This document assesses the environmental, economic, and social impacts of ecotourism development in four areas of Costa Rica: Manuel Antonio, Monteverde, Tortuguero, and ASCOMAFOR. Semi-structured interviews with 50 stakeholders from the tourism industry and local populations in each area were conducted to evaluate the potential benefits and drawbacks of ecotourism identified in literature. The assessment found that while ecotourism brings environmental, economic, and social benefits compared to alternative land uses, its impacts are complex, and it faces challenges in becoming fully sustainable. Larger scale tourism tends to result in more negative impacts. Greater local involvement and institutional capacity help achieve more balanced ecotourism development.
Push factors refer to intrinsic motivations that push people to travel such as fulfilling prestige, enhancing relationships, seeking relaxation, and fulfilling spiritual needs. Pull factors are attributes of a destination that attract tourists, such as events and activities, easy access and affordability, history and culture, variety seeking, natural resources, and effective marketing efforts. The push-pull model distinguishes between factors that motivate people to travel away from home and attributes of destinations that attract visitors.
Sustainable tourism aims to meet the needs of tourists and host communities while preserving resources for future generations. It emerged in response to uncontrolled tourism growth damaging resources. Sustainable tourism principles include ecological sustainability to minimize environmental impacts, social and cultural sustainability to respect local communities, and economic sustainability to provide fair benefits to stakeholders. Tools to achieve sustainability include regulations, visitor management techniques, protected areas, carrying capacity calculations, and stakeholder consultation.
1. The Tourism Industry
2. Classic Tourism Development Theories
3. Ideal Sustainable Tourism Development
4. Issues in Tourism Development
5. Some Possible Solutions
The document discusses tourism planning and marketing. It outlines the tourism planning process which involves 5 steps: background analysis, research and analysis, synthesis, goal and strategy setting, and plan development. It also discusses barriers to planning such as cost and complexity. The document then covers classifications of travelers according to purpose and characteristics of individual tourism development projects. Finally, it defines marketing and discusses marketing orientations in tourism.
Role of eco tourism in achieving sustainable developmentAMALDASKH
The document discusses the role of ecotourism in achieving sustainable development. It defines ecotourism as a form of low-impact tourism that involves visiting natural areas to study and enjoy nature and culture, while improving environmental conservation and local well-being. Sustainable development seeks economic systems with little resource consumption and ecological damage. Ecotourism can contribute to conservation, sustain local communities, include education, require responsible action, and rely on small, renewable resource-friendly businesses. The principles of ecotourism are to minimize impacts and build environmental/cultural awareness, while providing benefits to both visitors and locals. Ecotourism's goal is to ensure socio-economic development and natural/cultural landscape protection through
Sustainability in the Hospitality IndustryEcoGreenHotel
Currently there is no universally accepted standard definition for a "green" or "sustainable" hotel. Generally, a green hotel aims to minimize its environmental impact through resource efficiency, provide financial benefits through lower operating costs, educate guests, and encourage sustainable transportation. Third-party certification programs like ENERGYSTAR, LEED, and GreenSeal provide frameworks but there is no single standard.
This document defines tourism and its various types according to different classifications. It begins by defining tourism as temporary travel outside a person's normal environment for purposes like leisure, business, or other activities. Tourism is then classified according to destination as either domestic or international tourism. It is also classified according to the characteristics of the tourism system and tourists. Some major types discussed are cultural tourism, ecotourism, heritage tourism, medical tourism, and disaster tourism. The impacts and examples of different tourism types are provided. Tables with data on the top international tourist arrivals and receipts by country from the World Tourism Organization are also included.
Push factors refer to intrinsic motivations that push people to travel such as fulfilling prestige, enhancing relationships, seeking relaxation, and fulfilling spiritual needs. Pull factors are attributes of a destination that attract tourists, such as events and activities, easy access and affordability, history and culture, variety seeking, natural resources, and effective marketing efforts. The push-pull model distinguishes between factors that motivate people to travel away from home and attributes of destinations that attract visitors.
Sustainable tourism aims to meet the needs of tourists and host communities while preserving resources for future generations. It emerged in response to uncontrolled tourism growth damaging resources. Sustainable tourism principles include ecological sustainability to minimize environmental impacts, social and cultural sustainability to respect local communities, and economic sustainability to provide fair benefits to stakeholders. Tools to achieve sustainability include regulations, visitor management techniques, protected areas, carrying capacity calculations, and stakeholder consultation.
1. The Tourism Industry
2. Classic Tourism Development Theories
3. Ideal Sustainable Tourism Development
4. Issues in Tourism Development
5. Some Possible Solutions
The document discusses tourism planning and marketing. It outlines the tourism planning process which involves 5 steps: background analysis, research and analysis, synthesis, goal and strategy setting, and plan development. It also discusses barriers to planning such as cost and complexity. The document then covers classifications of travelers according to purpose and characteristics of individual tourism development projects. Finally, it defines marketing and discusses marketing orientations in tourism.
Role of eco tourism in achieving sustainable developmentAMALDASKH
The document discusses the role of ecotourism in achieving sustainable development. It defines ecotourism as a form of low-impact tourism that involves visiting natural areas to study and enjoy nature and culture, while improving environmental conservation and local well-being. Sustainable development seeks economic systems with little resource consumption and ecological damage. Ecotourism can contribute to conservation, sustain local communities, include education, require responsible action, and rely on small, renewable resource-friendly businesses. The principles of ecotourism are to minimize impacts and build environmental/cultural awareness, while providing benefits to both visitors and locals. Ecotourism's goal is to ensure socio-economic development and natural/cultural landscape protection through
Sustainability in the Hospitality IndustryEcoGreenHotel
Currently there is no universally accepted standard definition for a "green" or "sustainable" hotel. Generally, a green hotel aims to minimize its environmental impact through resource efficiency, provide financial benefits through lower operating costs, educate guests, and encourage sustainable transportation. Third-party certification programs like ENERGYSTAR, LEED, and GreenSeal provide frameworks but there is no single standard.
