of virtual validation methods like finite element analysis (FEA) for testing automotive seating systems. It discusses the various challenges in seating system design given the need for comfort, safety and health. A variety of physical and analytical validation tests are described, including head restraint performance, seat anchorage strength, and fatigue resistance testing. The document achieves correlations of 87-92% between physical test and FEA simulation results, demonstrating the effectiveness of virtual validation methods for seating system testing.
Baja project 2010 report by bangalore institue of techKapil Singh
This document provides a summary of the final design report for Team Stratos' mini-Baja vehicle that will compete in Baja SAEASIA 2010. The team divided responsibilities for major subsystems and used CAD modeling, FEA analysis, and dynamics simulations to optimize the design. Key aspects of the vehicle design include a roll cage frame made of steel that was analyzed for impact, torsion, and rollover testing. A double wishbone suspension and disc brakes were chosen. Ergonomic features like an adjustable seat and tilt steering were included for safety. Performance estimates indicate a 0-60 time of 7 seconds and a braking distance of 2.89 meters.
This thesis presents the design, analysis, and fabrication of a reconfigurable stair climbing robot. The robot uses a novel legged wheel design that allows each wheel to independently orient itself for improved mobility over uneven terrain. Dynamic simulation and finite element analysis were used to analyze step climbing and stresses. The robot was then fabricated and tested, demonstrating its ability to climb stairs of varying heights through independent control of its front and rear wheels.
Effects on motorcycles of structural flexibility and rider dynamics using mul...Raoul POPESCU-GHIMIS
This document discusses using multibody system methods to model the effects of structural flexibility and rider dynamics on motorcycles. It presents four ADAMS motorcycle models of varying complexity: a rigid model, a flexible model including a flexible frame and swingarm, one also including fork torsional stiffness, and one that further adds rider dynamics. Simulations are run to analyze weave and wobble modes at different speeds, steering ratio, and wheelies/stoppies. The conclusions found the flexible models demanded more of the motorcycle and that the rider acts as a dynamic absorber, helping stabilize various modes.
The document summarizes the design of an off-road vehicle created by University of Texas at San Antonio students for the 2015 Baja SAE competition. It describes the design of the front and rear suspension systems, drivetrain, controls including steering and braking, and the frame. Analysis was conducted using software tools to optimize various components for performance over rough terrain while maintaining structural integrity. The vehicle was designed with a focus on safety, manufacturability, durability and performance given engineering and economic constraints.
This document analyzes the double wishbone suspension system used in sedan vehicles. It discusses how using low profile tires can increase hub rotation during braking due to the coupled nature of castor and longitudinal stiffness in a traditional double wishbone design. The objectives are to decouple castor and longitudinal stiffness, reduce castor trail loss and hub rotation when braking, while maintaining the suspension geometry kinematics. A potential solution of moving the longitudinal elastic center vertically down from the wheel center to the ground plane is proposed to be analyzed using multibody dynamics software.
- The document summarizes research on the effect of wheel geometry parameters on vehicle steering. It describes how parameters like caster angle, steering axis inclination (SAI) angle, camber angle, toe angle, and scrub radius can affect steering effort, wheel returnability, and vehicle stability.
- Simulation results showed that positive caster angles improve wheel returnability but increase steering effort, while negative caster can reduce effort but cause wheel wandering. Higher SAI angles help improve returnability and decrease effort. Negative camber improves cornering. Toe-in aids straight-line stability and toe-out aids cornering.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Lower Wishbone arm using Finite Element Analysi...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of a lower wishbone arm for a vehicle suspension system using finite element analysis (FEA) and experimental validation. It begins with an introduction to lower wishbone arms and their purpose in a vehicle suspension. It then describes the modeling of a lower wishbone arm in CAD software and performing static structural analysis in FEA software. The results are experimentally validated. The material of the arm is then optimized by changing it from one steel grade to another steel grade to improve strength properties. FEA is again used to analyze the arm with the new material.
This document provides a summary of an individual's professional background and experience. It outlines their educational history, including obtaining an MD and PhD from Greek universities. It then details their work experience, including positions held at various universities in Greece teaching microbiology and conducting research. It also lists organizational roles, research grants received, publications, international collaborations, and other scientific activities. Overall, the document presents an extensive curriculum vitae for a medical microbiologist and professor based in Greece.
Mr. Amit Raja has successfully completed a certificate course in financial modeling, as evidenced by a certificate issued by BFSIacademy.com and BFSIhiring.com. The certificate acknowledges his completion of the course with an enrollment number of 1220278 and a date of January 15, 2015, and was signed by the director, P. Naveen Kanth CFPCM.
Rachel Foreman is applying for the Honors Co-Op program at California State University, Northridge to gain hands-on engineering experience. She believes the internship would strengthen her work ethic, problem-solving skills, and understanding of the field. As a mechanical engineering student, she is passionate about applying math and science concepts. Her past research assistant position challenged her to work independently and expand her knowledge beyond the classroom. Rachel has strong communication, teamwork, and leadership abilities developed through sports and academic team projects. She would be honored to represent CSUN in the Honors Co-Op program.
Este documento describe los elementos clave de la Enseñanza para la Comprensión. Explica que la enseñanza debe centrarse en metas de comprensión y desempeños que demuestren esta comprensión. También describe cómo los estudiantes deben participar en diferentes tipos de desempeños progresivos para desarrollar su comprensión, y cómo la evaluación continua basada en criterios explícitos ayuda a los estudiantes a mejorar.
The document discusses the present tenses in English. The present simple is used for present and routine actions, using time expressions like every day or adverbs of frequency. Its form is subject + verb + complement. The present continuous is used to talk about actions happening now, using time expressions like now. Its form is subject + to be + verb + -ing + complement. Both tenses have exceptions - the present simple adds -s to verbs for he/she/it subjects, while the present continuous is not usually used with stative verbs.
Composição da carteira ifix novembro 2013claudiusinhos
O documento apresenta gráficos e dados sobre o desempenho do Índice de Fundos de Investimento Imobiliário (IFIX) comparado ao IBOVESPA e IMOB. Nos últimos 12 meses, o IFIX teve queda de 5,2% enquanto IBOVESPA e IMOB tiveram quedas menores. A composição da carteira do IFIX é liderada pelo BTG Pactual Corporate Office Fund, com 13,15% da participação total.
