IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
In this paper three different cut patterns of brake disc are studied for heat transfer rate. Heat transfer rate increases with number of cuts in the disc. This is because large area is exposed to air which makes more heat transfer through conduction and convection. But increase in number and size of cuts decreases the strength of disc. And analysed thermally in ANSYS for different material and design created in CREO 3.0.
Static Structural Analysis of Vented and Non Vented Disc Brakeijtsrd
The current study essentially deals with the modeling and analyzing vented and non vented disc brake by CATIA and ANSYS. Finite element models of the brake disc are shaped with CATIA and simulated using ANSYS which is based on the finite element method. This study Structural analysis is done so as to get the strength of the disc brake. Here we discuss disc brake which is used in many vehicles. The stresses and variations developed in vented and non vented disc brakes are discussed using ANSYS software. Disc gets stressed when used in slowing down or stopping the vehicle. So that by using Ansys we can observe variations between stresses of vented and non vented disc brake. Disc brakes are mostly used on front wheels in two wheelers, hatchback cars and also widely used on both front and rear wheels of high end cars. The main aim of this paper is to minimize the Total deformation, Directional deformation, Equivalent stress and strain with best suited Material Analysis is done on both Vented and non vented disc brake. The Geometry of the models is carried out in the CATIA V5 R20 Software and is designed in Mechanical Design. The analysis part is done by using ANSYS R14.5 Software. Meesala Vanajakshi | Pothuraju. V. V. Satyanarayana | E. Lakshmi Devi "Static Structural Analysis of Vented and Non Vented Disc Brake" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26450.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/26450/static-structural-analysis-of-vented-and-non-vented-disc-brake/meesala-vanajakshi
DETERMINATION OF HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT OF BRAKE ROTOR DISC USING CFD SIMU...IAEME Publication
During engagement of clutches when vehicle is started or during engagement of clutch when vehicle is in motion, the friction clutch generates chatter or also called as Judder vibrations. The vibrational behaviour of friction clutches not only affects the dynamics of transmission system but also the vehicle as result of excitation transfer to body via suspensions and mountings. If excitation level is high then it may cause discomfort to passengers. In addition to those effects vibrations generated may cause wear of friction material and thereby reducing performance and life of clutches.
STRUCTURAL AND THERMAL ANALYSIS OF DISC BRAKE USING SOLIDWORKS AND ANSYSIAEME Publication
Braking system represents one of the most fundamental safety critical components in modern vehicles. Brake absorbs kinetic energy of the rotating parts (Wheels) and the energy is dissipated in the form of heat energy to the surrounding atmosphere. It decelerates or stops the vehicle. When brake is applied to the disc brake it is subjected to high stress, thus it may suffer structural and wear issues. Hence for the better performance, structural, stress and the thermal analysis is preferred to choose low stress material.
In this paper three different cut patterns of brake disc are studied for heat transfer rate. Heat transfer rate increases with number of cuts in the disc. This is because large area is exposed to air which makes more heat transfer through conduction and convection. But increase in number and size of cuts decreases the strength of disc. And analysed thermally in ANSYS for different material and design created in CREO 3.0.
Static Structural Analysis of Vented and Non Vented Disc Brakeijtsrd
The current study essentially deals with the modeling and analyzing vented and non vented disc brake by CATIA and ANSYS. Finite element models of the brake disc are shaped with CATIA and simulated using ANSYS which is based on the finite element method. This study Structural analysis is done so as to get the strength of the disc brake. Here we discuss disc brake which is used in many vehicles. The stresses and variations developed in vented and non vented disc brakes are discussed using ANSYS software. Disc gets stressed when used in slowing down or stopping the vehicle. So that by using Ansys we can observe variations between stresses of vented and non vented disc brake. Disc brakes are mostly used on front wheels in two wheelers, hatchback cars and also widely used on both front and rear wheels of high end cars. The main aim of this paper is to minimize the Total deformation, Directional deformation, Equivalent stress and strain with best suited Material Analysis is done on both Vented and non vented disc brake. The Geometry of the models is carried out in the CATIA V5 R20 Software and is designed in Mechanical Design. The analysis part is done by using ANSYS R14.5 Software. Meesala Vanajakshi | Pothuraju. V. V. Satyanarayana | E. Lakshmi Devi "Static Structural Analysis of Vented and Non Vented Disc Brake" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26450.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/26450/static-structural-analysis-of-vented-and-non-vented-disc-brake/meesala-vanajakshi
DETERMINATION OF HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT OF BRAKE ROTOR DISC USING CFD SIMU...IAEME Publication
During engagement of clutches when vehicle is started or during engagement of clutch when vehicle is in motion, the friction clutch generates chatter or also called as Judder vibrations. The vibrational behaviour of friction clutches not only affects the dynamics of transmission system but also the vehicle as result of excitation transfer to body via suspensions and mountings. If excitation level is high then it may cause discomfort to passengers. In addition to those effects vibrations generated may cause wear of friction material and thereby reducing performance and life of clutches.
STRUCTURAL AND THERMAL ANALYSIS OF DISC BRAKE USING SOLIDWORKS AND ANSYSIAEME Publication
Braking system represents one of the most fundamental safety critical components in modern vehicles. Brake absorbs kinetic energy of the rotating parts (Wheels) and the energy is dissipated in the form of heat energy to the surrounding atmosphere. It decelerates or stops the vehicle. When brake is applied to the disc brake it is subjected to high stress, thus it may suffer structural and wear issues. Hence for the better performance, structural, stress and the thermal analysis is preferred to choose low stress material.
Thermal and Structural Analysis Using Fea on Pillar Vains Type Ventilated Dis...IJSRD
Safety aspect in automotive engineering has been considered as a number one priority in development of new vehicle. Each single system has been studied and developed in order to meet safety requirement. Instead of having good suspension systems, Air bags, good handling and safe cornering, there is one most critical system in the vehicle which is brake systems. Without brake system in the vehicle will put a passenger in unsafe position. Therefore, it is must for all vehicles to have proper brake system. For the purpose of safety and increased life cycle of the disc brakes this paper deals with the design modification of a disc break so as to produce better thermal and structural performance.
The standard disc brake of a 4-wheeler model was done using Autodesk Mechanical Simulation through which the properties like deflection, heat flux and temperature of disc brake model were calculated. It is important to understand action force and friction force on the disc brake new material, how disc brake works more efficiently, which can help to reduce the accident that may happen at anytime.
ADVANCED TRANSIENT THERMAL AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF DISC BRAKE BY USING ANS...ijiert bestjournal
In these paper structural fields of the solid disc brake during short and emergency braking with four different materials is studied. The distribution of the tempe rature depends on the various factors such as frict ion,surface roughness and speed. The effect of the angular velo city and the contact pressure induces the temperatu re rise of disc brake. The finite element simulation for three -dimensional model was preferred due to the heat fl ux ratio constantly distributed in circumferential direction . Here value of temperature,friction contact power,nodal displacement and deformation for different pressure condition using analysis software with four materi als namely cast iron,cast steel,aluminium and carbon fibre reinforced plastic are taken. Presently the D isc brakes are made up of cast iron and cast steel. With the v alue of simulation result best suitable material fo r the brake drum with higher life span is determined.
BRAKE DISC ANALYSIS WITH THE HELP OF ANSYS SOFTWAREIAEME Publication
There is lot of upgrade in the technology of the automobile these days. Competition on the speed of vehicles going on in the market. But also this speed leads to accidents if vehicle don’t stop on time. Disc brakes in the vehicles give much better performance compare to drum to stop the vehicle also the heat generated during braking force can be easily dissipated as disc brakes are open to atmosphere. But the main problem is with the material used in the disc brakes in some vehicle. Manufacturers use disc of steel which have short life span and the weight is bulky near the tire.
DESIGN MODIFICATION OF DISC BRAKE AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF IT BY VARYING T...ijsrd.com
Automobile braking system is one of the most important mechanical devices among the others. The disc brake is a device that slows or stops the rotation of a wheel by converting the friction to heat. But if the brakes get too hot, they will cease to work as they cannot dissipate enough heat. This condition of failure is known as brake fade. Disc brakes are exposed to large thermal stresses during routine braking and extraordinary thermal stresses during hard braking. Ventilation applications on disc brake can significantly improve the brake system performance by reducing the heating of the discs. In this study, the thermal behavior as well as the performance of ventilated brake discs using different pattern of holes will be investigated at continuous brake conditions with finite element analysis and the results will be compared with a solid disc.
This Presentation shows the failure analysis of brake disc with help of case study of thermal fatigue cracks of fire fighting brake disc. It also include the component analysis of brake disc. The failure occurs due to the increase in temperature while applying hard braking.
Experimental Analysis and Investigation for Thermal Behaviour of Ventilated D...ijsrd.com
In the present review, we discuss works that have been published in the last 15 – 20 years that are based on the computational and experimental analysis of thermal properties of disc brake rotor of various types; new applications of the theory of heat conduction, convection and radiation. As the rapid development of computer engineering have led to a considerable increase in the number of solvable problems, and the refining of mathematical methods and approaches enables one to construct analytic solutions of these problems. In the paper, we outline the main directions of investigation of the processes of interaction of bodies with regard for heat release. We describe computational methods in more detail as compared with other approaches, because, to our mind, they are very promising for deriving simple engineering relations for braking processes on the basis of the equations of the thermal dynamics of friction; also the actual braking system is much transient and a lot of variable changes at a time which becomes very difficult to calculate experimentally.