This document defines tourism and its various types according to different classifications. It begins by defining tourism as temporary travel outside a person's normal environment for purposes like leisure, business, or other activities. Tourism is then classified according to destination as either domestic or international tourism. It is also classified according to the characteristics of the tourism system and tourists. Some major types discussed are cultural tourism, ecotourism, heritage tourism, medical tourism, and disaster tourism. The impacts and examples of different tourism types are provided. Tables with data on the top international tourist arrivals and receipts by country from the World Tourism Organization are also included.
The document traces the history and development of tourism from ancient Greek and Roman times to the modern era. It discusses how tourism evolved from early forms of travel for leisure among ruling classes to become a mass phenomenon in the 20th century with advances in transportation technology. Key developments included Thomas Cook organizing railway excursions in the 1800s, the introduction of passenger air travel in the mid-1900s, and individuals like Freddie Laker and Cesar Manrique pioneering more affordable air travel and sustainable tourism models.
Lecture 1. Introduction to Tourism Planning and Development(1).pptxPeteirsGTMaturaChiti
This document provides an introduction to tourism planning and development. It defines tourism and discusses the importance of tourism planning. The key goals of tourism development are outlined, such as increasing standards of living and providing recreation. Various forms of tourism planning are described, including economic development planning and infrastructure planning. Barriers to tourism planning like costs and seasonality are also covered. The document emphasizes sustainable tourism development and discusses principles like improving quality of life and maintaining environmental quality.
Have you ever think about the negative impacts brought to the environment and the local people when we go travel? How can we contribute to sustainable tourism by making responsible holiday choices? All these questions will be discussed in the meeting. If you want to know more about sustainable tourism, watch the presentation now!
The document discusses developing mass tourism in developing nations. It covers the positive and negative economic, political, environmental, and sociocultural impacts of mass tourism. While mass tourism can provide income and jobs, it can also lead to overdependence on tourism, loss of cultural identity, and environmental damage if not managed sustainably. The document argues that developing nations can maximize tourism's benefits and minimize its costs through judicious planning, sustainable development policies, and stakeholder engagement to ensure tourism profits are distributed equitably.
Basic minimum safety guidelines for adventure tourism activitiesMumbaikar Le
The document outlines basic minimum standards for mountaineering and trekking expeditions in India. For mountaineering expeditions above 6000m, it requires that lead guides hold certifications in first aid, advanced mountaineering courses, and have a minimum of 3 years experience guiding expeditions above 6000m. Equipment such as ropes and hardware must be certified to international standards and inspected before each use. Operators must maintain standard operating procedures, documentation of permits, guides, and participants, and have emergency procedures in place. Similar standards are outlined for commercial trekking expeditions above 2000m, requiring guides to be qualified or certified in first aid and basic mountaineering with 3 years trekking experience above 2000m.
Historical development of Tour Guiding Monte Christo
The document provides an overview of the history of tour guiding around the world and in the Philippines. It discusses how tour guiding began in ancient times with writers like Herodotus providing travel accounts. It then outlines the development of tourism and organized travel during periods like the Greek Empire, Renaissance, and modern age. Key events like the founding of Thomas Cook's travel agency established the modern tourist industry. The document also introduces important tour guide associations in the Philippines like CAT-G Inc. and defines different types of tour guides such as specialized, on-site, and naturalist guides. It highlights some notable Filipino tour guides including Carlos Celdran, Ivan Man Dy, and Josefino "Kuya Penn" Larena Jr.
The document discusses different sectors and types of tourism including mass tourism, individual tourism, cultural tourism, natural tourism, active tourism, business tourism, and scientific tourism. It provides details on the characteristics of each type and examples or activities commonly associated with each sector.
Tourism and Transportation are inextricably linked. As world tourism increases, additional demands will be placed on the transportation sectors.
Source: C. Goeldner, Z. Cruz
Message me if you want to have a copy of this presentation. Thanks.
Responsible tourism aims to safeguard sustainable development of communities, cultural heritage, and the environment. It is needed now more than ever as travel is often a selfish activity with little consideration for destinations. Responsible tourism principles focus on minimizing the environmental impact of transportation, accommodations, tourist behavior by respecting local cultures, and policies to limit energy use and support local communities. Engaging young people can help raise awareness and have long-lasting positive effects as they are focused on sustainability.
Differentiate the difference among direct, indirect, induced, and dynamic impacts of tourism on the economy;Identify the positive and negative impacts of tourism on the economy.
Tourism planning involves setting goals and developing strategies to accomplish those goals. It is a multidimensional activity that considers social, economic, political, and environmental factors. Effective tourism planning requires assessing existing conditions, analyzing data, developing recommendations, and monitoring outcomes. The planning process aims to maximize tourism's benefits while minimizing negative impacts on communities and the environment.
Tourism is defined as travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes. The UNWTO defines a tourist as someone traveling outside their usual environment for less than a year for leisure, business, or other purposes. Tourism has grown significantly in recent decades due to factors like increased leisure time, improved transportation infrastructure, and lifestyle changes. There are various types and classifications of tourists based on activities, interests, age, and other demographic factors. Sustainable tourism development aims to meet current economic and travel needs without compromising future generations' ability to do the same.
This document defines sustainable tourism and sustainable development. Sustainable tourism is defined as managing resources to fulfill economic, social, and aesthetic needs while maintaining cultural integrity and ecological processes. Sustainable development meets present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. The principles of sustainable tourism include being ecologically sound, respecting local communities, and supporting local economic development. However, tourism is not automatically sustainable and its development must consider environmental, social, cultural, and economic impacts to avoid being dominated by elites and external agents at the expense of local communities.
ICT for tourism in destination management pptprajwalshetty86
The document discusses the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) for tourism destination management. It describes how destination management organizations can use destination management systems and ICT tools like websites and mobile applications to manage destinations, disseminate tourism information, and coordinate tourism offerings. The document also outlines some benefits of ICT for various tourism sectors like airlines, hotels, and tour operators in areas like online booking, yield management, and reducing distribution costs.
A tour operator assembles travel packages by contacting suppliers of transportation, accommodations, and other services. There are four main types of tour operators: local operators service domestic destinations within the area they are based; domestic operators service destinations nationwide; inbound operators service foreign visitors to the Philippines; outbound operators arrange travel for Filipinos abroad. Assembling quality packages, meeting travelers' needs, and delivering secured itineraries are the main functions of a tour operator.