CBRE uses standard project management methodology to consistently deliver relocation services across different organizations. They manage over 300,000 moves annually. Their proven process focuses on end-user communications and aims for minimal costs, downtime, risk, and stress while providing a positive staff experience. The process involves various steps from project kickoff through post-move evaluation. Client testimonials praise CBRE's seamless execution of complex moves and high levels of end-user satisfaction.
El documento habla sobre el conteo, los números y la cardinalidad del número. Explica que el conteo se usa para enumerar cantidades grandes mediante procesos como 1, 2, 3. También define el número cardinal como el valor de un conjunto o elementos, es decir, el último número de una cantidad de números que indica cuántos objetos hay en total.
21 nov ansys meshing - tomas jarneholt ansys swedenAndersANSYS
This document discusses how to speed up the meshing process in ANSYS Meshing by using techniques like simplifying geometry and using appropriate mesh controls. It also explains how to generate hex-dominant and hybrid meshes in ANSYS Meshing which can improve simulation accuracy and solve times compared to pure tetrahedral meshes. The document provides guidance on using ANSYS Meshing tools to create different mesh element types for various applications.
The document discusses parameterization and flattening of meshes. It introduces mesh parameterization, which maps the 3D mesh onto a 2D domain, as well as several parameterization methods like harmonic parameterization, spectral flattening, and geodesic flattening. It also discusses barycentric coordinates for warping meshes and approximating integrals on meshes using cotangent weights.
TALAT Lecture 2301: Design of Members Examples 6.1 - 6.6: Shear resistance of...CORE-Materials
This document provides examples for calculating the shear resistance of webs without and with stiffeners. It includes 5 examples: 1) a web without stiffeners, 2) a web with equally spaced flexible transverse stiffeners, 3) a web with transverse intermediate rigid stiffeners, 4) a web with rigid transverse and longitudinal stiffeners, and 5) adding the shear resistance contribution of flanges to the panel from example 4. For each example, it provides the relevant dimensions, equations from Eurocode 9 for calculating shear resistance, and the calculated values. The document is 11 pages and provides detailed calculations and inputs for designing members to resist shear forces.
TALAT Lecture 2301: Design of Members Example 4.3: Bending moment resistance ...CORE-Materials
This document provides a 10 page example calculation for determining the bending moment resistance of a welded hollow section with outstands. It includes:
1) A description of the cross section geometry with dimensions and material properties.
2) Node definitions and element types for the cross section.
3) Calculations of the cross section properties like area, moments of inertia, torsion constants.
4) An iterative approach to determine the effective cross section properties accounting for reductions due to local buckling and the heat affected zone.
5) Results showing the effective section properties and stresses calculated at each iteration.
The example aims to be comprehensive by showing all calculation steps and accounting for different cross section classes
TALAT Lecture 2301: Design of Members Example 5.1: Axial force resistance of ...CORE-Materials
This 2-page document provides an example calculation for determining the axial force resistance of a square hollow section column. It includes the dimensions of the cross-section, material properties, calculations to determine the effective area and slenderness parameter, and application of equations from Eurocode 3 to calculate the critical buckling force and design resistance of the column. The key steps and results are determining the effective area is 414.2 mm^2, critical buckling force is 73.8 kN, and design resistance is also 73.8 kN.
TALAT Lecture 2402: Design Recommendations for fatigue loaded structuresCORE-Materials
This lecture presents calculation of design stresses for variable stress ratios in practice, explanation on the background of design recommendations; it demonstrates the concept of partial safety factors and supply appropriate background information for aluminium; it enables the designer to evaluate service behavior of structural details on a more sophisticated level applying the same principles as in current design recommendations; it provides understanding of the fatigue design procedure according to current recommendations. Background knowledge in engineering, materials and fatigue as well as some knowledge in statistics is required.
2013 11-14 mech479-ansys_workbench_tutorialNafeez Ahmed
This document provides an introduction and overview of using ANSYS Workbench for mesh generation. It discusses the background of ANSYS and its acquisition of other analysis tools. It then summarizes the main components of Workbench - DesignModeler (DM) for geometry creation, ANSYS Meshing (AM) for mesh generation, and links between components for integrated simulations. The document walks through a tutorial example of generating a 2D mesh around a cylinder to demonstrate the basic workflow in DM and AM.
El documento presenta una rúbrica de evaluación para medir la competencia de aceptar a los compañeros y actuar de acuerdo con los valores de la comunidad. La rúbrica evalúa tres aspectos: aceptar a los compañeros, actuar con valores de comunidad, y ejercer valores en la vida diaria. Los estudiantes son evaluados en cada aspecto en una escala de 1 a 5.
Finite element analysis theory and application with ansys (3rd edition) pdfWeber Ribeiro
The document describes a new type of battery that is safer and longer lasting than current lithium-ion batteries. It works by using sodium ions rather than lithium ions and two solid electrodes rather than a liquid electrolyte. This sodium-ion solid-state battery could store three times more energy, charge faster, and be less expensive than lithium-ion batteries. It also eliminates the fire risk associated with batteries using liquid electrolytes.
Developing the Transition®: Simulation for Composite Structure in a Flying CarAnsys
Developing a practical vehicle that simultaneously satisfies road and aircraft regulations to become a true "flying car" presents significant engineering challenges. Yet this is what the team at Terrafugia has achieved with their proof-of-concept vehicle known as the Transition®, which has been flying and driving for the past 2 years. The next generation prototype is currently in development with the aid of simulation packages to allow for rapid design iteration before performing required physical tests.
Register for this webinar in which Terrafugia will discuss the design process for the composite structure of the Transition® airframe and the role and benefits of physics based simulation.
https://event.webcasts.com/starthere.jsp?ei=1028516
This document provides an overview of setting up co-simulation between ANSYS Mechanical and ANSYS Fluent using System Coupling. It discusses the necessary setup steps in Mechanical including analysis settings, fluid-solid interfaces, and output controls. It also covers the Fluent setup, including defining dynamic mesh zones, solution stabilization options, and notes on fluid compressibility. Finally, it addresses the System Coupling setup for defining data transfers and solution controls between the two solvers.
Designing FSEV suspension system in Lotus Suspension Analysis SHARKIRJET Journal
The document discusses the design of the suspension system for a Formula-style race car using Lotus Suspension Analysis SHARK software. The goal was to increase stiffness and reduce spring travel to improve handling. Both the front and rear suspension geometries were redesigned and optimized. The rear suspension was changed significantly due to engine replacement altering weight distribution. The new designs showed reduced spring travel, improved roll stability, and increased but controlled bump steer to boost driver confidence.