Modeling and Thermal Analysis of Disc BrakeIJERA Editor
The disc brake is a device used for slowing or stopping the rotation of the vehicle. Number of times using the brake for vehicle leads to heat generation during braking event, such that disc brake undergoes breakage due to high Temperature. Disc brake model is done by CATIA and analysis is done by using ANSYS workbench. The main purpose of this project is to study the Thermal analysis of the Materials for the Aluminum, Grey Cast Iron, HSS M42, and HSS M2. A comparison between the four materials for the Thermal values and material properties obtained from the Thermal analysis low thermal gradient material is preferred. Hence best suitable design, low thermal gradient material Grey cast iron is preferred for the Disc Brakes for better performance.
Design & Analysis of a Disc Brake using Feaijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Design, Analysis and Manufacturing of Braking system for an Universal Terrain...EditorIJAERD
The paper represents the designing, analyzing and fabrication of braking system as well as suspension
system for a Universal terrain vehicle that too being inside the constraints in the Rulebook provided by Rally Car Design
Challenge.
The main idea behind braking system is to design, analyze as well as to simulate the Hydraulic disc type of brakes
installed on a Universal Terrain Vehicle. An UTV as the name suggests is designed to handle a vast variety of terrain
than that of other conventional vehicles. The Braking system which is the most important constraint for handling has
undergone a substantial amount of development in the past. Thus, the topic is focused on designing a form of mentioned
braking system incorporating dynamics of the vehicle with providing optimum performance of the vehicle while
minimizing driver’s efforts.
Parameters like Dynamic weight transfer, Static weight distribution ratio, Pedal force, and etcetera were evaluated to
attain the desired performance. As an UTV has to be stopped or slowed down more often in rough terrains, ability of the
vehicle to stop efficiently and in adequate time becomes imperative. The calipers were selected by using required
calculations and chosen from the systems available in market, the calculations were then validated using CATIA. The
design of Brake Discs were decided using the required calculations and also the caliper mountings on SOLIDWORKS
and will be manufactured later. The component designs are analyzed in ANSYS and checked whether they are compatible
for our vehicle.
THERMAL & STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS ON DISC BRAKE ROTOR WITH DRAFTING USING CATIA ...NitinSuryawanshi12
Project consist of two types of analysis thermal , structural & VBA Programming.
Thermal analysis is done to check the thermal resistance of model Honda Unicorn 160.
Structural analysis is done to find the strength of the model.
VBA programming is used to automate drafting task.
Structural and Thermal Analysis of Metal - Ceramic Disk BrakeIJSRD
Disk brakes are using from so many years in automotive and still researches are going on in this field for decreasing the temperature effect so that by this we can operate easily. Many new materials are introduced for the disk brake rotor to withstand high temperature produced during braking action. Apart from the high temperature property, the disc rotor materials must also have high thermal conductivity property, as this property decides the amount of heat dissipation to the air stream from the disk rotor. A brake material with good temperature and high thermal conductivity property gives maximum efficiency by overcoming the problem of thermo-mechanical instability [TEI] in the rotor which is more common in low thermal conductivity brake rotor material. In the present work, a Grey cast iron material and metal-ceramic has been chosen for the disk brake rotor. Number of methods before already introduced to know the history of the different materials related to disk brakes, analysis will be done in 2d and 3d in analytical and numerical methods. With different types of assumptions these numerical methods ranges from finite differences to finite elements. To conclude the temperature history for the Grey cast iron material, and metal-ceramic, a numerical simulation technique called finite element method is used. Transient analysis is carried out in ANSYS to predict temperature distribution as a function of time in the disk brake rotor. The results from the transient analysis are compared. As the brake rotor can be treated as the coupled field problem, it is mandatory to do structural analysis after performing thermal analysis in ANSYS to study the stability and rigidity behavior of the rotor material. The results from the transient analysis are given as the input to the structural analysis in order to conclude the stress distribution and displacement in disk brake rotor under thermal loading. The stability behavior of different brake rotor material is compared to facilitate the conceptual design of the disk brake system.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Thermal and Structural Analysis Using Fea on Pillar Vains Type Ventilated Dis...IJSRD
Safety aspect in automotive engineering has been considered as a number one priority in development of new vehicle. Each single system has been studied and developed in order to meet safety requirement. Instead of having good suspension systems, Air bags, good handling and safe cornering, there is one most critical system in the vehicle which is brake systems. Without brake system in the vehicle will put a passenger in unsafe position. Therefore, it is must for all vehicles to have proper brake system. For the purpose of safety and increased life cycle of the disc brakes this paper deals with the design modification of a disc break so as to produce better thermal and structural performance.
The standard disc brake of a 4-wheeler model was done using Autodesk Mechanical Simulation through which the properties like deflection, heat flux and temperature of disc brake model were calculated. It is important to understand action force and friction force on the disc brake new material, how disc brake works more efficiently, which can help to reduce the accident that may happen at anytime.
ADVANCED TRANSIENT THERMAL AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF DISC BRAKE BY USING ANS...ijiert bestjournal
In these paper structural fields of the solid disc brake during short and emergency braking with four different materials is studied. The distribution of the tempe rature depends on the various factors such as frict ion,surface roughness and speed. The effect of the angular velo city and the contact pressure induces the temperatu re rise of disc brake. The finite element simulation for three -dimensional model was preferred due to the heat fl ux ratio constantly distributed in circumferential direction . Here value of temperature,friction contact power,nodal displacement and deformation for different pressure condition using analysis software with four materi als namely cast iron,cast steel,aluminium and carbon fibre reinforced plastic are taken. Presently the D isc brakes are made up of cast iron and cast steel. With the v alue of simulation result best suitable material fo r the brake drum with higher life span is determined.
BRAKE DISC ANALYSIS WITH THE HELP OF ANSYS SOFTWAREIAEME Publication
There is lot of upgrade in the technology of the automobile these days. Competition on the speed of vehicles going on in the market. But also this speed leads to accidents if vehicle don’t stop on time. Disc brakes in the vehicles give much better performance compare to drum to stop the vehicle also the heat generated during braking force can be easily dissipated as disc brakes are open to atmosphere. But the main problem is with the material used in the disc brakes in some vehicle. Manufacturers use disc of steel which have short life span and the weight is bulky near the tire.
DESIGN MODIFICATION OF DISC BRAKE AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF IT BY VARYING T...ijsrd.com
Automobile braking system is one of the most important mechanical devices among the others. The disc brake is a device that slows or stops the rotation of a wheel by converting the friction to heat. But if the brakes get too hot, they will cease to work as they cannot dissipate enough heat. This condition of failure is known as brake fade. Disc brakes are exposed to large thermal stresses during routine braking and extraordinary thermal stresses during hard braking. Ventilation applications on disc brake can significantly improve the brake system performance by reducing the heating of the discs. In this study, the thermal behavior as well as the performance of ventilated brake discs using different pattern of holes will be investigated at continuous brake conditions with finite element analysis and the results will be compared with a solid disc.
This Presentation shows the failure analysis of brake disc with help of case study of thermal fatigue cracks of fire fighting brake disc. It also include the component analysis of brake disc. The failure occurs due to the increase in temperature while applying hard braking.
Experimental Analysis and Investigation for Thermal Behaviour of Ventilated D...ijsrd.com
In the present review, we discuss works that have been published in the last 15 – 20 years that are based on the computational and experimental analysis of thermal properties of disc brake rotor of various types; new applications of the theory of heat conduction, convection and radiation. As the rapid development of computer engineering have led to a considerable increase in the number of solvable problems, and the refining of mathematical methods and approaches enables one to construct analytic solutions of these problems. In the paper, we outline the main directions of investigation of the processes of interaction of bodies with regard for heat release. We describe computational methods in more detail as compared with other approaches, because, to our mind, they are very promising for deriving simple engineering relations for braking processes on the basis of the equations of the thermal dynamics of friction; also the actual braking system is much transient and a lot of variable changes at a time which becomes very difficult to calculate experimentally.
Modeling and Thermal Analysis of Disc BrakeIJERA Editor
The disc brake is a device used for slowing or stopping the rotation of the vehicle. Number of times using the brake for vehicle leads to heat generation during braking event, such that disc brake undergoes breakage due to high Temperature. Disc brake model is done by CATIA and analysis is done by using ANSYS workbench. The main purpose of this project is to study the Thermal analysis of the Materials for the Aluminum, Grey Cast Iron, HSS M42, and HSS M2. A comparison between the four materials for the Thermal values and material properties obtained from the Thermal analysis low thermal gradient material is preferred. Hence best suitable design, low thermal gradient material Grey cast iron is preferred for the Disc Brakes for better performance.
Design & Analysis of a Disc Brake using Feaijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Design, Analysis and Manufacturing of Braking system for an Universal Terrain...EditorIJAERD
The paper represents the designing, analyzing and fabrication of braking system as well as suspension
system for a Universal terrain vehicle that too being inside the constraints in the Rulebook provided by Rally Car Design
Challenge.
The main idea behind braking system is to design, analyze as well as to simulate the Hydraulic disc type of brakes
installed on a Universal Terrain Vehicle. An UTV as the name suggests is designed to handle a vast variety of terrain
than that of other conventional vehicles. The Braking system which is the most important constraint for handling has
undergone a substantial amount of development in the past. Thus, the topic is focused on designing a form of mentioned
braking system incorporating dynamics of the vehicle with providing optimum performance of the vehicle while
minimizing driver’s efforts.