Sustainable tourism planning and developmentAMALDASKH
The document discusses sustainable tourism planning and development. It defines sustainable development as meeting present needs without compromising future needs. Resources for tourism are divided into capital, labor, materials and knowledge. Materials include natural and human-made assets like cultures, wildlife, buildings and infrastructure. Sustainable planning is needed because resources are finite and must be allocated efficiently. The principles of sustainability are holistic planning, preserving ecology, protecting heritage and biodiversity, and ensuring long-term productivity. Tourism development must conserve resources, maintain attractions, limit overcrowding, and be politically and socially acceptable.
Tourism impact assessments evaluate the economic, social, and environmental consequences of tourism development projects. They identify potential positive and negative impacts to prevent issues and encourage stakeholder collaboration. This document outlines frameworks for assessing impacts, including indicators for economic, environmental, social, and livelihood dimensions. Assessment tools evaluate topics like employment, income, conservation, and resident perspectives. Conducting thorough assessments of tourism projects can help maximize benefits and minimize harms to people and places.
Sustainable tourism encompasses a wide range of stakeholders and sectors. It aims to manage tourism's environmental, social, and economic impacts in a way that balances tourists' rights with responsibility towards nature and host communities. While some forms of tourism are more compatible with sustainability than others, the principles of sustainability can be applied to any type of tourism through awareness, training, and responsible practices across all sectors and functions of the tourism industry. The understanding and implementation of sustainable tourism varies globally and is more advanced in developed countries that prioritize long-term sustainable development over short-term economic gains.
Costa Rica is a Central American country with a population of 4.6 million people. It has no military and focuses on eco-tourism and high-tech industries. Costa Rica has pursued policies to integrate into the global economy through foreign direct investment, trade, and clusters in industries like electronics. As a result, Costa Rica has experienced consistent economic growth, rising GDP per capita, low unemployment, and is one of the most prosperous nations in Latin America.
The document outlines the ecotourism cycle which has 4 key components: 1) Effective opportunities for appreciating and learning about nature, 2) Environmental and socio-cultural sustainability, 3) Satisfied ecotourists and communities, 4) Operator sustainability. It describes how ecotourism aims to provide meaningful experiences with nature in a way that protects the environment and local communities to create long-term benefits and satisfaction for all stakeholders.
The document traces the history and development of tourism from ancient Greek and Roman times to the modern era. It discusses how tourism evolved from early forms of travel for leisure among ruling classes to become a mass phenomenon in the 20th century with advances in transportation technology. Key developments included Thomas Cook organizing railway excursions in the 1800s, the introduction of passenger air travel in the mid-1900s, and individuals like Freddie Laker and Cesar Manrique pioneering more affordable air travel and sustainable tourism models.
Lecture 1. Introduction to Tourism Planning and Development(1).pptxPeteirsGTMaturaChiti
This document provides an introduction to tourism planning and development. It defines tourism and discusses the importance of tourism planning. The key goals of tourism development are outlined, such as increasing standards of living and providing recreation. Various forms of tourism planning are described, including economic development planning and infrastructure planning. Barriers to tourism planning like costs and seasonality are also covered. The document emphasizes sustainable tourism development and discusses principles like improving quality of life and maintaining environmental quality.
Have you ever think about the negative impacts brought to the environment and the local people when we go travel? How can we contribute to sustainable tourism by making responsible holiday choices? All these questions will be discussed in the meeting. If you want to know more about sustainable tourism, watch the presentation now!
The document discusses developing mass tourism in developing nations. It covers the positive and negative economic, political, environmental, and sociocultural impacts of mass tourism. While mass tourism can provide income and jobs, it can also lead to overdependence on tourism, loss of cultural identity, and environmental damage if not managed sustainably. The document argues that developing nations can maximize tourism's benefits and minimize its costs through judicious planning, sustainable development policies, and stakeholder engagement to ensure tourism profits are distributed equitably.
Basic minimum safety guidelines for adventure tourism activitiesMumbaikar Le
The document outlines basic minimum standards for mountaineering and trekking expeditions in India. For mountaineering expeditions above 6000m, it requires that lead guides hold certifications in first aid, advanced mountaineering courses, and have a minimum of 3 years experience guiding expeditions above 6000m. Equipment such as ropes and hardware must be certified to international standards and inspected before each use. Operators must maintain standard operating procedures, documentation of permits, guides, and participants, and have emergency procedures in place. Similar standards are outlined for commercial trekking expeditions above 2000m, requiring guides to be qualified or certified in first aid and basic mountaineering with 3 years trekking experience above 2000m.
Historical development of Tour Guiding Monte Christo
The document provides an overview of the history of tour guiding around the world and in the Philippines. It discusses how tour guiding began in ancient times with writers like Herodotus providing travel accounts. It then outlines the development of tourism and organized travel during periods like the Greek Empire, Renaissance, and modern age. Key events like the founding of Thomas Cook's travel agency established the modern tourist industry. The document also introduces important tour guide associations in the Philippines like CAT-G Inc. and defines different types of tour guides such as specialized, on-site, and naturalist guides. It highlights some notable Filipino tour guides including Carlos Celdran, Ivan Man Dy, and Josefino "Kuya Penn" Larena Jr.
The document discusses different sectors and types of tourism including mass tourism, individual tourism, cultural tourism, natural tourism, active tourism, business tourism, and scientific tourism. It provides details on the characteristics of each type and examples or activities commonly associated with each sector.
Tourism and Transportation are inextricably linked. As world tourism increases, additional demands will be placed on the transportation sectors.
Source: C. Goeldner, Z. Cruz
Message me if you want to have a copy of this presentation. Thanks.
Responsible tourism aims to safeguard sustainable development of communities, cultural heritage, and the environment. It is needed now more than ever as travel is often a selfish activity with little consideration for destinations. Responsible tourism principles focus on minimizing the environmental impact of transportation, accommodations, tourist behavior by respecting local cultures, and policies to limit energy use and support local communities. Engaging young people can help raise awareness and have long-lasting positive effects as they are focused on sustainability.