Motion Control Technical Paper - Spring 2016Matthew Emge
This document provides an overview of a senior design project to create a quasi-autonomous vehicle for competition. The vehicle uses an Ackerman steering system with two motors and custom encoders. The mechanical design includes 3D printed parts for the steering linkages and gearing system. Eight sonar sensors provide obstacle detection. The vehicle will compete in events like tug-of-war, obstacle courses, and "seek and destroy" using color detection software. A Raspberry Pi controls high-level functions while PIC microcontrollers handle lower-level sensing and motion control. The project aims to demonstrate skills in electrical, mechanical, and software engineering through the design and implementation of the competitive robot.
This presentation agenda outlines Team Eta's plans to design and build an ultra-efficient vehicle to compete in the 2017 Shell Eco-Marathon Asia competition. It introduces the team and their past prototypes, discusses their vision for a lighter and more aerodynamic future vehicle, and presents a timeline, budget, and sponsor deliverables for the project. The goal is to design a car that can travel the furthest distance possible on the least amount of fuel.
IRJET- Design and Theory of Powertrain of Formula Student {FSAE} CarIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and theory of the powertrain for a Formula Student race car. It aims to design a more reliable and robust powertrain that is as light as possible to increase the power-to-weight ratio. The major components of the drivetrain are described including the engine, transmission, differential, axles, and wheels. Finite element analysis is used to analyze stresses on components like the sprocket and differential carrier. The final assembly is designed to transmit power from the engine to the wheels within the regulations for competitions like Formula Bharat and SAE Supra.
This document summarizes the design and construction of a human-powered race vehicle called Terzo Racing for the 2013 Australian International Pedal Prix. Key aspects of the design included increasing stability by widening the wheelbase and track. A space frame design was used to lower the seat height for better handling. The vehicle was constructed from chromoly steel with an adjustable seat and purchased composite fairing. It performed well at the race with no rollovers, meeting design goals of improved stability. Areas for improvement included the front axles and reducing fogging inside the fairing.
Design and Analysis of Go-Kart Chasis According to fsae ConstrainsIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and finite element analysis of a go-kart chassis according to Formula Society of Automobile Engineers (FSAE) constraints. A chassis was designed using circular steel pipes of 1 inch diameter and 1.5mm thickness. Finite element analysis was conducted using SolidWorks to simulate static forces on the chassis from a front impact of 4514N. The analysis found stresses under the maximum allowable stress of the steel. Changes were made to the design based on the analysis to improve the chassis' strength and safety. The optimal design aims to meet FSAE standards while achieving low-cost and better performance.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Callam Hele is a product designer seeking a position that will help him continue growing both personally and professionally. His portfolio showcases various design skills including sketching, modeling, CAD work in Rhino and Solidworks, and rendering. Key projects demonstrate his ability to work in a team, manage projects, and deliver high quality work on deadline. His portfolio includes projects ranging from an exercise device for hospital patients to aircraft wheel racks and bearing protectors.
The document discusses the author's experience with SAE competitions and their involvement in redesigning drivetrain systems for competition vehicles. Some key points:
1) SAE competitions give students hands-on experience applying their engineering knowledge to real-world vehicle design problems. Competitions involve technical events, design presentations, and dynamic vehicle testing.
2) As part of SAE Baja, the author helped redesign the rear suspension and gearbox for vehicle CBR12 to improve reliability. The redesigned gearbox still had issues during the competition.
3) For SAE Formula, the author led the redesign of the drivetrain for vehicles CFR13 and CFR14, focusing on
Design and Analysis of Pedal Box with Braking Systemijtsrd
A design process for an automotive pedal box system is presented in this paper. The work begins with a review of research carried out on pedal box system. It is followed by the process of designing a complete pedal box system. Reverse engineering process by using a steel pedal box system by use of MS Plate. The Pedal box design with proper pedal ratio and the use of single brake for both front and rear braking is designed. Md. Hameed | B. Praveen Kumar | B. Rohit | B. Surya Sai | G. Sai Kiran ""Design and Analysis of Pedal Box with Braking System"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23413.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23413/design-and-analysis-of-pedal-box-with-braking-system/md-hameed
The document describes the design of an all-terrain vehicle created by Team Juggernaut Racing for the Baja Student India competition. Key aspects of the design include the roll cage, which was analyzed for strength and safety. The suspension and steering systems were optimized for off-road performance. Components like the brakes, drivetrain, and chassis were selected and analyzed using modeling software. The goal was to create a vehicle that can easily handle rugged terrain at high speeds while keeping the driver safe.
Modeling, simulation and optimization analysis of steering knuckle component ...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study that modeled, simulated, and optimized the design of a steering knuckle component for a race car. Five initial CAD models of the steering knuckle were created and analyzed using finite element analysis to determine stresses, displacements, and weights. The best design was then optimized using shape optimization software to reduce weight while maintaining strength. The optimized design achieved a 45.8% reduction in mass while still meeting strength requirements.
Modeling, simulation and optimization analysis of steering knuckle component ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Light weight and low fuel consumption are the two main demands for a vehicle, particularly for a race car. Steering knuckle, as one of the critical components of a race car, is the main subject in the present study. A light weight and optimized design of steering knuckle is proposed to be used for an EIMARace race car; a small high-performance formula-style car, with suitable material selection as well as valid finite element analysis and optimization studies. First part of this study involves modeling of steering knuckles and analysis of the stresses and displacement under actual load conditions. A CAD and FEA software; SolidWorks, is applied for modeling as well as for static analysis studies. Shape optimization is the second part of this study, utilizing solid Thinking software from Altair Engineering packages. The improved design obtained had achieved 45.8% reduction of mass while meeting the strength requirement. Keywords: Steering knuckle, FEA, Optimization, Race car.
IRJET- Design Optimization of a Formula Student SuspensionIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design optimization of a formula student suspension system using simulation tools. It begins by explaining the importance of accurately predicting vehicle performance through simulation given the non-linearities involved. It then describes analyzing tire data in MATLAB and using a tire model in MSC ADAMS simulations. Suspension geometry is designed in Solidworks and analyzed in ADAMS through quasi-static and dynamic simulations to optimize characteristics like bump steer, roll steer, and camber gradient. The use of computational tools helped optimize the vehicle dynamics and suspension design through reduced iterations, calculations, and time.