Parameters like Dynamic weight transfer, Static weight distribution ratio, Pedal force, and etcetera were evaluated to
attain the desired performance. As an UTV has to be stopped or slowed down more often in rough terrains, ability of the
vehicle to stop efficiently and in adequate time becomes imperative. The calipers were selected by using required
calculations and chosen from the systems available in market, the calculations were then validated using CATIA. The
design of Brake Discs were decided using the required calculations and also the caliper mountings on SOLIDWORKS
and will be manufactured later. The component designs are analyzed in ANSYS and checked whether they are compatible
for our vehicle.
THERMAL & STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS ON DISC BRAKE ROTOR WITH DRAFTING USING CATIA ...NitinSuryawanshi12
Project consist of two types of analysis thermal , structural & VBA Programming.
Thermal analysis is done to check the thermal resistance of model Honda Unicorn 160.
Structural analysis is done to find the strength of the model.
VBA programming is used to automate drafting task.
Structural and Thermal Analysis of Metal - Ceramic Disk BrakeIJSRD
Disk brakes are using from so many years in automotive and still researches are going on in this field for decreasing the temperature effect so that by this we can operate easily. Many new materials are introduced for the disk brake rotor to withstand high temperature produced during braking action. Apart from the high temperature property, the disc rotor materials must also have high thermal conductivity property, as this property decides the amount of heat dissipation to the air stream from the disk rotor. A brake material with good temperature and high thermal conductivity property gives maximum efficiency by overcoming the problem of thermo-mechanical instability [TEI] in the rotor which is more common in low thermal conductivity brake rotor material. In the present work, a Grey cast iron material and metal-ceramic has been chosen for the disk brake rotor. Number of methods before already introduced to know the history of the different materials related to disk brakes, analysis will be done in 2d and 3d in analytical and numerical methods. With different types of assumptions these numerical methods ranges from finite differences to finite elements. To conclude the temperature history for the Grey cast iron material, and metal-ceramic, a numerical simulation technique called finite element method is used. Transient analysis is carried out in ANSYS to predict temperature distribution as a function of time in the disk brake rotor. The results from the transient analysis are compared. As the brake rotor can be treated as the coupled field problem, it is mandatory to do structural analysis after performing thermal analysis in ANSYS to study the stability and rigidity behavior of the rotor material. The results from the transient analysis are given as the input to the structural analysis in order to conclude the stress distribution and displacement in disk brake rotor under thermal loading. The stability behavior of different brake rotor material is compared to facilitate the conceptual design of the disk brake system.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A simple and effective scheme to find malicious node in wireless sensor networkeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Efficient distributed detection of node replication attacks in mobile sensor ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Comparative study of various supervisedclassification methodsforanalysing def...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Design issues and challenges of reliable and secure transmission of medical i...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Modelling and analysis of single circular grooves made on dry friction clutcheseSAT Journals
Abstract
We all know that clutch is a machine member and is generally used for to engage and disengage the transmission and change the gear it connect the two shafts that is driving shaft to the driven shaft that’s why if there is starting or stop the driven shaft there will be with or without the stopping of the driving shaft. So in this paper we are going to modelling and analyzed the single circular grooves which are made on the friction disc. And also will take the result of the torque transmission capacity which will be produce at the single circular grooves disc. Here we are going to analyze over ansys and will take the model in catiav5.
Modelling and analysis of single circular grooves made on dry friction clutcheseSAT Journals
Abstract
We all know that clutch is a machine member and is generally used for to engage and disengage the transmission and change the gear it connect the two shafts that is driving shaft to the driven shaft that’s why if there is starting or stop the driven shaft there will be with or without the stopping of the driving shaft. So in this paper we are going to modelling and analyzed the single circular grooves which are made on the friction disc. And also will take the result of the torque transmission capacity which will be produce at the single circular grooves disc. Here we are going to analyze over ansys and will take the model in catiav5.
Keywords: Clutch, Single Circular Grooves, Torque, Lining Material Etc.
Modelling and analysis of multicopter frame and propellereSAT Journals
Abstract Man with the advancement of technology invented various UAV’s and flying machines. These can be used for various purposes. Most of them are extensively used for defense purposes and the rest are used even in domestic purposes. A Quadrocopter, commonly called as Quadrotor, is a UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) which was propelled and lifted by four rotors. Battery was used as a power source to run the motors, thereby propellers. Modeling and Analyzing are the two important unavoidable steps in manufacturing any component or structure. In this paper we were concentrating on design and analysis of a Quadrocopter frame and propeller. The modeling was carried out using advanced software, named PRO-E while the analysis of components was done using ANSYS 13.0 version. The results obtained were compared with the various properties of frame materials which tell us whether the design made was safe or not. Keywords: Ansys, Multicopter, Pro/E
Abstract 3D Printing is a process of manufacturing the product on the layer by layer. And it is best processes for producing a finished objects. It was started in 1980‟s with the invention of stereo lithography. It has gone through various ups and downs throughout its development and rejection of new technologies. In this paper, we h3ave summarized the printing of hollow compounds with different shapes. Applications of 3D printed hollow compounds are turbine blades, gears, disc brakes etc. One of the major application of 3D printing is hollow turbine blade. A turbine blade is the individual components. These are used to up the turbine section of a gas turbine. The blades must designed to withstand the high pressure and high temperature comings from combustor. These 3D printed hollow compounds has same strength as solid compounds when compared. Major advantages of the Hollow shaped compounds are heat transfer, low material cost. The aim of the paper is to reduce the cost of material and easy manufacturing of hollow compounds compared to traditional process and taken hollow turbine blade as example. Keywords: hollow compounds, 3D printing, turbine blades, Additive manufacturing.
Finite element analysis of single cylinder engineLaukik Raut
This paper deals with, the problem occurred in single cylinder engine crank shaft. It consist of static structural
and fatigue analysis of single cylinder engine crank shaft. It identifies and solves the problem by using the
modeling and simulation techniques. The topic was chosen because of increasing interest in higher payloads,
lower weight, higher efficiency and shorter load cycles in crankshaft. The main work was to model the crank
shaft with dimensions and then simulate the crank shaft for static structural and fatigue analysis. The modeling
software used is PRO-E wildfire 4.0 for modeling the crank shaft. The analysis software ANSYS will be used for
structural and fatigue analysis of crank shaft for future work. The material for crank shaft is EN9 and other
alternate materials on which analysis will be done are SAE 1045, SAE 1137, SAE 3140, and Nickel Cast Iron.
The objectives involves modeling and analysis of crank shaft, so as to identify the effect of stresses on crank
shaft, to compare various materials and to provide possible solution.
Numerical study of disk drive rotating flow structure in the cavityeSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper aim in conducting the numerical simulation of laminar flow to explore disk-driven vortical flow structure of a cubical
container subjected to a disk rotation on the roof of the container in different Reynolds numbers to observe the flow structure and
the reason of vortical flow form. For this study, finite difference method with dispersion-relation- preserving (DRP) scheme is
dispersed governing equations space term, but adopt time term with TVD Runge-Kutta method. To add accuracy of numerical,
this thesis also uses topology theory to analyze the characteristic of singular point. Three-dimensional vertical flow is observed
flow structure and move to condition. The result to obtain Reynolds numbers to increase attracting spiral nodes increasingly
approaches the floor of the cavity. We have also depicted the vertical flow structure in terms of cortex cores which provide more
details about how change of the Reynolds number
Keywords: disk-driven, finite difference method, dispersion-relation-preserving (DRP), Runge-Kutta, topology theory
Study of analysis of bus passenger tie rod a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract This paper focuses on the study of buckling load on the Tie rod of steering system that undergoes an axial compression. Because of the external factors like road condition, different driving situations, different road adhesion, traffic conditions, vibrations and sudden jerks are sets up in tie rod. Tie rod generally buckle under the action of compressive force due to the large ratio of tie rod length to its radius of gyration. When it becomes worn out, steering will become more difficult and the vehicle will also typically be pulling or dragging to either side. Thus the aim of the project is to analyze tie rod for to improve the mass and buckling load of tie rod and to find out maximum deformation and stress. Present research is divided in two parts. First, to conduct survey amongst the buses, examine the causes of failure and second is to design and analysis to recommend best possible alternatives of Tie Rod with the aid of advanced design tools like CAD. Tie Rod failure is one of the major problems facing for MSRTC workshop supervisor. Key Words: Buckling Load, Compressive Load, CAD, FEM, MSRTC Bus, Tie Rod etc…
Numerical simulation and optimization of high performance supersonic nozzle a...eSAT Journals
Abstract The Principle purpose of a nozzle is to accelerate the flow to higher exit velocities. The fluid acceleration is based on the design criteria and characteristics. To achieve good performance characteristics with minimum energy losses a nozzle must satisfy all the design requirements at all operating conditions. This is possible only when the nozzle theory is assumed to be isentropic irrespective of the changes in pressure, temperature and density which is generally caused due to formation of a Shock Wave. The thesis focuses on the design, development and optimization of a Supersonic Convergent-Divergent Nozzle where the analytical results are validated using theory calculations. The simulation work is carried out for CD Nozzles with different angles of divergence keeping the other inputs fixed. The objective of the proposed thesis is to show the best Expansion ratio, Nozzle Pressure ratio (NPR) and Nozzle Area Ratio(NAR) where the thrust obtained by the supersonic nozzle is maximum. The simulation is then repeated for expansion gas the results of which are later compared with standard air to show which possesses better performance characteristics. The Nozzle design chosen is based upon existing literature studies. Key Words: CD Nozzle, Expansion Ratio, Nozzle Pressure Ratio (NPR), Nozzle Area Ratio(NAR),Divergence Angle etc…
This paper presents the life estimation of the diffuser structure. Literature shows that the welds are the source of failure in case of welded structure; hence the estimation of its life is very critical. There are two kinds of methods for life estimation stress life approach and strain life approach which have been validated for simple problems. Stress life approach was identified as appropriate for life estimation of the variable diffuser. There are papers indicating the methodology for life estimation using commercial software for life prediction. Here, Optistruct- Hyper-Works for pre-processing and solver and Hyper-View- Hyper-Works for post processing has been used for the indeterminate structure, complex loading and boundary condition. The mathematical model subjected to the variable pressure contours for a particular Mach No., with the gimbal joint boundary condition at the test section end and the roller support at the other end. In this paper stress and fatigue analysis of the variable diffuser has been carried out and life of the variable diffuser has been estimated.