Differentiate the difference among direct, indirect, induced, and dynamic impacts of tourism on the economy;Identify the positive and negative impacts of tourism on the economy.
Tourism planning involves setting goals and developing strategies to accomplish those goals. It is a multidimensional activity that considers social, economic, political, and environmental factors. Effective tourism planning requires assessing existing conditions, analyzing data, developing recommendations, and monitoring outcomes. The planning process aims to maximize tourism's benefits while minimizing negative impacts on communities and the environment.
Tourism is defined as travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes. The UNWTO defines a tourist as someone traveling outside their usual environment for less than a year for leisure, business, or other purposes. Tourism has grown significantly in recent decades due to factors like increased leisure time, improved transportation infrastructure, and lifestyle changes. There are various types and classifications of tourists based on activities, interests, age, and other demographic factors. Sustainable tourism development aims to meet current economic and travel needs without compromising future generations' ability to do the same.
This document defines sustainable tourism and sustainable development. Sustainable tourism is defined as managing resources to fulfill economic, social, and aesthetic needs while maintaining cultural integrity and ecological processes. Sustainable development meets present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. The principles of sustainable tourism include being ecologically sound, respecting local communities, and supporting local economic development. However, tourism is not automatically sustainable and its development must consider environmental, social, cultural, and economic impacts to avoid being dominated by elites and external agents at the expense of local communities.
ICT for tourism in destination management pptprajwalshetty86
The document discusses the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) for tourism destination management. It describes how destination management organizations can use destination management systems and ICT tools like websites and mobile applications to manage destinations, disseminate tourism information, and coordinate tourism offerings. The document also outlines some benefits of ICT for various tourism sectors like airlines, hotels, and tour operators in areas like online booking, yield management, and reducing distribution costs.
A tour operator assembles travel packages by contacting suppliers of transportation, accommodations, and other services. There are four main types of tour operators: local operators service domestic destinations within the area they are based; domestic operators service destinations nationwide; inbound operators service foreign visitors to the Philippines; outbound operators arrange travel for Filipinos abroad. Assembling quality packages, meeting travelers' needs, and delivering secured itineraries are the main functions of a tour operator.
Sustainable tourism planning and developmentAMALDASKH
The document discusses sustainable tourism planning and development. It defines sustainable development as meeting present needs without compromising future needs. Resources for tourism are divided into capital, labor, materials and knowledge. Materials include natural and human-made assets like cultures, wildlife, buildings and infrastructure. Sustainable planning is needed because resources are finite and must be allocated efficiently. The principles of sustainability are holistic planning, preserving ecology, protecting heritage and biodiversity, and ensuring long-term productivity. Tourism development must conserve resources, maintain attractions, limit overcrowding, and be politically and socially acceptable.
Tourism impact assessments evaluate the economic, social, and environmental consequences of tourism development projects. They identify potential positive and negative impacts to prevent issues and encourage stakeholder collaboration. This document outlines frameworks for assessing impacts, including indicators for economic, environmental, social, and livelihood dimensions. Assessment tools evaluate topics like employment, income, conservation, and resident perspectives. Conducting thorough assessments of tourism projects can help maximize benefits and minimize harms to people and places.
Sustainable tourism encompasses a wide range of stakeholders and sectors. It aims to manage tourism's environmental, social, and economic impacts in a way that balances tourists' rights with responsibility towards nature and host communities. While some forms of tourism are more compatible with sustainability than others, the principles of sustainability can be applied to any type of tourism through awareness, training, and responsible practices across all sectors and functions of the tourism industry. The understanding and implementation of sustainable tourism varies globally and is more advanced in developed countries that prioritize long-term sustainable development over short-term economic gains.
Costa Rica is a Central American country with a population of 4.6 million people. It has no military and focuses on eco-tourism and high-tech industries. Costa Rica has pursued policies to integrate into the global economy through foreign direct investment, trade, and clusters in industries like electronics. As a result, Costa Rica has experienced consistent economic growth, rising GDP per capita, low unemployment, and is one of the most prosperous nations in Latin America.
The document outlines the ecotourism cycle which has 4 key components: 1) Effective opportunities for appreciating and learning about nature, 2) Environmental and socio-cultural sustainability, 3) Satisfied ecotourists and communities, 4) Operator sustainability. It describes how ecotourism aims to provide meaningful experiences with nature in a way that protects the environment and local communities to create long-term benefits and satisfaction for all stakeholders.
Comaparative Policing System -Egypt to PhilippinesElissa Fox
The document compares the police systems of the Philippines and Egypt. In the Philippines, the National Police Commission oversees the police force, with non-commissioned officers starting at ₱13,492 and commissioned officers such as Police/Inspectors earning ₱28,839. In Egypt, the Ministry of Interior oversees about 1,200 Egyptian pounds for officers. Both police forces are equipped with pistols, rifles, shotguns and revolvers.
This document provides an overview of the development of policing models in the United States. It discusses the English origins of American policing and how early colonial institutions such as sheriffs, constables, and night watches evolved into modern police forces. It highlights the creation of the London Metropolitan Police in 1829 as establishing the foundation for modern professional policing, with its focus on preventative patrols, visible community presence, and quasi-military command structure. This model then influenced the development of American policing.
Volunteer tourism involves travelers visiting destinations to take part in community projects, such as conservation work, development work, or medical assistance. It benefits both individuals and society. For individuals, volunteer tourism allows participants to complete their goal of travel while learning from local communities and feeling that they have made a positive difference. For society, volunteer tourism provides contributions in social, economic, and cultural areas. However, volunteer tourism also faces hurdles such as financial costs prohibiting some from participating. Several organizations place volunteers in projects around the world.
Comparative Policing System of China and PhilippinesElissa Fox
The document compares the police systems of the Philippines and China. In the Philippines, the national police agency oversees the non-commissioned and commissioned officers, with starting salaries of ₱13,492 for PO1 and ₱28,839 for P/Inspector. Chinese police receive 3,500 yuan per month and are equipped with weapons like revolvers, knives and anti-stab vests, while Philippine police carry weapons including Glock pistols, M16 rifles, shotguns and .38 revolvers, as well as batons, handcuffs and flashlights.