Design And Manufacturing Of Motorsports VehicleIJERA Editor
The objective of this project was to design and manufacture a racing vehicle for participation in various GOKARTING
competition. The vehicle was designed by using mathematical modeling and computer-aided design,
CAD and simulation by using a ANSIS software.The kart is introduced to the various on road compititions like
International Series of Karting orhanised by Mean Metal Motors and Trinity Series Trophy. Kart was having a
unique feature of Quick streeing mechamism. Additionally we have made the innovations like after tilting the
vehicle accidently above 60 degree tilting angle the engine automatically shuts off and engine starts only by
putting thr seat belt.It made the vehicle light weight, stable, efficient with having high strength and durability as
well. Main goal of our kart making was compact design, maximum performance as well as safety.
John Courtney worked on several engineering projects at Purdue University including the Purdue Baja SAE team from 2015-2016 where he designed and manufactured wheel hubs and brake rotors for their custom buggy. He also led the Electric Vehicle team's dual motor go kart project through the EPICS and IEEE programs from 2012-2016, which included designing sensors, battery enclosures, and a new motor mount. Currently, he is converting a 1989 Honda Pilot to electric drive in his spare time and has designed a battery enclosure.
5 ijaems jul-2015-7-reciprocating reversible front wheel drive incorporated i...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
With growing time, there are upcoming new technologies related to driving mechanisms but indeed led to massive emissions and violation of nature laws. Oil consumption is going high and nearly half of the world oil consumption is through automotive sector. Thus there is need for some source, by which we can prevent our nature. This could be done via various methods. One such is- encouraging the use of hybrid trikes. Generally tricycles are less preferred by humans because they require more human effort, they cannot be reversed, doesn’t provide the comfortability, rollover stability is less and are slow in speed.
Thus this segment aims at developing a reciprocating reversible drive mechanism in a three wheeler trike which has not been incorporated till now and brings out various advantages. Viewing into the context of INDIA, one cannot drive any vehicle without reversing, thus this mechanism allows a vehicle to be reversed and further, it also reduces the human effort required for the vehicle to move (initial torque increases). This hybrid vehicle allows, increasing the speed of vehicle and making it an all- wheel drive. Further suspension system is incorporated such that the full frame is suspended and provides at-par comfortability and excellent rollover stability to the vehicle. Other advantages include low maintenance cost, always in running condition, cheap in price and one of its kinds when it comes to eco -friendly vehicles.
DESIGN & FABRICATION OF FOUR WHEEL STEERED MULTI- UTILITY VEHICLEDelwin CK
This document describes the design and fabrication of a four-wheel steered multi-utility vehicle. The vehicle uses four-wheel steering to improve maneuverability in tight spaces compared to conventional rear-wheel follow systems. It also includes a scrap collecting mechanism using magnets. Design calculations were performed for components like chains, bevel gears, and spur gears to analyze stresses. An Ackerman steering mechanism is used to prevent tire slip when turning. The overall goal is to create a low-cost, user-friendly vehicle for industrial applications like floor cleaning and scrap collection.
Model development and the shape optimization analysis of a rear knuckle for r...eSAT Journals
Abstract Automotive motorsport sector demands lightweight car component that directly contributes to fuel efficiency of a race car. Currently, EIMA Race Car got issues with the car weight. The current knuckle is heavy and did not undergo design process and analysis. The race cars need to compete with others in a 15 laps of endurance race. Refueling is prohibited during the race, thus it is very important to ensure the parts are in top condition and lightweight. By using the selected method and optimization tool for the rear knuckle, this paper looks into the design and development of a knuckle for EIMA race car. Solidworks has been used as a design tool and analysis process. The final design then undergoes an optimization process and the proposed design has been fabricated. The result can be considered successful as the new design is 70% lighter than the current rear knuckle. Keywords: Product Design, simulation, race car knuckle, lightweight, optimization.
IRJET- Selection & Design Procedure of Steering System of Formula Student (FS...IRJET Journal
The document discusses the selection and design of the steering system for a Formula Student race car. It describes various steering mechanisms and selects the Ackerman steering mechanism. Key steering parameters like steering ratio, turning radius, c-factor, and rack position are optimized. Ackerman steering reduces friction and steering effort while allowing sharp turns. The rack is mounted behind the front wheels for geometric and ergonomic reasons. Lotus Shark software is used to simulate changes and assess their impact on inner wheel angle. The final steering system meets requirements of racing rulebooks.
IRJET- Selection & Design Procedure of Steering System of Formula Student (FS...
CPP_HPVC_2015_DESIGN_REPORT
1. 1
California State Polytechnic University, Pomona
2015 ASME HPVC Challenge
The Cal Poly Pomona Human Powered Vehicle Team
Presents
The Spirit of Randy
Team Officers
Jordan Jarnagin
Isaac Gower
Andrew Simpson
Team Members
Jonathan Tam
Melanie Bailey
Edward Huang
Randy Ballat
Cindy Lin
Thomas Gross
Wendy Chen
Julie Keong
Calvin Iba
Bruno Haesbaert
Martin Cabal
Spirit of Randy; 3-View Drawing
2. Abstrac
A
Competit
ct
Although it is
tions in the p
s true that Ca
past, there ha
al Poly Pom
as never bee
mona has com
en an ongoin
mpeted in Hu
ng organizati
uman Powere
ion set up at
ed Vehicle
the universi
2
ity to
3. 3
facilitate annual competition. During the 2014-2015 academic year, the current HPV team at Cal
Poly Pomona made it their primary goal to establish an organization made specifically to deal
with engineering human powered vehicles.
From initial conception to product completion of this year’s vehicle, CPP HPV has built
a team that has chartered an organization, acquired sponsors and shop space, dealt with insurance
and risk management issues, and then designed and fabricated a competition vehicle.
Our vehicle, the Spirit of Randy, is an un-faired front wheel drive recumbent that is
designed to be a practical and efficient vehicle for both competitive and everyday use.
Table of Contents
1. Design
1.1. Background
1.2. Objectives
1.3. Prior Work
1.4. Design Specifications
1.5. Concept Development and Evaluation of Alternatives
4. 4
1.5.1. Alternative Steering Mechanisms
1.6. Innovation:
1.7. Final Design
1.7.1. Ergonomics
1.7.2. Frame
1.7.3. Drivetrain
2. Analysis
2.1. Roll Protection System
2.2. Material Selection
2.3. Vehicle Dynamics
2.4. Cost Analysis
3. Safety
3.1. Design for Safety
3.2. Landing Gear
3.3. Safety Harness
3.4. Safety Accessories
3.5. Safety in Manufacturing
4. Conclusions
4.1. Evaluations
4.2. Recommendations
4.3. Conclusion
6. References
Appendix A
1. Design
1.1. Background
Mission Statement:
The CPP Human Powered Vehicle Team strives to create an environment that allows its
members to gain valuable experience in engineering design, project management, industry
relations, manufacturing, business, and performance testing.