Optimization study on trailer arm chassis by finite element methodeSAT Journals
Abstract: Chassis is the important part of an automobile. It supports the body and different parts of an automobile. Chassis consists of engine, brakes, power train, steering system and wheels mounted on a frame. Ƭhe frame is the main part of the chassis on which remaining parts of chassis are placed. Ƭhe chassis should be rigid enough to withstand the twist, shock, stresses, vibrations and bending moments to which it is subjected while vehicle is moving on road. Ƭhe trailer arm chassis frame has to carry and sustain the heavy loads which are applied on it. Hence it is very important to design and analysis of the trailer arm chassis frame. Ƭhe design of trailer arm chassis is carried out by taking the base model structure of chassis as a standard. The optimization technique to redesign Chassis (Frame) of a trailer is carried out here. The trailer had dimensional limits and must be able to reduce the overall size and shape and still lift the same amount of load. Different load cases with given boundary conditions & loadings are used. Ƭo improve the performance of the chassis finite element analysis is carried for various alternatives. Ƭhe analysis is performed by varying the thickness, shape and material to get the best possible design of the chassis. Static analysis is carried out for both basic and modified designs to determine the high stress regions, maximum displacement, and normal stress at critical positions of the chassis. Normal modal analysis for base model is carried out to find the first natural frequency. Normal modal analysis is carried out for all modified designs to improve the first natural frequency of the chassis in order to avoid the resonance. The whole challenging task, starting with pre processing, analysis and post processing is completed using Altair’s HyperMesh, Abaqus and HyperView FE package. Key Words: Trailer arm chassis, Static analysis and Modal analysis.
Abstract This Paper Proposes is to design a magnetic actuator to deal with the modeling and optimization of Solenoid actuator (Magnetic Actuator). The design is very important step for the study proportional solenoid valve. The magnetic actuator includes design optimization, micro analysis and calculations and experimental characterization one of the magnetic actuator. All these magnetic actuators work in sub- micron level movement used in micro system and valve applications. Proportional solenoid valve designed in find out the magnetic force (N), magnetic field intensity (A/m), magnetic flux density (Tesla or wb/m2). To enhance the magnetic force and reduction of size by magnetic field in air gap of solenoid valve. Permanent magnetic bias magnetic actuator study for bidirectional application using different permanent magnet material and optimization of size of armature. Key Words: Electromagnet, Solenoid actuator, Modeling, Design Rules,
Drop test simulation on pen drive by using ansyseSAT Journals
Abstract
Stress is plays an important role in a structural safety of the component and integral assemblies. Structural analysis comprises the set of physical laws and mathematics required to study and predict the behavior of structures. In the present work, Drop test analysis on a pen-drive with different materials is carried out using ANSYS, to evaluate the structural safety of component, when pen-drive is falling on ground with random velocity. Developing CAD model, meshing and results are analyzed by using ANSYS. Dimensions of pen-drive are considered with respect to industrial standards. Material properties are selected as per the ASTM standard (A36). This work comes under two categories. Initially carbon steel is used for the drop test analysis. Later carbon steel is replaced by kinematic inelastic material (Plastic material) to find the structural safety of component under drop test boundary conditions. Finally results are comparing with both materials value. Keywords: Pendrive model, Steel and kinematic bilinear materials , structural safety, and ANSYS.
Structural and Thermal Analysis of a Single Plate Dry Friction Clutch Using F...dbpublications
B,
India
Abstract:
A clutch is a critical component of a
vehicle to transfer torque and speed from a driving
shaft to a driven shaft with the use of friction. The
efficiency of the clutch depends enormously on
friction that result in heat generation during
engagement and disengagement. Rapid heat
dissipation is primordial to prevent the friction
plate from reaching the fade temperature where
friction coefficient decreases. The present study is
an attempt to model and analyze structural
deformation, stress concentration, elastic strain,
thermal gradient and heat flux distribution of a
copper alloy friction lining and structural steel
friction lining of a clutch plate with the help of
finite elements methods software. It is observed
that copper alloy frictional lining of clutch plate
dissipates frictional heat at a faster rate than
structural steel frictional lining of clutch plate. The
design is done in Solidworks 2016 and the FEM
analysis is carried out using ANSYS 16.0 Transient
Structural and Steady State Thermal workb
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Design and testing of automobile exhaust systemeSAT Journals
Abstract The aim of this paper is to provide deeper understanding of the dynamics of automobile exhaust system to provide a basis for the improved design & development of computationally inexpensive theoretical system model. Modeling, simulation & experimental investigation of a typical exhaust system are performed to gain such an understanding & to evaluate modeling ideas. These models incorporate adjustable flexibility in their connection to the exhaust pipes & a procedure is developed for automatic updating of these parameters to obtain better correlation with experimental results. The agreement between the simulation results of the updated models & experimental results is very good, which confirms the usability of these models. The main objective of this project is to design exhaust system and to compare its performance with an existing system available. The newly designed exhaust system shows lower back pressure which ultimately results better performance of the engine. Low vibration levels are critical to achievee in automobile exhaust system . It is therefore important design engineers to be able to predict, explain & assess the dynamics of various system design proposals during product development. Keywords: Automobile Exhaust system, Analysis, Testing
Abstract: Crushers may be used to reduce the size, or change the form, of waste materials so they can be more easily disposed of or recycled, or to reduce the size of a solid mix of raw materials (as in rock ore), so that pieces of different composition can be differentiated. Crushing is the process of transferring a force amplified by mechanical advantage through a material made of molecules that bond together more strongly, and resist deformation more, than those in the material being crushed do. Crushing devices hold material between two parallel or tangent solid surfaces, and apply sufficient force to bring the surfaces together to generate enough energy within the material being crushed so that its molecules separate from (fracturing), or change alignment in relation to (deformation), each other. The earliest crushers were hand-held stones, where the weight of the stone provided a boost to muscle power, used against a stone anvil. Querns and mortars are types of these crushing devices. We are designing and analyzing a special kind of crushing machine which is connected to the flywheel of a tractor by means of PTO shaft (power takeoff shaft). This machine is intended to crush the organic material such as bio-waste. While the tractor on moving the machine can work through PTO shaft. Thus the degradation and disposal of bio waste become in simple manner.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 01 Issue: 04 | Dec-2012, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 539
COUPLED STRUCTUAL / THERMAL ANALYSIS OF DISC BRAKE
Guru Murthy Nathi1
, T N Charyulu2
, K.Gowtham3
, P Satish Reddy4
1
M.tech student, Mechanical Department, NOVA College of Engineering and technology, Andhra Pradesh, India,
2
Associate Professor, Mechanical Department NOVA College of Engineering and technology, Andhra Pradesh, India,
3
Assistant Professor, Mechanical Department, KIMS College of Engineering, Andhra Pradesh, India,
4
Assistant Professor, Mechanical Department, PRASIDDHA College of Engineering, Andhra Pradesh, India,
murthy408@gmail.com, tnchoney@gmail.com, gautam_universalpal@yahoo.co.in, satish2436@gmail.com
Abstract
The motive of undertaking this project of “Coupled Structural / Thermal Analysis of Disc Brake” is to study and evaluate the
performance under severe braking conditions and there by assist in disc rotor design and analysis. This study is of disc brake used for
cars. ANSYS package is a dedicated finite element package used for determining the temperature distribution, variation of stresses
and deformation across the disc brake profile. In this present work, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of stiffness,
strength and variations in disc brake rotor design on the predicted stress and temperature distributions. By identifying the true design
features, the extended service life and long term stability is assured. A transient thermal analysis has been carried out to investigate
the temperature variation across the disc using axisymmetric elements. Further structural analysis is also carried out by coupling
thermal analysis.
An attempt is also made to suggest a best combination of material and flange width used for disc brake rotor, which yields a low
temperature variation across the rotor, less deformation, and minimum vonmises stress possible.
Index Terms: Disc Brake, ANSYS, Thermal analysis, Structural analysis, and Transient thermal analysis
-----------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction:
A brake is a device by means of which artificial frictional
resistance is applied to moving machine member, in order to
stop the motion of a machine.
In the process of performing this function, the brakes absorb
either kinetic energy of the moving member or the potential
energy given up by objects being lowered by hoists, elevators
etc. The energy absorbed by brakes is dissipated in the form of
heat. This heat is dissipated in to the surrounding atmosphere.
1.2 Braking requirements:
1. The brakes must be strong enough to stop the vehicle with
in a minimum Distance in an emergency.
2. The driver must have proper control over the vehicle during
braking and the vehicle must not skid.
3. The brakes must have good antifade characteristics i.e. their
effectiveness should not decrease with constant prolonged
application.
4. The brakes should have good anti wear properties.
Classification of brakes (based on transformation of
energy):
Hydraulic brakes.
Electric brakes.
Mechanical brakes.
The mechanical brakes according to the direction of acting
force may be sub divided into the following two groups:
1. Radial brakes.
2. Axial brakes.
1.3 Radial brakes:
In these brakes the force acting on the brake drum is in radial
direction. The radial brake may be subdivided into external
brakes and internal brakes.