Volunteer tourism involves travellers participating in volunteer work, such as conservation or development projects, in local communities they visit. It provides benefits like self-actualization and helping local development. Nepal is a case study as it relies on foreign aid and tourism due to its poverty and damage from earthquakes. Volunteer tourism could help rebuild Nepal through community work, teaching, animal rescue, building homes, cultural preservation, disaster relief, and medical or construction assistance.
The Panama Papers leak revealed over 200,000 offshore accounts and shell companies set up by the Panamanian law firm Mossack Fonseca. It is the largest leak in history and exposed how wealthy individuals and public officials hid personal financial information. The leak impacted politicians, public figures, and athletes around the world and led to legal investigations, political backlash, lawsuits, and imprisonment in some countries. It sparked debates around the ethics of offshore accounts and tax evasion.
Costa Rica has the following customs when greeting others: Men typically shake hands, women often touch forearms or kiss cheeks if close friends, and men and women may shake hands or give a kiss on the cheek. Pointing with one finger is normal but rude if at a person, and fidgeting is impolite. Holidays unique to Costa Rica include St. Joseph's Day in March, National Hero's Day in April, St. Peter and St. Paul's Day in June, Annexation of Guanacaste in July, Virgin of Los Angeles Day in August, Independence Day in September, and All Soul's Day in November.
This document discusses various coastal landforms and processes. It begins with defining terms related to waves and wave action. It then explains processes of marine erosion and how they can shape cliff coastlines and form wave-cut platforms. It describes how waves can transport and deposit sediment. Landforms like spits, bars, and salt marshes are discussed along with their formation. Finally, it covers coral reef types and theories about their formation, and how sea level changes can impact coral reefs.
Spanish is the official language of Costa Rica, though English is commonly spoken in tourist areas. Indigenous languages are also present. The cuisine features rice and beans as staples, along with casados, gallo pinto, and meat-filled sandwiches called arreglados. Popular drinks include coffee, horchata, fresh fruit juices, beers, and guaro cane liquor. Costa Rica has a strong western artistic influence seen in wood carvings, paintings, and contemporary art. Traditional folk music varies regionally, while modern genres like salsa, cumbia, and reggaeton feature in dance clubs.
Droughts occur when there is not enough rainfall to support people or crops and can have severe consequences. Drought is caused by both natural factors like changes in weather patterns as well as human factors such as deforestation, overpopulation, and overextraction of water. The vast majority of deaths from drought have occurred in three countries: Ethiopia, Sudan, and Mozambique. Case studies of drought in Ethiopia and Australia show how drought can impact populations through famine, disease, loss of livestock, and economic hardship. Responses to drought involve aid efforts, management of water resources, and strategies to prevent desertification.
This document provides an overview of restaurants and food courts. It discusses the history and importance of restaurants, describing how they originated in Ancient Rome. It also outlines various types of restaurants like casual dining, fine dining, fast casual, cafes, pubs, and food courts. Food courts are described as communal areas in shopping malls that offer a variety of eateries. The document discusses factors to consider for food court locations like maintenance, serving styles, popular cuisines, and their history of originating in shopping malls in the 1970s.
Here are some examples of modifying comparatives:
- Tom is much older than I am.
- Ann drives very carefully.
- Ben is a little older than I am.
- Tom is a lot older than I am.
The document discusses adding -er to adjectives to make comparisons. It provides examples of adding -er to long lists of adjectives like "tall", "hot", and "kind". It then provides example sentences comparing two things using the comparative adjectives, such as "Andrew is much taller than Derek" and "The church is higher than our house".
Tourism Planning And Development Of Sustainable...Sheri Elliott
The document discusses several key concepts regarding sustainable development and sustainable tourism planning. It focuses on how sustainable development issues must be addressed to minimize negative tourism impacts and maximize benefits for tourism planning and future development. Rural and small island communities are particularly impacted as they have small populations and lack of businesses, which can increase unemployment. International organizations play an important role in tourism development by helping to plan, develop, and preserve destinations in a sustainable manner.
Ecotourism involves visiting natural areas in a way that minimizes negative environmental impacts and supports local communities. It aims to educate travelers, provide funds for conservation, and foster respect for different cultures. For ecotourism to be successful, it must be small-scale, involve local communities, and ensure most profits stay in the local economy. However, some large-scale operations are accused of "greenwashing" by causing environmental damage while marketing themselves as ecotourism. Effective regulation and guidelines are needed to ensure ecotourism truly achieves environmental and social goals.
Perception of Economic and Environmental Impact of Christmas Festival/Calabar...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that investigated residents' perceptions of the economic and environmental impacts of the Christmas Festival/Calabar Carnival in Calabar, Nigeria. The study found that:
1) There is a significant positive effect of the festival on the local economy, generating jobs, tourism spending, and small business opportunities.
2) Residents perceive significant environmental impacts from the festival, including pollution from increased traffic, disruption of landscapes, and other issues.
3) While the festival brings economic benefits, residents also experience negative impacts such as security issues, congestion, and inadequate infrastructure, which proper planning could help mitigate.
Here is a summary of the positive and negative effects of ecotourism:
Positive Effects:
- Generates income and employment for local communities from tourism activities like guiding tours. This enhances economic development.
- Raises environmental awareness among both locals and tourists through interpretation and education. This fosters conservation values.
- Sustains local traditions and culture by showcasing them to visitors. This boosts cultural pride.
- Funds generated support conservation of natural areas that attract ecotourists. This aids protection of biodiversity.
Negative Effects:
- Overcrowding at popular ecotourism sites can degrade the environment through pollution, litter, and trampling of vegetation.
- Large visitor numbers may
Ecotourism can have both positive and negative socio-cultural, economic, and environmental impacts on destinations. Positively, it can increase financial opportunities for local communities, preserve natural habitats, and promote cultural pride and awareness of environmental issues. However, large tourist volumes can damage fragile ecosystems, introduce foreign values that weaken indigenous cultures, and increase costs of living in local communities. Proper management strategies are needed to maximize ecotourism's benefits while minimizing its risks and downsides.