1.2. Objectives
5. 5
Long Term Objective:
To design, fabricate, and compete with human powered vehicles collegiately on an annual basis.
2014-2015 Season Objective:
To set up the foundation of an organization with the purpose of annually competing in human
powered vehicle competitions by officially chartering, creating a diverse team of engineering
students, and building lasting relationships with the Cal Poly Pomona Department of Mechanical
Engineering and businesses that see the importance of investing in the education of tomorrow's
engineers.
Gantt Chart
Figure 1: 2015 Gantt Chart
1.3. Prior Work
Because this is the first year that Cal Poly Pomona has competed as an organization, there
is no prior work to draw from.
1.4. Design Specifications
The goals of our design this year were to build a vehicle conducive to the specifications
outlined in the 2015 HPVC rules. these are:
● 15 ft minimum vehicle turning radius
● Vehicle braking from 15 to 0 mph in less than 20 ft
6. 6
● Vehicle cargo area large enough to accommodate parcels of dimension 15x13x8 inches
● Rider safety harness
● Roll protection system that can support a 600 lbf topload with deflection of less than 2
inches
● Roll protection system that can support a 300 lbf side load with elastic deflection of less
than 1.5 inches
1.5. Concept Development and Evaluation of Alternatives
In the decision making process for what concept to base our vehicle off of, our team
came to five main possibilities: a bicycle with either front or rear wheel drive, a tadpole style
tricycle with rear wheel steering, or a delta style tricycle with either the front wheel driven or the
back wheels driven. As a first year team considering the lack of experience of its members, it
was decided to seek out a design that was feasible for the teams skill level. The team
implemented a decision matrix to come to this result (Figure 2).
The front wheel drive bicycle was chosen as the concept to model mainly due to its
having the most similarities to a standard bicycle in terms of mechanics. Our team viewed its
concept as a standard bicycle that was essentially cut in half and reversed so that the rear drive
mechanism could be placed in the front of the bike, while the undriven front wheel was moved to
the rear. A second main concern was building a two wheeled vehicle that could not be ridden.
Consulting an article featured in the book Bicycle Science called The Stability of the Bicycle, it
was concluded that not only would the design be a reasonably familiar concept to the team, but
also, from the article on stability, that while it is possible to construct bicycles that are more
difficult to ride than others, building a bicycle that is unrideable is very difficult, even for
someone with that as their design intent.
Tricycle
Bicycle Delta Tadpole
Category
Rear
Wheel
Drive
Front
Wheel
Drive
Rear Wheel
Drive
Front Wheel
Drive
Rear Wheel
Drive
Time
Allotment
Design 3 1 2 3 4
Fabrication 2 2 3 3 3
Design/
Fabrication
Stability 3 3 2 2 2
Drivetrain 3 1 3 4 4
Ergonomics 2 2 3 3 3
7. 7
Frame 2 2 3 3 4
Steering 3 4 2 4 3
Total 18 15 18 22 23
Figure 2: Decision Matrix
1.6. Innovation
Although the Spirit of Randy was designed primarily as a competition vehicle,
recreational use was considered in the ergonomic setup. Often with racing bicycles, designers
sacrifice rider comfort for efficiency. What makes our design innovative is its capacity to
accommodate both race and recreation situations. The seat position of the vehicle was decided
not only by evaluating efficiency parameters such as speed and visibility, but also taking into
account ergonomics and ability to be used by different riders. The steering system of the vehicle
allows for unique steering maneuvers such as steering with your feet or pulling on the handlebars
in a rowing motion to add power to the pedal stroke. Our goal in design was to create a vehicle
that could be used to compete in racing, but was also able to provide a comfortable and enjoyable
riding experience for recreational users of various ages.
1.7. Final Design
Our final design is an unfaired front wheel drive recumbent bicycle with a moving
bottom bracket (drivetrain turns with handlebars). As mentioned before, the drivetrain setup is
essentially that of a conventional bicycle, but with modified orientation and cable routing. The
roll protection system completely surrounds our tallest rider to prevent injury in the case of a
crash.
1.7.1 Ergonomics
Because the rider of the vehicle is such an important component in human powered
applications, it is necessary to incorporate ergonomics analysis into the design in order to create
a system that optimizes the power output of the rider while simultaneously offering a
comfortable riding experience.
8. 8
In order to accomplish this task, an ergometer was constructed in order to test various
rider speeds, positions, and experiences (Figure3). pictured below is the solid model of the
ergometer and the actual ergometer. Initially, during the design of the ergometer 5 axis of
freedom were deemed necessary to provide adequate adjustment for testing. Once built it became
aware that a design change would need to be made. To allow for finer height adjustment a scissor
lift was thought up and fabricated.
Figure 3 : Left: Solid model of ergometer, Right: Fabricated ergometer
Potential rider measurements were taken prior to designing the ergometer to get an idea
of required dimensions for seat distance from pedals and handlebars from seat back (Figure 4).
Shoulder width was also another important measurement not for the ergometer but for design of
the rollover protection system.
Height
(in)
Weight
(lb)
Inseam
(in)
Arm
Length (in)
Torso
(in)
Shoulder
Width (in)
Knee to
Foot (in)
Male Rider 1 73.5 190 33.5 31 23.5 19 22
Male Rider 2 71 290 30 32 24 21 21
Male Rider 3 71.5 155 32 31 19.5 18 20
Male Rider 4 67 152 28.5 31 19 18.5 20
Male Rider 5 69 160 31 32 19 17 20.5
Male Rider 6 71 165 32 28.8 23.3 17.8 20.5
Female Rider 1 71.5 195 33 33 21.5 19 21
Female Rider 2 65 170 27 27 19 16 18
Female Rider 3 65 140 30 27 19 17 19
Female Rider 4 62 140 29 26 17 17 19.5
Figure 4 : Potential rider measurements
9. T
one and f
was mad
1.7.2. Fr
T
which piv
chosen fo
D
inspiratio
as oppose
is difficu
Vendetta
extended
but prove
addressed
To test for rid
five minutes
e for each ri
rame
The frame wa
vot about a p
or its feasibi
During the de
on (Figure 6)
ed to turning
ult due to the
a in near-full
d pedalling m
es disadvant
d in the Spir
der comfort t
s in each pos
ider and then
F
as designed t
point just in
lity.