1.4 Axial brakes:
In these brakes the force acting on the brake drum is only in
the axial direction.
e.g. Disc brakes, Cone brakes.
Disc brakes:
A disc brake consists of a cast iron disc bolted to the wheel
hub and a stationary housing called caliper. The caliper is
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 01 Issue: 04 | Dec-2012, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 540
connected to some stationary part of the vehicle, like the axle
casing or the stub axle and is cast in two parts, each part
containing a piston. In between each piston and the disc, there
is a friction pad held in position by retaining pins, spring
plates etc. passages are drilled in the caliper for the fluid to
enter or leave each housing. These passages are also
connected to another one for bleeding. Each cylinder contains
rubber-sealing ring between the cylinder and piston. A
schematic diagram is shown in the figure.
Principle:
The principle used is the applied force (pressure) acts on the
brake pads, which comes into contac with the moving disc. At
this point of time due to friction the relative motion is
constrained.
Fig -1: working principle of disc brake
Working:
When the brakes are applied, hydraulically actuated pistons
move the friction pads in to contact with the disc, applying
equal and opposite forces on the later. On releasing the brakes
the rubber-sealing ring acts as return spring and retracts the
pistons and the friction pads away from the disc.
The main components of the disc brake are:
The Brake pads
The caliper, which contains the piston
The Rotor, which is mounted to the hub
Most car disc brakes are vented as shown in the below figure:
Fig -2: Vents provided on Disc Brakes
Vented disc brakes have a set of vanes, between the two sides
of the disc that pumps air through the disc to provide artificial
cooling.
Fig -3: Location of Disc Brake in a car
Objectives of the project:
The present investigation is aimed to study:
1. The given disc brake rotor for its stability and
rigidity (for this Thermal analysis and coupled
structural analysis is carried out on a given disc
brake rotor).
2. Best combination of parameters of disc brake rotor
like Flange width and material there by a best
combination is suggested. (for this three different
combinations in each case is analyzed)
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 01 Issue: 04 | Dec-2012, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 541
2. FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
2.1. Introduction to finite element method:
The finite element method is a powerful tool to obtain the
numerical solution of wide range of engineering problem. The
method is general enough to handle any complex shape or
geometry, for any material under different boundary and
loading conditions. The generality of the finite element
method fits the analysis requirement of today‟s complex
engineering systems and designs where closed form solutions
of governing equilibrium equations are usually not available.
In addition, it is an efficient design tool by which designers
can perform parametric design studies by considering various
design cases, (different shapes, materials, loads, etc.) and
analyze them to choose the optimum design.
The method originated in the aerospace industry as a tool to
study stress in a complex airframe structures. It grows out of
what was called the matrix analysis method used in aircraft
design. The method has gained increased popularity among
both researchers and practitioners. The basic concept of finite
element method is that a body or structure may be divided into
small elements of finite dimensions called “finite elements”.
The original body or the structure is then considered, as an
assemblage of these elements connected at a finite number of
joints called nodes or nodal points.
2.2. History of finite element method:
The concept of finite element method has been used several
centuries back, although it has named recently. Basic ideas of
the finite element method originated from the aircraft
structural analysis, the concept of finite element method was
first used by courant in 1943. He used the principle of
stationary potential energy and piece-wise polynomial
interpolation over triangular sub regions, to study the torsion
problems. In 1956 Turner and Clough derived stiffness
matrices for truss, beam and other elements in their
presentation. The term finite element was first coined and used
by Clough in 1960. Paper presented by the Clough and Turner
presents the application of simple finite elements for the
analysis of aircraft structure and is considered as one of the
key contribution in the development of the finite element
method. The digital computer provided performs many
calculations rapidly involved in the finite element analysis and
make the method practical viable. Along with development of
high-speed digital computers, the application of the finite
element method also progressed at a very impressive rate.
Large general-purpose finite element computer program
emerged during the late 1960s and early1970s.
In the early 1960s, engineers used the method for approximate
solution of problems in stress analysis, fluid flow, heat transfer
and other areas. The book by Prezemieniecki presented the
finite element method as applied to the solution of stress
analysis problems. Zienkiewicz and Cheung presented the
broad interpretation of the method and its applicability to any
general field problem. In the late 1960s and early 1970s finite
element analysis was applied to non-linear problems and large
deformations. In 1963, the finite element method gained
popularity, when it was recognized as having a sound
mathematical foundation. In 1970s study is focused on new
element development and convergence studies. With this
broad interpretation of the finite element method, it has been
found that using a weighted residual method such as Galerkin
method or least squares approach can also derive finite
element equations. With all the progress, today the finite
element method or least squares approach is considering as
one of the well-established and convenient analysis tool by
engineers and applied scientists.
2.3. General procedure of finite element method:
The finite element method is a method of piecewise
approximation in which the structure or body is divided into
small elements of finite dimensions called finite elements and
then the original body or the structure is considered as an
assemblage of these elements connected at finite number of
joints called nodal points or nodes. Since the actual variation
of field variables like displacement, stress, temperature,
pressure or velocity inside the continuum are not known, the
variation of the field variable inside a finite element can be
approximated by a simple function. These approximation
functions called interpolation models are defined in terms of
the values of the field variables of the nodes. The nodal values
of the field variable are obtained by solving the field
equations, which are generally in the form of matrix equations.
Once the nodal values are known, the approximating functions
define the field variable throughout the assemblage of
elements.
The solutions of general continuum problems by the finite
element method always follow an orderly step-by-step
process.
The step-by-step procedure for static structural problem can be
stated as follows:
Step 1:- Description of Structure (Domain).
The first step in the finite element method is to divide the
structure of solution region in to sub divisions or elements.
Step 2:- Selection of proper interpolation model.
Since the displacement (field variable) solution of a complex
structure under any specified load conditions cannot be
predicted exactly, we assume some suitable solution, within an
element to approximate the unknown solution. The assumed
solution must be simple and it should satisfy certain
convergence requirements.
Step 3:- Derivation of element stiffness matrices
(characteristic matrices) and load vectors.
From the assumed displacement model the stiffness matrix
[K(e)] and the load vector P(e) of element „e‟ are to be derived
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by using either equilibrium conditions or a suitable Variation
principle.
Step 4:- Assemblage of element equations to obtain the
equilibrium equations.
Since the structure is composed of several finite elements, the
individual element stiffness matrices and load vectors are to be
assembled in a suitable manner and the overall equilibrium
equation has to be formulated as
[K]φ = P
Where [K] is called assembled stiffness matrix,
Φ is called the vector of nodal displacement and
P is the vector or nodal force for the complete structure.
Step 5:- Solution of system equation to find nodal values of
displacement (field variable)
The overall equilibrium equations have to be modified to
account for the boundary conditions of the problem. After the
incorporation of the boundary conditions, the equilibrium
equations can be expressed as,
[K]φ = P
For linear problems, the vector „φ‟ can be solved very easily.
But for non-linear problems, the solution has to be obtained in
a sequence of steps, each step involving the modification of
the stiffness matrix [K] and „φ‟ or the load vector P.
Step 6:- Computation of element strains and stresses.
From the known nodal displacements, if required, the element
strains and stresses can be computed by using the necessary
equations of solid or structural mechanics.
In the above steps, the words indicated in brackets implement
the general FEM step-by-step procedure.
2.4. Convergence requirement:
The finite element method provides a numerical solution to a
complex problem. It may therefore be expected that the
solution must converge to the exact formulation of the
structure. Hence as the mesh is made finer the solution should
converge to the correct result and this would be achieved if the
following three conditions were satisfied by the assumed
displacement function.
The displacement function must be continuous within the
element. Choosing polynomials for the displacement
model can easily satisfy this condition.
The displacement function must be capable of representing
rigid body displacement of the element. This is when the
nodes are given such displacement corresponding to a rigid
body motion; the element should not experience and hence
leads to zero nodal forces. The constant terms in the
polynomials used for displacement models would usually
ensure this condition.
The displacement function must be capable of representing
constant strain states within the element. The reason for
the requirement can be understood if we imagine the
condition when the body or structure is divided in to
smaller and smaller elements. As these elements approach
infinitesimal size the strain in each element also approach
constant strain states. For one, two and three-dimensional
elasticity problems the linear terms present in the
polynomials satisfy the requirement. However, in constant
curvature instead of constant strains.
2.5. Advantages of fem:
The properties of each element are evaluated separately, so an
obvious advantage is that we can incorporate different
material properties for each element. Thus almost any degree
of non-homogeneity can be included. There is no restriction
on to the shape of medium; hence arbitrary and irregular
shapes cause no difficulty like all numerical approximations
FEM is based on the concept of description. Nevertheless as
either the variations or residual approach, the technology
recognizes the multidimensional continuous but also requires
no separate interpolation process to extend the approximate
solution to every point with the continuum.
One of the important advantages of FEM is that it makes use
of boundary conditions in the form of assembled equations.
This is relatively an easy process and requires no special
technology. Rather than requiring every trial solution to satisfy
boundary conditions, one prescribes the conditions after
obtaining the algebraic equations for individual‟s finite
elements.
2.6. Limitations in fem:
FEM reached high level of development as solution
technology; however the method yields realistic results only if
coefficient or material parameters that describe basic
phenomena are available.
The most tedious aspects of use of FEM are basic process of
sub-dividing the continuum of generating error free input data
for computer.