International Organisations And Development Of TourismPatricia Johnson
The document discusses the attitudes of residents in Port Royal, Jamaica toward development in their area. Port Royal was once the largest city in the Caribbean but is now a small village. The purpose of the study is to examine why residents are reluctant to develop the area, which was once the center of shipping and commerce. Given tourism's growing economic importance, developing countries should consider how global trends may impact tourism flows and their economies. Factors like technological changes, demographics, manufacturing shifts, and environmental and political risks could dramatically change tourism patterns.
The Concept Of Ecotourism And Its Effects On The EnvironmentAshley Fisher
The document discusses the concept of ecotourism, defining it as environmentally conscious travel that enjoys and appreciates nature while promoting conservation and providing local socio-economic benefits. It examines claims that ecotourism minimizes the negative impacts of mass tourism and contributes to environmental preservation. The document questions whether ecotourism achieves these goals in practice or is a viable solution to environmental problems, given issues with implementation and regulations in areas where ecotourism programs operate.
Ecotourism aims to achieve sustainability by conserving the environment and improving livelihoods of local communities. It is defined as responsible travel to natural areas that minimizes negative impacts and provides economic benefits to conservation and local people. However, conventional mass tourism often leads to overdevelopment, social/environmental issues, and few local economic benefits. Ecotourism must respect local culture, empower communities, and generate profits for sustainable development to achieve its principles, addressing complex challenges along the way. Small-scale, community-involved models following best practices and certification standards can help ecotourism achieve sustainability.
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Ecotourism aims to achieve sustainability by conserving the environment and improving livelihoods of local communities. It is defined as responsible travel to natural areas that minimizes negative impacts and provides economic benefits to biodiversity conservation and local people. However, conventional mass tourism often leads to overdevelopment, social/environmental issues, and few local economic benefits. Ecotourism must respect local cultures, empower communities, and generate profits for sustainable development to achieve its principles where mass tourism has failed. Pressing challenges include balancing local control with free trade and setting standards for community interaction.
This document discusses tourism resources and sustainability. It begins by defining sustainable tourism and identifying different types of natural and cultural tourism resources. It then evaluates different forms of tourism like mass tourism, ecotourism, and community-based tourism and their potential for sustainable development. It also defines and discusses pro-poor tourism and how it can benefit marginalized communities. Finally, it covers tools for sustainable management of tourism resources.
Ecotourism emphasizes protecting nature and promoting sustainable tourism. It involves traveling responsibly to natural areas in a way that conserves the environment and improves livelihoods. While ecotourism can bring some pollution, its overall impact is more beneficial than harmful by improving quality of life, supporting conservation, and fostering cultural understanding if done sustainably. Ecotourism aims to educate travelers about ecology and environmental responsibility.
This document discusses the relationship between tourism, indigenous peoples, and sustainability. It notes that international organizations have emphasized the need for tourism development to align with sustainable development principles. While tourism can provide opportunities for indigenous communities if well-planned, it also poses threats if not managed properly, such as pressure on fragile environments and challenges to indigenous culture and land rights. The document examines examples of tourism benefiting conservation and indigenous communities when collaboratively managed. It also explores challenges indigenous people face in participating in tourism development and strategies like Pro-Poor Tourism that aim to reduce poverty through tourism.
This document discusses tourism and indigenous peoples, focusing on the opportunities and challenges of tourism development for indigenous communities. It notes that while well-planned tourism can support conservation, poverty alleviation and indigenous well-being, poorly managed tourism can be devastating by threatening indigenous culture and environments. The document also examines pro-poor tourism approaches aimed at benefiting indigenous peoples, but notes they are debated as tourism production often remains controlled by wealthy interests. Two cases of indigenous tourism in Australia seek to contribute to sustainable development, but indigenous Australians generally experience high poverty rates due to the impacts of colonization.
This document discusses sustainable tourism and provides definitions and examples. It begins by defining sustainable tourism and outlining its aims, such as maintaining environmental and cultural integrity while providing economic benefits. Different types of tourism are evaluated, including mass tourism, ecotourism, and community-based tourism. Pro-poor tourism is defined as an approach to spread greater benefits from tourism to the poor. Tools for sustainable tourism management are discussed. The document provides examples of sustainable tourism concepts from Fiji and concludes by emphasizing the need to balance environmental protection, cultural integrity, and economic benefits.
Ecotourism is defined as responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and benefits local people. It aims to educate travelers, provide funds for conservation, benefit local economies, and foster cultural respect. However, some ecotourism ventures have negatively impacted environments and local communities through issues like overtourism, displacement of indigenous people, threats to cultures, and mismanagement of natural resources. Improving sustainability requires regulation, education, prioritizing small local businesses, and natural resource stewardship.
Ecotourism and sustainable development in kenya paper finaltomngunyi
This document provides an overview of ecotourism and sustainable development in Kenya. It discusses the meaning and principles of ecotourism, as well as sustainable tourism development. It then examines the growth of ecotourism in Kenya, including its history and key organizations involved. Protected areas that support ecotourism are also reviewed. The document analyzes the impacts and challenges of ecotourism in Kenya, and discusses eco-rating of lodges and a case study of an eco-rated lodge.
The Development Of Sustainability In The Tourism IndustrySheena Crouch
The document discusses the development of sustainability in the tourism industry, specifically focusing on tour operations. It aims to measure awareness levels and current practices that have enabled sustainable development. Tour operators combine travel services and sell packaged tours. This study aims to recognize plans that have enabled tour operators to remain profitable despite competition. Undifferentiated products and small margins characterize many British tour operators, with companies like Thomson, Airtours, and First Choice dominating the market.
Analyse the consequences of tourism to the host community[1]Elelwani Mmbadi
This document discusses the consequences of tourism on host communities. It covers the economic, cultural/social, and environmental impacts on three pages. The economic impacts include job creation but also seasonal employment. Cultural impacts involve cultural exchanges but also overcrowding of sites. The environmental impacts include conservation of sites, but also pollution and disruption of wildlife. Both positive and negative consequences are examined across these three domains. In conclusion, the author notes that tourism can have many negative effects, but if managed carefully focusing on benefits over negatives, it could significantly reward local communities.