esign proces
). This recum
g the front w
e riders legs o
ly reclined p
motion. This
ageous when
rit of Randy’
three differe
ition multipl
n combined t
Figure 5: Ride
to incorpora
front of the
s, the comm
mbents desig
wheel. This a
operating in
osition whic
rider config
n maneuvera
’s design.
ent rider conf
le times to te
to get an ove
e Time vs. Aver
ate two struct
rider’s seat.
mercially avai
gn relies on t
aspect is cruc
the plane of
ch maximize
guration is w
ability in tigh
figurations w
est for comf
erall average
rage Speed
tures (a fron
As previous
ilable Cruzb
turning the b
cial since tur
f the front w
es their pow
well suited for
ht spaces is
were used. R
fort and spee
e (Figure 5).
nt portion and
sly stated, th
bike Vendett
bike by leani
rning the fro
wheel. Riders
wer output du
r fast rides w
desired. Thi
Riders road f
ed. An averag
d a rear port
his design wa
a was used f
ing into the t
ont wheel sha
s operate the
ue to the fully
with wide tur
is issue was
9
for
ge
tion)
as
for
turns
arply
y
rns,
10. T
vehicle fe
gives a sh
by reduci
it makes
turning a
In
first year
reasonab
T
the comm
be though
(with the
back-mo
(the steer
which att
from 0.5
total calc
The final desi
features a ste
horter wheel
ing the lag a
the vehicle m
and the abilit
n designing t
r designing a
le to fabrica
The front tria
mon point be
ht of simply
e seat stays c
st side of ou
r tube) is a se
taches to a p
inch steel tu
culated weigh
ign was very
eeper 35 degr
lbase for the
associated wi
more roundl
ty to mount a
the frame th
a recumbent
ate and safe t
angle pivots a
etween the fr
as the rear t
hanged to a
ur front triang
egment f 1.3
pin connectio
ubing. The b
ht of the fron
Figure 6: C
(courtesy
y similar to t
ree seat back
e vehicle, ma
ith the dragg
ly suitable fo
and dismoun
e main conc
vehicle we w
to use.
about a stand
ront and rear
triangle of a
fork). To ac
gle is a 135m
375 inch out
on at the top
ottom brack
nt frame wa
Cruzbike Vende
y of cruzbike.c
the Vendetta
k to put the r
aking its stee
ging of the re
or the events
nt the vehicle
cerns were si
wanted to be
dard 1-⅛” th
r of the fram
conventiona
ccommodate
mm wide fat
ter diameter,
of the head
ket occupies
s 9.14 lbs.
etta V20
com)
a in terms of
rider in a mo
ering more re
ear wheel. W
s at competit
e quickly as
implicity and
e sure that w
hreadless, no
me. The front
al bike transp
the cassette
t bike fork. T
, 0.028 inch
tube. A fron
the front mo
f operation, h
ore upright p
esponsive th
While this red
tion which re
well as recr
d strength. S
what was desi
on tapered he
t triangle of o
posed about
e on our fron
The top side
thick, 4130
nt chainstay
ost corner of
however our
position. Thi
han the Vend
duces top sp
equire tight
reational ridi
Since this is o
igned was
ead tube. Th
our vehicle c
t the seat stay
nt wheel, the
of the triang
steel tubing
is constructe
f the triangle
10
r
s
detta
peed,
ing.
our
his is
can
ys
gle
g
ed
e. The
11. T
roughly 4
tube and
relatively
clean we
welding.
heat affec
works an
of the rea
T
around 4
weight, a
bent to th
build a 3
figure 8)
The rear porti
43 feet of 1 i
dropouts the
y thin walled
ld joints. In
Care was ta
cted zones. T
nd welded di
ar frame is 1
The seat was
lbs when co
and strength.
he desired an
piece, wood
.
ion of the fra
inch outer di
e entirety of
d the initial p
the end the f
aken to ensur
The machine
rectly onto t
5 lbs.
made out of
ompleted. W
. Initially a 1
ngles. This s
den seat con
Figure 7: Fr
ame compris
iameter, 0.03
f the rear fram
plans were to
frame was m
re the joints
ed, 1018 stee
the ends of th
f 6061-T6 al
When designin
12”x33” rect
eat proved to
sisting of a h
ront Triangle A
ses the bulk
35 inch thick
me was mad
o tig weld th
mig welded d
were solid w
el dropouts w
he two rear-
uminum she
ng the seat t
tangle was cu
o be uncomf
headrest, bac
Assembly
of the vehic
k, 4130 steel
de in house. S
he frame whi
due to a lack
while minim
were purcha
most tubes.
eet of 0.10 in
the main con
ut from the a
fortable and
ckrest, and s
cle’s weight.
l tubing. Asi
Since the tub
ich would ha
k of experien
mizing excess
ased from Pa
The total ca
nch thicknes
ncerns were
aluminum sh
ultimately w
seat bottom (
It consists o
ide from the
bes were
ave produce
nce with tig
sive creation
aragon machi
alculated wei
ss weighing i
slimplicity,
heet stock an
we decided t
(as shown in
11
of
head
n of
ine
ight
in
nd
to
n
12. 12
Figure 8: Left: Seat Dimensions, Right: Aluminum Seat
1.7.3. Drivetrain
The drivetrain of the Spirit of Randy utilized a traditional road bicycle setup, but in a
modified orientation. because of the standard setup, it was unnecessary to custom design or
fabricate parts. The components used (Listed in Appendix A), are all in a standard road bicycle
configuration except for the cable routing throughout the vehicle. due to the change in frame
geometry from a traditional road bicycle, the routing of the cables for braking and gear shifting
had to be placed in a way that allowed full functionality while not inhibiting rider experience or
performance. because the Spirit of Randy is a moving bottom bracket type vehicle, the
possibility of a rider hitting a brake or shifting cable with their legs while riding can cause
unwanted braking or shifting and therefore is a major concern when determining a proper cable
routing scheme. The Spirit of Randy’s cable routing is as minimalist as possible in order to avoid
unwanted rider cable contact.
When choosing components for the Spirit of Randy’s drivetrain, the following was
considered.