2.7. Applications of fem:
The finite element method was developed originally for the
analysis of aircraft structures. However, the general nature of
its theory makes it applicable to wide variety of boundary
value problem in engineering. A boundary value problem is
one in which a solution is sought in domain or region of a
body subject to the satisfaction of prescribed boundary
conditions. Finite element method is the best tool in
investigation of aircraft structures involving static analysis of
wings, structures of rockets and missiles, dynamic analysis,
response to random loads and periodic loads. In mechanical
design, stress concentration problems, stress analysis of
pressure vessels, dynamic analysis of mechanical linkages can
be effectively dealt using finite element method.
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The specific application of the finite element method in the
three major categories of boundary value problems, namely
equilibrium of steady state or time independent problems,
Eigen value problems, and propagation or transient problems.
In the equilibrium problems steady state displacement or stress
distribution is found for a solid mechanics problem,
temperature or heat flux distribution in the case of heat
transfer problem. Referring to Eigen value problems in solid
mechanics or structural problem, natural frequencies, buckling
loads and mode shapes are found, stability of laminar flows is
found if it is a fluid mechanics problem and resonance
characteristics are obtained if it is an electrical circuit
problem, while for the propagation or transient problem, the
response of the body under time varying force is found in the
area of solid mechanics.
Finite element method finds its application in the field of civil
engineering in carrying out the static analysis of trusses,
frames and bridges. The dynamic analysis of the structure is to
obtain natural frequencies, modes and response of the
structures to periodic loads. Nuclear engineering also uses
finite element method concept in the static and dynamic
characterization of its systems such as nuclear pressure
vessels, containment structure and dynamic response of
reactor component containment structures. Even the Bio-
medical engineering applies finite element method, for impact
analysis of skulls. Finite element method can be applied to
analysis of excavation, underground openings and dynamic
analysis of dam reservoir systems, which come under Geo-
mechanics.
3. FEA SOFTWARE – ANSYS
3.1 Introduction to ANSYS Program:
Dr. John Swanson founded ANSYS. Inc in 1970 with a vision
to commercialize the concept of computer simulated
engineering, establishing himself as one of the pioneers of
Finite Element Analysis (FEA). ANSYS inc. supports the
ongoing development of innovative technology and delivers
flexible, enterprise wide engineering systems that enable
companies to solve the full range of analysis problem,
maximizing their existing investments in software and
hardware. ANSYS Inc. continues its role as a technical
innovator. It also supports a process-centric approach to
design and manufacturing, allowing the users to avoid
expensive and time-consuming “built and break” cycles.
ANSYS analysis and simulation tools give customers ease-of-
use, data compatibility, multi platform support and coupled
field multi-physics capabilities.
3.2 Evolution of ANSYS Program:
ANSYS has evolved into multipurpose design analysis
software program, recognized around the world for its many
capabilities. Today the program is extremely powerful and
easy to use. Each release hosts new and enhanced capabilities
that make the program more flexible, more usable and faster.
In this way ANSYS helps engineers meet the pressures and
demands modern product development environment.
3.3 Overview of the program:
The ANSYS program is flexible, robust design analysis and
optimization package. The software operates on major
computers and operating systems, from PCs to workstations
and to super computers. ANSYS features file compatibility
throughout the family of products and across all platforms.
ANSYS design data access enables user to import computer
aided design models in to ANSYS, eliminating repeated work.
This ensures enterprise wide, flexible engineering solution for
all ANSYS user.
User Interface:
Although the ANSYS program has extensive and complex
capabilities, its organization and user-friendly graphical user
interface makes it easy to learn and use.
There are four graphical methods to instruct the ANSYS
program:
1. Menus.
2. Dialog Boxes
3. Tool bar.
4. Direct input of commands.
Menus:
Menus are groupings of related functions or operating the
analysis program located in individual windows. These
include:
Utility menu
Main menu
Input window
Graphics window
Tool bar
Dialog boxes
Dialog boxes:
Windows that present the users with choices for completing
the operations or specifying settings. These boxes prompt the
user to input data or make decisions for a particular function.
Tool bar:
The tool bar represents a very efficient means for executing
commands for the ANSYS program because of its wide range
of configurability. Regardless of how they are specified,
commands are ultimately used to supply all the data and
control all program functions.
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Output window:
Records the ANSYS response to commands and functions
Graphics window:
Represents the area for graphic displays such as model or
graphically represented results of an analysis. The user can
adjust the size of the graphics window, reducing or enlarging
it to fit to personal preferences.
Input window:
Provides an input area for typing ANSYS commands and
displays program prompt messages.
Main menu:
Comprise the primary ANSYS functions, which are organized
in pop-up side menus, based on the progression of the
program.
Utility menu:
Contains ANSYS utility functions that are mapped here for
access at any time during an ANSYS session. These functions
are executed through smooth, cascading pull down menus that
lead directly to an action or dialog box.
Processors:
ANSYS functions are organized into two groups called
processors. The ANSYS program has one pre-processor, one
solution processor; two post processors and several auxiliary
processors such as the design optimizer. The ANSYS pre-
processor allows the user to create a finite element model to
specify options needed for a subsequent solution. The
solution processor is used to apply the loads and the boundary
conditions and then determine the response of the model to
them. With the ANSYS post processors, the user retrieves and
examines the solutions results to evaluate how the model
responded and to perform additional calculations of interest.
Database:
The ANSYS program uses a single, centralized database for
all model data and solution results. Model data (including
solid model and finite element model geometry, materials etc)
are written to the database using the processor. Loads and
solution results data are written using the solutions processor.
Post processing results data are written using the post
processors. Data written to the database while using one
processor are therefore available as necessary in the other
processors.
File format:
Files are used, when necessary, to pass the data from part of
the program to another, to store the program to the database,
and to store the program output. These files include database
files, the results file, and the graphics file and so on.
3.4 Reducing the design and manufacturing costs
using ANSYS (FEA):
The ANSYS program allows engineers to construct computer
models or transfer CAD models of structures, products,
components, or systems, apply loads or other design
performance conditions and study physical responses such as
stress levels, temperature distribution or the impact of vector
magnetic fields.
In some environments, prototype testing is undesirable or
impossible. The ANSYS program has been used in several
cases of this type including biomechanical applications such
as hi replacement intraocular lenses. Other representative
applications range from heavy equipment components, to an
integrated circuit chip, to the bit-holding system of a
continuous coal-mining machine.
ANSYS design optimization enables the engineers to reduce
the number of costly prototypes, tailor rigidity and flexibility
to meet objectives and find the proper balancing geometric
modifications.
Competitive companies loom for ways to produce the highest
quality product at the lowest cost. ANSYS (FEA) can help
significantly by reducing the design and manufacturing costs
and by giving engineers added confidence in the products they
design. FEA is most effective when used at the conceptual
design stage. It is also useful when used later in
manufacturing process to verify the final design before
prototyping.
Program availability:
The ANSYS program operates on Pentium based PCs running
on Wndows95 or Windows NT and workstations and super
computers primarily running on UNIX operating system.
ANSYS Inc. continually works with new hardware platforms
and operating systems.
Analysis types available:
1. Structural static analysis.
2. Structural dynamic analysis.
3. Structural buckling analysis.
Linear buckling
Non linear buckling
4. Structural non linearities.
5. Static and dynamic kinematics analysis.
6. Thermal analysis.
7. Electromagnetic field analysis.
8. Electric field analysis
9. Fluid flow analysis
Computational fluid dynamics
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Pipe flow
10. Coupled-field analysis
11. Piezoelectric analysis.
3.5 Procedure for ANSYS analysis:
Static analysis is used to determine the displacements,
stresses, strains and forces in structures or components due to
loads that do not induce significant inertia and damping
effects. Steady loading in response conditions are assumed.
The kinds of loading that can be applied in a static analysis
include externally applied forces and pressures, steady state
inertial forces such as gravity or rotational velocity imposed
(non-zero) displacements, temperatures (for thermal strain).
A static analysis can be either linear or non linear. In our
present work we consider linear static analysis.
The procedure for static analysis consists of these main steps:
1. Building the model.
2. Obtaining the solution.
3. Reviewing the results.
3.6. Build the model:
In this step we specify the job name and analysis title use
PREP7 to define the element types, element real constants,
material properties and model geometry element types both
linear and non-linear structural elements are allowed. The
ANSYS element library contains over 80 different element
types. A unique number and prefix identify each element
type.
E.g. BEAM 3, PLANE 55, SOLID 45 and PIPE 16
3.7. Material properties:
Young‟s modulus(EX) must be defined for a static analysis .If
we plan to apply inertia loads(such as gravity) we define mass
properties such as density(DENS).Similarly if we plan to
apply thermal loads (temperatures) we define coefficient of
thermal expansion(ALPX).
3.8 Obtain the solution:
In this step we define the analysis type and options, apply
loads and initiate the finite element solution. This involves
three phases:
Pre – processor phase
Solution phase
Post-processor phase
3.8.1. Pre – Processor:
Pre processor has been developed so that the same program is
available on micro, mini, super-mini and mainframe computer
system. This slows easy transfer of models one system to
other.
Pre processor is an interactive model builder to prepare the FE
(finite element) model and input data. The solution phase
utilizes the input data developed by the pre processor, and
prepares the solution according to the problem definition. It
creates input files to the temperature etc., on the screen in the
form of contours.
3.8.1.1. Geometrical definitions:
There are four different geometric entities in pre processor
namely key points, lines, areas and volumes. These entities
can be used to obtain the geometric representation of the
structure. All the entities are independent of other and have
unique identification labels.
3.8.1.2. Model generations:
Two different methods are used to generate a model:
Direct generation.
Solid modeling
With solid modeling we can describe the geometric
boundaries of the model, establish controls over the size and
desired shape of the elements and then instruct ANSYS
program to generate all the nodes and elements automatically.