Analyse the consequences of tourism to the host community[1]
Costa rica case study 1
1. Environ Dev Sustain (2009) 11:1225–1237
DOI 10.1007/s10668-009-9214-3
Ecotourism as a development strategy: experiences
from Costa Rica
Jacobus Franciscus Koens • Carel Dieperink • Miriam Miranda
Received: 15 August 2005 / Accepted: 3 January 2006 / Published online: 8 October 2009
Ó The Author(s) 2009. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
Abstract This article reflects on the Costa Rican experiences with ecotourism by
assessing the positive and negative environmental, economic and social impacts of eco-
tourism development at four tourist destinations—Manuel Antonio, Monteverde,
Tortuguero and ASCOMAFOR. These destinations represent different stages of tourism
development. The assessment shows that the development of ecotourism has a dilemma
character. Compared to alternative land-use options, ecotourism remains a promising
development strategy. However, it should be embedded in a broader process of capacity
building.
Keywords Costa Rica Á Development strategy Á Ecotourism Á Impact assessment Á
Sustainable tourism
1 Ecotourism: potentials and pitfalls
Since the mid-1980s, Costa Rica has been very successful in attracting tourists. Annually,
more than one million tourists visit the country, and the tourism industry has an annual
turnover of over 1,200 million dollars (ICT 2002). The country has especially much to
offer to nature enthusiasts. Ecotourism is the leading concept in the country’s development
Readers should send their comments on this paper to BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication
of this issue.
J. F. Koens Á C. Dieperink (&)
Utrecht University, Copernicus Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation, Chair of
Environmental Studies and Policy, P.O. Box 80115, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands
e-mail: c.dieperink@geo.uu.nl
J. F. Koens
e-mail: mail@kokoens.nl
M. Miranda
Universidad Nacional, Centro Internacional en Politica Economica para el Desarrollo Sostenible
(CINPE), P.O. Box 555-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica
e-mail: mmiranda@una.ac.cr
123
2. 1226 J. F. Koens et al.
strategy. The International Ecotourism Society defines ecotourism as responsible travel to
natural areas that conserves the environment and sustains the well-being of local people’
(cited in Honey 1999a). Ecotourism has been promoted as a non-consumptive use of nature
and as a possible win–win development strategy, especially for underdeveloped areas (a.o.
Boo 1990; Honey 1999b; Weaver 2001). Ecotourism should not only conserve the envi-
ronment, but also improve the welfare of local people (Edwards et al. 1998). It should
generate money in an ecologically and socially friendly way than other forms of land
exploitation.
In practice, however, ecotourism’s principles may be corrupted, watered down and
hijacked. An increase in the numbers of visitors for instance calls for waste processing
facilities that are often missing (Boo 1990; Hardy et al. 2002; Honey 1999b; Stern et al.
2003). So, the questions can be raised whether it is wise for Costa Rica and other
developing countries to focus on ecotourism as a development strategy, or whether these
countries face challenges they are not up to.
In this article, we assess in four Costa Rican areas—the Manuel Antonio region, the
Monteverde region, the Tortuguero region and the region in which ecotourism is promoted
´
by the non-governmental Asociacion Comunal para el Manejo Forestal (ASCOMAFOR)—
whether ecotourism actually results in win–win situations. In the Manuel Antonio region,
tourism development started in the 1960s, followed in the 1980s by initiatives in
Monteverde and Tortuguero. ASCOMAFOR started its activities in the late 1990s.
Following Stern et al. (2003), we expect that scale has an influence upon the impacts of
tourism. We presume that a larger scale will give greater benefits, but also more draw-
backs. In the end, we expect the drawbacks to dominate the benefits in case of large-scale
tourism. A second presumption is that we expect a larger involvement of the local pop-
ulation to result in greater benefits and lesser drawbacks. This expectation stems from the
viewpoint that sustainable tourism requires the involvement of local residents in its
operations (Barkin 2003; Lindberg et al. 1996; Wunder 2000). Finally, we believe that a
greater institutional capacity of a region will result in more sustainable tourism, because
this allows for a better planning of the ecotourism facilities.
Development balance sheets are used to assess the potential environmental, economic
and social impacts of tourism. These sheets were synthesized after a literature search on the
impacts of tourism development (Amaro 1999; Braman and FAA 2001; Brown 1998;
Buhalis and Fletcher 1995; Caalders et al. 1999; Convery and Flanagan 2000; Cottrell
2001; Honey and Littlejohn 1994; Hunter and Green 1995; Keane 2000; Koningen 1996;
Norris 1994; Olsder and Rullman 1998; Place 1998; Roe et al. 1997; Scheyvens 2000;
Tisdell 1996; WTO 1992). Table 1 summarizes the potential, environmental, economic
and social impacts of tourism development found in literature.
We made a distinction between benefits and drawbacks that might occur on the envi-
ronmental, economic or social balance. On each of the balances, benefits may dominate
over drawbacks or the other way round. An equilibrium situation is also possible. Table 1
was peer checked by experts in sustainable tourism from NHTV Breda University of
Professional Education.
In order to call ecotourism development sustainable, we use the rather strict criterion
that the environmental, the economical and the social balances should be positive.
The impact assessment of ecotourism development in the four areas is based on semi-
structured in-depth interviews with 50 key stakeholders from the tourism industry and local
population. The balances were transformed into a topic list to structure the interviews.
Stakeholders were asked whether the possible impacts summarized in Table 1 were per-
ceived in the area. A benefit of this approach is that it allows for the benefits and drawbacks
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3. Ecotourism as a development strategy 1227
Table 1 Potential benefits and drawbacks of ecotourism development
Benefits Drawbacks
Environmental (Stimulation of) preservation of nature Land clearance and erosion
impacts
Environmental education and Disturbance and biodiversity losses
consciousness raising
Increase in garbage and sewage
Air pollution
Economic Foreign exchange, jobs Economic leakage
impacts
Economic diversification Loss of resource bases, resulting in growing
dependency
Inflation
Social impacts Improved education Loss of community coherence
Improved facilities Degradation of local culture
Empowerment of deprived groups Growing crime rates, prostitution, drug and
alcohol abuse
Encouragement of community Loss of access to facilities for local people
organization
Promotion of local culture
to be investigated separately. Furthermore, it ensures the consistency of research between
the different research areas. In order to investigate the continuing evolution of tourism in
the research area, a first round of 50 face-to-face interviews held by the main author of this
article between January and May 2002 (Koens 2003) was supplemented by a second round
in September and October 2005. To ensure validity and reliability, data were triangulated
with data found in policy documents and other literature.