FSA Gossamer cranksets offer good strength for a relatively low price. The chainrings
are 50/34t, also known as a compact crankset. This allows a wider gear range needed to
accelerate a heavy recumbent bicycle and still have high enough gears for higher speeds. Its
24mm axle fits the threaded bottom bracket that is specified. The Driven 11-28t cassette has
durable steel cogs riveted to an aluminum spider to reduce rotating weight. This gear
combination allows a wider gear range needed to accelerate a heavy recumbent bicycle and still
have high enough gears for higher speeds. Connecting the two is a KMC X10.93 chain. It is 10
speed compatible, and shifts well due to the shaping and champers on each link. The crankset
spins on a standard BSA threaded bottom bracket because of the ease of maintenance and
13. 13
availability. It measures 68mm wide to fit standard road cranksets, and has a 1.370”-24 thread
with the right side being left hand thread.
Shimano’s Tiagra rear derailleur is 10 speed compatible and can shift up to a 30t cog on
the cassette. The cage is also long enough to accept the wide tooth difference from the front
chainrings. The Shimano 105 band clamp front derailleur because is easy to mount to a round
tube and doesn’t require any complex hardware. Shimano 105 components are cost effective and
reliable. Shimano 105 brake and shifter hoods control the brakes and shifting. Although the left
shifter is made for 11 speed drivetrains, it will work with 10 speed front derailleurs because the
pull ratio is the same. They have indexing for easy and reliable gear changes, and also has trims
for the front derailleur. Connecting the shifters to the derailleurs is shimano SP41 4mm shifter
housing and cables. These are standard bike cables that are very smooth and dependable with
little friction. The inner cables are stainless steel to prevent corrosion
Tektro dual pivot brakes were chosen because they offer more power than conventional
single pivot brakes. The extra power will help decelerate the heavier recumbent bike in a
controlled and acceptable manner. M-system 5mm brake housing connects the brakes to the
hoods.
Since the Moonlander fat bike fork by Surly uses a 1 ⅛” non-tapered steerer tube, a 1 ⅛”
headset must be used. The DK headset has sealed cartridge bearings making it easy to assemble
and very reliable.
The first priority for the wheelset is strength. This bike will weigh more than typical
bikes and will have to withstand uneven surfaces in the endurance competition. Typical strong
wheelsets have 32 spokes with a three cross lacing. Mavic rims laced with straight gauge spokes
in a three cross pattern offer tons of strength. Shimano hubs are very reliable and roll on
rebuildable cup and cone bearings. Bontrager T1 25c tires have an all weather tread pattern and
the slightly larger volume absorbs more road imperfections than skinnier tires.
Recumbent bikes don’t need drop bars because there is no advantage in changing hand
positions. Pursuit handlebars offer good ergonomics, accept road brake and shifter levers, and are
available at bicycle retailers.
2. Analysis
2.1. Roll Protection System
14. 14
The roll protection system was designed to protect the rider in the event of a crash,
ensuring that the rider would not contact the ground if the vehicle were to completely roll-over.
The design parameters were those stated in section 1.4 (Design Specifications) and are
reproduced here.
● Roll protection system that can support a 600 lbf topload with deflection of less than 2
inches
● Roll protection system that can support a 300 lbf side load with elastic deflection of less
than 1.5 inches
Figure 9: FEA of the frame with a static 1440 lbf load oriented at the top of the roll protection system oriented at a
12 degree angle. Stress is shown on the left and deflection is shown on the right.
Theoretical stress analysis was performed using SolidWorks Finite Element Analysis
(FEA) tools. Solidworks allowed the team to quickly and easily analyze the frame under multiple
production situations by applying custom weldment profiles that reflected commercially
available tubeing. The roll protection system joins to the frame in many locations and essentially
is one with the frame. The selection of the fixed geometry to be used during the stress analysis
was based on the ASME HPVC west challenge criteria as well as how the frame would be tested
in real life. The rear drop-outs and the bottom of the front part of the RPS were constrained
During the FEA analysis, as seen by the green arrows in figures 9 and 10. The material studied
was AISI 4130 normalized which was the selected frame material. A design factor of 2.4 was
applied and so a 1440 ldf (~6.4 kN) load was applied to the top of the roll protection system at an
angle of 12 degrees with respect to the vertical. A 300 lbf load was also distributed across the
seat rails in order to simulate the pressure induced by the operator during operation. Under this
static condition, with the effects of gravity considered, the maximum induced stress was found to
be along the rear vertical rails concentrating at the drop-outs with a magnitude of approximately
15. 15
150 MPa and the maximum deflection was found to be at the top of the roll protection system
with a magnitude of approximately 0.79 mm
(~ 0.031 inches) as seen in Figure 9.
Figure 10: FEA of the frame with a static 600 lbf load oriented at the side of the roll protection system. Stress is
shown on the right and deflection is shown on the left.
A 300 ldf (~1335N) side load was applied to the two member joint of the roll protection system,
which is approximately shoulder high of the operator, as seen above in figure 10. Again taking
into account the effects of the riders distributed load (300lbf) and the effects of gravity, the
maximum induced stress was found in the midsection of the frame with a magnitude of
approximately 330 MPa and the maximum deflection was found to be at the top of the roll
protection system with a magnitude of approximately 10 mm (~0.39 inches) as seen in Figure 10.
According to MatWeb, the tensile yield strength of AISI 4130 is 435 Mpa in which case
the stress produced from FEA is well within the safe range with a maximum theoretical factor of
safety with respect to yielding of 1.32. Throughout the FEA analysis the Spirit of Randy never
showed signs of plastic deformation and was determined to have a maximum factor of safety
with respect to allowable elastic deflection of 3.75.
Initial simulations showed that 1in. x 0.028in. tubing, the thinnest gauge tubing available
to the team, would satisfy the design criteria and keep the frame weight to a minimum. However,
due to issues with material availability this tubing was not used in production and the team
increased the wall thickness up to the next available size of 0.035in. The frame passed the initial
design criteria and was cleared for fabrication
2.2. Material Selection
Material selection for the frame was based off the current popular bike frame materials
such as alloy steel and aluminum. With a small budget in mind and a skillset as mentioned
16. 16
before, an affordable yet competitive material was sought after. The two materials selected for
researched and comparison were 6061 aluminum due to its weight and 4130 steel due to its
strength. Aluminum, which has a density approximately a third of that of the steel was initially
chosen for its lighter characteristics. However, after conducting both cost and fabrication
analysis, AISI 4130 was chosen for its known weldability and (how much less than aluminum?)
reduced cost of nearly ___ that of aluminum.
4130 Steel, commonly referred to as Chromoly, is one of the lightest steels capable of
supporting a considerable amount of weight and is commonly used to manufacture bike frames.
It can also withstand a significant beating without damaging it’s integrity. The pros for picking
steel 4130 are its flexibility, durability, and cost efficiency.