By contrast, with the direct generation method, we determine
the location of every node and size, shape and connectivity of
every element prior to defining these entities in the ANSYS
model. Although, some automatic data generation is possible
(by using commands such as FILL, NGEN, EGEN etc) the
direct generation method essentially a hands on numerical
method that requires us to keep track of all the node numbers
as we develop the finite element mesh. This detailed book
keeping can become difficult for large models, giving scope
for modeling errors. Solid modeling is usually more powerful
and versatile than direct generation and is commonly preferred
method of generating a model.
3.8.1.3. Mesh generation:
In the finite element analysis the basic concept is to analyze
the structure, which is an assemblage of discrete pieces called
elements, which are connected, together at a finite number of
points called Nodes. Loading boundary conditions are then
applied to these elements and nodes. A network of these
elements is known as Mesh.
3.8.1.4. Finite element generation:
The maximum amount of time in a finite element analysis is
spent on generating elements and nodal data. Pre processor
allows the user to generate nodes and elements automatically
at the same time allowing control over size and number of
elements. There are various types of elements that can be
mapped or generated on various geometric entities.
The elements developed by various automatic element
generation capabilities of pre processor can be checked
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element characteristics that may need to be verified before the
finite element analysis for connectivity, distortion-index, etc.
Generally, automatic mesh generating capabilities of pre
processor are used rather than defining the nodes individually.
If required, nodes can be defined easily by defining the
allocations or by translating the existing nodes. Also one can
plot, delete, or search nodes.
3.8.1.5. Boundary conditions and loading:
After completion of the finite element model it has to
constrain and load has to be applied to the model. User can
define constraints and loads in various ways. All constraints
and loads are assigned set 1D. This helps the user to keep
track of load cases.
3.8.1.6. Model display:
During the construction and verification stages of the model it
may be necessary to view it from different angles. It is useful
to rotate the model with respect to the global system and view
it from different angles. Pre processor offers this capability.
By windowing feature pre processor allows the user to enlarge
a specific area of the model for clarity and details. Pre
processor also provides features like smoothness, scaling,
regions, active set, etc for efficient model viewing and editing.
3.8.1.7. Material definitions:
All elements are defined by nodes, which have only their
location defined. In the case of plate and shell elements there
is no indication of thickness. This thickness can be given as
element property. Property tables for a particular property set
1-D have to be input. Different types of elements have
different properties for e.g.
Beams: Cross sectional area, moment of inertia etc
Shells: Thickness
Springs: Stiffness
Solids: None
The user also needs to define material properties of the
elements. For linear static analysis, modules of elasticity and
Poisson‟s ratio need to be provided. For heat transfer,
coefficient of thermal expansion, densities etc are required.
They can be given to the elements by the material property set
to 1-D.
3.8.2. Solution:
The solution phase deals with the solution of the problem
according to the problem definitions. All the tedious work of
formulating and assembling of matrices are done by the
computer and finally displacements and stress values are given
as output. Some of the capabilities of the ANSYS are linear
static analysis, non-linear static analysis, transient dynamic
analysis, etc.
3.8.3. Post – Processor:
It is a powerful user-friendly post-processing program using
interactive colour graphics. It has extensive plotting features
for displaying the results obtained from the finite element
analysis. One picture of the analysis results (i.e. the results in
a visual form) can often reveal in seconds what would take an
engineer hour to asses from a numerical output, say in tabular
form. The engineer may also see the important aspects of the
results that could be easily missed in a stack of numerical data.
Employing state of art image enhancement techniques,
facilities viewing of:
Contours of stresses, displacements,
temperatures, etc.
Deform geometric plots
Animated deformed shapes
Time-history plots
Solid sectioning
Hidden line plot
Light source shaded plot
Boundary line plot etc.
The entire range of post processing options of different types
of analysis can be accessed through the command/ menu mode
there by giving the user added flexibility and convenience.
4. DISC BRAKE CALCULATIONS:
4.1 Disc Brake Calculations:
Given Data:
Velocity of the vehicle = 70 m.p.h = 112.65408 kmph =
31.2928 m/s
Time for stopping the vehicle = 4 seconds
Mass of the vehicle = 1400 kg.
Step-1:
Kinetic Energy (K.E) = ½ * m * υ2
= ½ * 1400 * 31.29282
= 685467.5323 Joules
The above said is the Total Kinetic Energy induced
while the vehicle is under motion.
Step-2:
The total kinetic energy = The heat generated
Qg = 685467.5323 Joules
Step-3:
The area of the rubbing faces
A = Π * (0.1802 – 0.10362)
= 0.068069 m2
Step-4:
Heat Flux = Heat Generated / Second / rubbing area
= 685467.5323 / 4 /0.068069
= 2517546.652 Watts / m2
The analysis is done by taking the distribution of
braking torque between the front and rear axle is
70:30
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Thus
Heat Flux on each front wheel = (2517546.652 *
0.7)/2
=881141.3283 Watts / m2
For 5 Seconds of Breaking:
Heat Flux = Heat Generated / Second / rubbing area
= 685467.5323 / 5 /0.068069
= 2014037.322 Watts / m2
The analysis is done by taking the distribution of
braking torque between the front and rear axle is
70:30
Thus
Heat Flux on each front wheel = (2014037.322 *
0.7)/2
=704913.0626 Watts / m2
For 6 Seconds of Breaking:
Heat Flux = Heat Generated / Second / rubbing area
= 685467.5323 / 6 /0.068069
= 1678364.435 Watts / m2
The analysis is done by taking the distribution of
braking torque between the front and rear axle is
70:30
Thus
Heat Flux on each front wheel = (1678364.435 *
0.7)/2
=587427.5522 Watts / m2
4.2 Material properties:
4.2.1 The Material Properties of Cast Iron:
Thermal co-efficient of expansion (Kxx) = 1.7039e-5 /°C
Thermal conductivity (K = 54.0 W / m k
Specific heat (Cp) = 586.0 J/Kg k
Density of cast iron (ρ) = 7100 kg/m3
Young‟s Modulus (E) = 125e9 N/m2
Poisson‟s ratio (υ) = 0.25
4.2.2 The Material Properties of Stainless Steel:
(Stainless Steel 302 Annealed)
Density of Stainless Steel (ρ) = 7860 kg / m3
Thermal conductivity (k) = 16.2 Watts / m k
Specific heat (Cp) = 500 J / kg k
Young‟s Modulus (E) = 193e9 N / m2
Poisson‟s ratio (ν) = 0.29
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (Kxx) = 1.72e-5 m/m °C
4.2.3 The Material Properties of Aluminum:
(Aluminum 2014-T6)
Density of Aluminum (ρ) = 2800 kg / m3
Thermal conductivity (k) = 155 Watts / m k
Specific heat (Cp) = 880 J / kg k
Young‟s Modulus (E) = 72.4e9 N / m2
Poisson‟s ratio (ν) = 0.33
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (Kxx) = 2.3e-5 m/m °C
4.3 Assumptions:
1. The analysis is done taking the distribution of the
braking torque between the front and rear axle is
70:30
2. Brakes are applied on all the four wheels.
3. The analysis is based on pure thermal loading .The
analysis does not determine the life of the disc brake.
4. Only ambient air-cooling is taken in to account and
no forced convection is taken.
5. The kinetic energy of the vehicle is lost through the
brake discs i.e. no heat loss between the tyres and the
road surface and the deceleration is uniform.
6. The disc brake model used is of solid type and not the
ventilated one.
7. The thermal conductivity of the material used for the
analysis is uniform throughout.
8. The specific heat of the material used is constant
throughout and does not change with the temperature.
9. Heat flux on each front wheel is applied on one side
of the disc only.
10. Displacement in axial direction on flange is
constrained in one side of the disc.
4.4 Different cases of analysis:
In our present study the following different cases are
considered:
Case I: Coupled Structural/Thermal Analysis is carried out for
4 seconds of braking on a cast iron disc with 10mm flange
thickness.
Case II: Coupled Structural/Thermal Analysis is carried out
for 4,5,6 seconds of braking on a cast iron disc with 10mm
flange thickness and results are compared.
Case III: Coupled Structural/Thermal Analysis is carried out
for 4seconds of braking, using 10mm flange width for
different materials (cast iron, steel, aluminum) and results are
compared.
Case IV: Coupled Structural/Thermal Analysis is carried out
for 4seconds of braking on cast iron disc with different flange
thickness (8mm, 10mm, 12mm) and results are compared.
5. THERMAL ANALYSIS
5.1 Introduction:
A Thermal analysis calculates the temperature distribution and
related thermal quantities in a system or component. Typical
thermal quantities are:
1. The temperature distributions
2. The amount of heat lost or gained
3. Thermal fluxes
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Types of Thermal Analysis:
1. A Steady State Thermal Analysis determines the
temperature distribution and other thermal quantities
under steady state loading conditions. A steady state
loading condition is a situation where heat storage
effects varying over a period of time can be ignored.
2. A Transient thermal analysis determines the
temperature distribution and other thermal quantities
under conditions that vary over a period of time
5.2 Definition of problem:
Due to the application of brakes on the car disc brake rotor,
heat generation takes place due to friction and this temperature
so generated has to be conducted and dispersed across the disc
rotor cross section. The condition of braking is very much
severe and thus the thermal analysis has to be carried out.
The thermal loading as well as structure is axis-symmetric.
Hence axis-symmetric analysis is performed which is an exact
representation for this thermal analysis.
Linear thermal analysis is performed to obtain the temperature
field since conductivity and specific heat of the material
considered here are independent of temperature. The analysis
performed here is transient thermal analysis as temperature
distribution varies with time. (The time for thermal analysis is
taken as 4, 5 and 6 seconds of braking)
5.3 Element considered for thermal analysis and its
description:
According to the given specifications the element type chosen
is PLANE 55.It can be used as a plane element or as an
axisymmetric ring element with a two-dimensional thermal
conduction capability. The element has four nodes with a
single degree of freedom, temperature, at each node. The
element is applicable to a two-dimensional, steady-state or
transient thermal analysis. The element can also compensate
for mass transport heat flow from a constant velocity field. If
the model containing the temperature element is also to be
analyzed structurally, the element should be replaced by an
equivalent structural element (such as PLANE42). The
following Figure shows the schematic diagram of the 4-noded
thermal solid element.
Fig -4: Thermal Solid
5.4 Mesh Generation:
Before building the model, it is important to think about
whether a free mesh or a mapped mesh is appropriate for the
analysis. A free mesh has no restrictions in terms of element
shapes and has no specified pattern applied to it.
Compared to the free mesh, a mapped mesh is restricted in
terms of the element shape it contains and pattern of the mesh.
A mapped mesh contains either only quadrilateral or only
triangular element, while a mapped volume mesh contains
only hexahedral elements. In addition, a mapped mesh
typically has a regular pattern, with obvious rows of elements.
For mapped mesh, we must build the geometry as a series of
fairly regular volumes and/or areas that can accept a mapped
mesh. The type of mesh generation considered here is a
mapped mesh.
5.5 Thermal Loads:
Heat flux (q) = 881141.3283 W/ m2
(for 4 seconds of braking)
Convection film co-efficient (h) = 5.0 W/ m2 k
The temperature fixed at the hub bore grinds = 35°C
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Fig 5. 1 Dimensions of Disk Brake
Fig 5. 2 All applied boundary conditions
Fig 5. 3 Temp distribution of CAST IRON at 4 seconds(10
mm thick)
Fig 5. 4 Temp distribution of STEEL at 4 seconds(10 mm
thick)
Fig 5.5 Temp distribution of ALUMINUM at 4 seconds
(10 mm thick)
6. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
6.1 Introduction:
Structural analysis is the most common application of the
finite element method. The term structural (or structure)
implies civil engineering structures such as bridges and
buildings, but also naval, aeronautical and mechanical
structures such as ship hulls, aircraft bodies and machines
housings as well as mechanical components such as pistons,
machine parts and tools.
Types of structural analysis:
There are seven types of structural analyses available in
ANSYS. One can perform the following types of structural
analyses.
1. Static analysis
2. Modal analysis
3. Harmonic analysis
4. Transient dynamic analysis
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5. Spectrum analysis
6. Buckling analysis
7. Explicit dynamic analysis
6.2 Definition of the problem:
Due to the application of brakes on the car disc brake rotor
heat generation takes place due to friction and this temperature
so generated has to be conducted away and dispersed across
the disc brake cross section. The condition of braking is very
severe and thus thermal analysis is carried out and with the
above load structural analysis is also performed for analyzing
the stability of the structure.
The basic analysis equation is
[K] [Q] = F
Where K = global stiffness matrix.
F = Load vector
Q = Displacement vector
6.3 Boundary conditions:
Geometric Boundary conditions:
All the nodes in the hub radius are fixed. So the nodal
displacements in the hub bore become Zero i.e. both in radial
and axial direction and nodes on flange are also fixed in Y-
direction.
6.4 Results and discussion:
CASE 1:
The following table illustrates the deflection and thermal
stresses for 4 seconds of braking:
Table 6.1: deflection and thermal stresses for 4 seconds of
braking
From the table we can observe that the maximum deflection
induced is 0.12 mm which is less than the allowable deflection
i.e. 0.5 mm. Hence the design is safe based on the rigidity.
The stresses in both x and y directions respectively with
magnitude of 58.5 Mpa and 17.2 Mpa and variation of
principle stresses along the both principal direction
respectively with magnitude of 58.5 Mpa and 14 Mpa. The
variation of von mises stresses with magnitude of 115 Mpa.
The maximum induced von mises stress is far below the
working stress i.e. 375 M pa according to the manufacturer‟s
specifications.
Thus the brake disc parameters that constitute the design are in
turn safe based on the strength and rigidity.
CASE 2:
The following table illustrates the deflection and temperature
distribution for 4,5,6 seconds of braking on a cast iron disc
brake with 10 mm flange width.
Table 6.2: deflection and temperature distribution for 4,5,6
seconds of braking on a cast iron disc brake with 10 mm
flange width
From the table we can observe that the temperature
distribution decreases as the time of braking increasing.
CASE 3:
Now for establishing a best material for the car disc brake
rotor for the present application ,three different materials
which are commonly used for the disc brakes namely cast
iron(CI),stainless steel 302 annealed (S.S),alluminium-2014-
T6(AL) were taken and analysis is done using their properties
on the disc brake rotor with 6.5mm wall thickness and 10mm
flange width.
The comparison of different parameters for the three materials
used for the disc brake under consideration in the below table
6.3
Table 6.3: Comparisions between disc brakes with different
materials keeping other conditions same for 4 seconds braking
Discussion from the table:
Comparing the all together we may suggest that cast iron as
the best material for the present case which has temperature
distribution of 134.23 and deformation of 0.120e-03 and a
von mises stress of 115 M Pa.
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CASE 4:
Car disc brake rotor with different flange widths is analyzed
using the three different car disc brake rotor axis-symmetric
models. Here the aim is to establish a best flange width for the
present application.
A best flange width is the one using which we get moderate
temperature distribution, less deformation and the von mises
stress as minimum as possible .
In the present case three different flange widths applied to car
disc brake rotor models were analyzed. They are disc brake
rotor with 8mm flange width, 10mm flange width and 12mm
flange width.
The comparison of different parameters for the three flange
widths in consideration is shown in below table 6.2
Table 6.4 The comparison of different parameters for the
three flange widths in consideration
Now observing the above table 6.2, it can be seen that
temperature distribution is decreasing from 143.818 for 8mm
flange width to 130.231 for 12mm flange width. The
deformation is decreasing as the flange width is increasing and
the von mises stress is increasing as the flange width is
increasing.
Now comparing all these three cases we may conclude that the
disc brake rotor with 10 mm flange width is most suitable one
which has the temperature distribution of 134.23 and a
deformation of 0.120e-03 meters and a von mises stress of 115
M pa.
Fig6.1 Deflection in X direction (maximum)
Fig6.2 Principal Stress1
Fig6.3 Principal Stress2
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LESIZE,15,,,16
LESIZE,6,,,2
LESIZE,22,,,2
AMESH,ALL
physics,write,thermal1
physics,clear
APPENDIX – II
etchg,tts
mp,ex,1,125e9
mp,prxy,1,0.25
mp,alpx,1,1.7039e-5
mp,c,1,586
physics,write,strctural1
APPENDIX – III
/solu
antype,0
physics,read,thermal1
flst,2,6,1,order,2
fitem,2,1
fitem,2,-6
d,p51x,temp,35
sfl,7,hflux,881141.3283
flst,2,14,4,order,6
fitem,2,2
fitem,2,-6
fitem,2,9
fitem,2,-15
fitem,2,22
fitem,2,-23
sfl,p51x,conv,5,,35
antype,4
time,4
deltim,0.4,,,on
kbc,1
solve
finish
physics,read,strctural1
/solu
nsel,,loc,y,0
nplot
d,all,uy
nsel,all
d,1,all,,,6,1
nplot
ldread,temp,,,,,disc11,rth
solve
/post1
plnsol,u,x,1
CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions are drawn from the present work.
1. An Axis-symmetric analysis of disc brake has been
carried out using Plane 55 and Plane 42 through ANSYS 5.4
(F.E.A) software.
2. Transient thermal analysis is carried out using the
direct time integration technique for the application of braking
force due to friction for time durationof 4,5 and 6 seconds.
3. The maximum temperature obtained in the disc is at
the contact surface and is observed to be 240.161°C.
4. Static structural analysis is carried out by coupling
the thermal solution to the structural analysis and the
maximum Von Mises stress is observed to be 518 M Pa.
5. The Brake disc design is safe based on the Strength
and Rigidity Criteria.
6. To arrive at a best combination of parameters of the
Disc Brake like Flange width and Material, Transient Thermal
and Structural Analysis for three different combinations in
each of the three different analyses are carried out separately
and the results were compared.
7. Comparing the different results obtained from the
analysis, it is concluded that disc brake with 10 mm flange
width, 6.5 mm Wall Thickness and of material Cast Iron is the
Best possible combination for the present application.
FUTURE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
In the present investigation of Thermal analysis of disc brake,
a simplified model of the disc brake without any vents with
only ambient air cooling is analyzed by FEM package
ANSYS.
As a future work, a complicated model of Ventilated disc
brake can be taken and there by forced convection is to be
considered in the analysis.
es complicated by considering variable thermal conductivity,
variable specific heat and non uniform deceleration of the
vehicle. This can be considered for the future work.
REFERENCES
[1]. Introduction to Finite Elements in Engineering,Tirupathi,
R.Chandrupatla Ashok D.Belegundu.
[2]. Finite Element Procedures, Klaus-Jurgen Bathe.
[3]. Finite Element Method, J.N.Reddy.
[4]. User Guide for ANSYS version 5.4.
[5]. Internet web site http://auto.howstuffworks.com/disc-
brake.htm.
[6]. Design Data Book,PSG college of technology.
[7]. Heat and Mass Transfer Data Book,C P Kothandaraman,
S Subramanyan.