4130 Steel has more give than aluminum and can handle stress up to 63,000 psi, which is
higher than that of aluminum, which is 31,000 psi. In addition, steel 4130 is cheaper than
aluminum. However, the primary con of 4130 steel is its weight. To combat this, thinner gauged
tubing was used which cut down weight while still maintaining the integrity of the bike's
structure.
2.3. Cost Analysis
The following cost analysis compares the cost of the Spirit of Randy as a prototype, the
cost to produce ten vehicles in one month, and the production cost to produce ten per month for
three years.
Category
Spirit of Randy as
presented
Monthly Production
Run (10 per month)
Three Year
Production Run
Capital Investment $0.00 $3,800.00 $136,800.00
Tooling $35.00 $35.00 $1,260.00
Parts and
Materials $1,662.64 $14,153.83 $509,537.88
Labor $0.00 $2,000.00 $72,000.00
Overhead $0.00 $1,728.47 $62,224.92
Total $1,697.64 $21,717.30 $781,822.80
Figure 11: Cost Analysis Summary
The above cost summary includes only the costs associated with the construction of the
vehicle, with expenses such as travel are not reflected in the analysis. For the Spirit of Randy as
presented, costs including capital investment, labor and overhead are noted as $0.00 due to the
17. 17
fact that no students were paid to work on the project and that the Cal Poly Pomona Department
of engineering provided the project with rent free space to work in. For more detailed cost
analysis refer to appendix A.
3. Safety
3.1. Design for Safety
The Spirit of Randy incorporates a roll protection system, 4-point harness, reflectors,
Brakes, and a padded seat (for long rides).
3.2. Safety Harness
The Spec D Tuning JDM Style four point universal racing harness seat belt was selected
as the vehicles primary and only safety harness. Weighing in around three and a half pounds this
harness will minimize the overall weight of the vehicle. The Spec D Tuning harness features 2
in. nylon webbing straps with 80 inches of arm strap, a quick release buckle and extra wide pads
located at the waist. The four point seat belt design applies pressure to the riders chest and waist
securely harnessing them to the seat. When applied correctly the Spec D Tuning harness will
keep the rider's torso secure and in place allowing their legs and arms to move freely. In the
event that the rider should put the vehicle through a complete roll-over, the Spec D Tuning
harness will keep the rider safely inside the vehicle. This component couples nicely with the
Spirit of Randy’s roll protection system. The 2 in. width of the strap allows more tension to be
produced and adds to the durability of the strap increasing its lifetime. The quick release buckle
makes entry and exit quick and simple for riders of various discipline and age. The extra wider
pads increase rider comfort by distributing the pressure across a larger area of the riders body.
These reasons make the selected harness a safe and long lasting component of the vehicle.
3.3. Safety Accessories
The Spirit of Randy is equipped with front lights, rear lights, and reflective stickers to
increase visibility during all hours of operation. The rider will not be encased in a vehicle shell
and therefore standard hand turn signals are to be used in the event of traffic maneuvers.
3.4. Safety in Manufacturing
Safety was a top priority during the manufacturing process of the ergometer, the frame
jig, the frame, and during vehicle assembly. The two shops used both required their own separate
safety certifications that were completed by each individual team member. While working in the
shop the team wore safety glasses, noted proper emergency procedures and filed the MSDS
18. 18
paperwork for all chemical products used. The members notching the frame tubes also used both
ear muffs and ear plugs to prevent damage to their hearing.
4. Conclusions
4.1. Evaluations
In its first organized competition effort, the 2015 Cal Poly Pomona Human Powered
Vehicle Team developed and constructed a vehicle that meets safety criteria and that offers a
unique rider experience. The Spirit of Randy was designed to achieve the team’s objective of
competing in the HPVC, and while the vehicle’s fabrication is not yet fully complete, the team is
confident that there is adequate time to finish manufacturing, complete the frame and component
testing and assemble the vehicle prior to the competition date.
4.2. Recommendations
While the Cal Poly Pomona Human Powered Vehicle Team will strive towards
improvement in design and manufacture in the coming years, the focus of this year was kept
simple to encourage feasibility in practice. While the practice of feasibility driven design kept
our team from being overly ambitious, in future design competitions the establishment of HPV
as an organization at Cal Poly Pomona will undoubtedly lead the team to pursue more complex
designs due both to having a running start with shop space and sponsors, and to having a
reasonably sized team at the beginning of the project.
The Cal Poly Pomona Human Powered Vehicle Team dedicated its effort for countless
hours of time this year to accomplish its main goal of organizing a lasting program. Having a
solid foundation is essential for any project that is reoccurring. After experiencing the lengthy,
up and down process of chartering an organization this year, the team still recommends
chartering as a means to not only obtain a fuller experience of what real world project
development is like in terms of management, documentation, money handling and external
relations, but to also establish the opportunity for future engineering students to take advantage
of what has been done and improve on it rather than starting from absolutely nothing every year
and working hard to accomplish things that have little to do with design and fabrication.
4.3. Conclusion
At this point in the Spirit of Randy’s development, the team has been successful in
achieving its main goal of building an organization, and is well on its way to competition. As the
design process progresses, the team continues to learn new things in various areas such as design
practice, manufacturing, business relations, and most importantly, slack and lead times. As the
competition approaches team is confident it will perform well at its first competition.
19. 19
5. References
Wilson, David Gordon, Jim Papadopoulos, and Frank Rowland. Whitt. Bicycling Science.
Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2004. Print.
"MatWeb - The Online Materials Information Resource." MatWeb - The Online Materials
Information Resource. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2015.
Appendix A: Cost Analysis
The following is cost information for the production of one Spirit of Randy vehicle.
Capital Investment
TIg Welder $1,000.00
Tube Notcher $2,500.00
Cut-Off saw $200.00
Assorted Small Tools $100.00
total $3,800.00
tooling
angle grinder $15.00
hole saws $20.00
Total $35.00
21. 21
4130 steel tubing (1-3/8x.035) $29.33
4130 steel sheet (.1 thick) $12.33
Wood for Ergometer/jig $3.00
Total $274.73
Labor Per Month
Per Hour $25
Hours per week 40
Number of workers 2
total $2,000
Overhead
Facility Per Month 1000 Sq ft. area
Rent $600.00
Utilities $1,000.00
Website Maintenance $25.00
New Tools/Repair $50.00
Consumables Per Month
Welding Filler Rod $20.00
Hole Saws $23.47
Spray Adhesive $10.00
Total $1,728.47