The four research areas are introduced in the next paragraph. This introduction is
followed by an assessment of the environmental, economic and social impacts of tourism
development in those areas. Following these assessments, we address the way Costa Rican
society tries to manage ecotourism development. Some critical remarks will be made on
the role of local governments. The analysis results in an overview of conditions that
facilitate a more balanced tourism development.
2 Tourism development in four Costa Rican areas
The Manuel Antonio region on the Pacific Coast of Costa Rica is easily accessible from
´
San Jose (Fig. 1). The combination of easy accessibility, growing investments and scenic
beauty made the region one of the most visited areas in the country. Tourism in the region
´
began in the 1960s when a road was built from San Jose to Quepos. In 1972, on insistence
of the local communities, the national government created a recreation park to preserve
remaining areas of natural coastal vegetation (J. Badilla 2002, personal communication).
Later, in an attempt to protect it from the damage caused by tourism, the area was
reclassified as a National Park (Manuel Antonio National Park; MANP). In 1979, MANP
was visited by 30,000 people. In the 1980s, Northern Americans started tourism businesses
123
4. 1228 J. F. Koens et al.
ASCOMAFOR Tortuguero
Monteverde
ManuelAntonio
Fig. 1 Location of the four case study areas
here, and the tourism industry really took off. It is estimated that in 2003 around 200,000
tourists—mostly foreigners—visited the region (Cordero 2004). Since then, the number of
visitors to the Manuel Antonio region has increased even more (M. Esperla, 2002/2005,
personal communication). Tourism in the Manuel Antonio region is not solely nature
based. A study by Ankersmid and Kelder (2001) revealed that most tourists (61%) were
interested in the combination of nature and beaches. Only, 17% of tourists mentioned
nature as the main reason for visiting the area.
The Monteverde region is situated in the Northwestern part of Costa Rica on the Tilaran
Mountain range around the Continental Divide. The altitude of the area varies from about
600 to 1,842 m. Tropical Montane Cloud Forest, one of the world’s most threatened
ecosystems, covers much of the Monteverde region (Nadkarni and Wheelwright 2000).
There are three main protected areas in the region—the Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve
˜
(MCFP, founded in 1972), Bosque Eterno de los Ninos (BEN, founded in 1986) and the
Santa Elena Reserve (SER, founded in 1992). Although scientific tourism in the
Monteverde region started earlier, commercial tourism did not really take off until
the 1980s. This surge was partly due to a documentary broadcast by the BBC in 1978. The
creation of the BEN and SER helped the region gain further fame as a green tourist
location (Aylward et al. 1996). Still, because the area is relatively isolated due to its bad
traffic connections, tourism numbers have never risen as high as in the Manuel Antonio
region. MCFP, which almost all tourists to this area visit, had almost 55,000 visitors in
2000 (Burlingame 2000). As in the Manuel Antonio region, the number of tourists to the
Monteverde region has increased rapidly in the last couple of years to an estimated 75,000
in 2004 (M. Cruz, 2005, personal communication).
´
The Tortuguero region, a backwater area in the province of Limon, is situated on the
Caribbean Coast. The region is relatively isolated as all traffic is water based. Getting to
the region requires a boat trip of at least 45 min. Swamps combined with tropical rainforest
are the region’s main ecosystems. With a record of over 2,600 different species of plants
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5. Ecotourism as a development strategy 1229
´
and trees, Tortuguero’s biodiversity is very high (Solano Marın 1992). Tortuguero National
Park (TNP) was created in 1975 to protect sea turtles. The region began to attract a few
tourists in the late 1980s. Since 1996, the annual number of visitors to TNP has grown from
9,000 to an estimated 80,000 persons in 2004. This year around 90% of all visitors were
foreign. Mostly, nature lovers visit the region. Apart from natural beauty, the region has no
other tourist attractions. Tortuguero hardly receives individual visitors as most tourists
´
arrange a package tour in San Jose. This consists of the trip to the region and an overnight
stay in one of a limited number of lodges. (D. Loth, 2002/2005, personal communication;
¨ ¨
Reyes and Troeng 2002; Harrison and Troeng 2005).
´
The Asociacion Comunal para el Manejo Forestal (ASCOMAFOR) stimulates com-
munal development and forest protection in the rural-mixed tropical lowlands. ASCO-
´
MAFOR is situated in the province of Alajuela, a 3.5-h car drive from San Jose. In 2001,
ASCOMAFOR initiated a community-based tourism project in the communities of
Quebrada Grande, Santa Elena, Garabito and San Marcos. They work together with
Ecoteach (a United States/Costa Rican-based conservation organization). The four com-
munities each independently try to provide tourists with facilities. ASCOMAFOR unites
them by promoting tourism and by providing resources. Annually, 850 tourists (mostly
youngsters aged 11–18) live with Costa Rican families and follow cultural, ecological
(reforestation) and horticultural programs. Recently, a women’s organization has taken the
initiative to transform part of their homes to cater for independent tourists. In 2004, they
received 218 visitors (J. P. Ruiz, 2002, personal communication; O. Vargas, 2002/2005,
personal communication). All tourists in the region are foreign.
The results of the assessment of environmental, economic and social impacts for the
different research areas and the net impact of tourism on the three balances are given in
Table 2.
3 Environmental impacts of tourism in the research areas
In all regions, tourism resulted in benefits on the environmental balance. First, tourism
has given nature an economic value, which has prevented further deforestation (G.
˜
Acuna, 2002, personal communication; E. Argcedas, 2002, personal communication;
Aylward et al. 1996; Fundevi-ICT-SPN 1993; Inman 1998; CATIE 1983). Environmental
education is set up in all regions, but the extent to which it is said to be successful
Table 2 Perceived benefits, drawbacks and net impacts of tourism in the four research areas
Tourist Environmental impacts Economic impacts Social impacts
destination
Benefits Drawbacks Net Benefits Drawbacks Net Benefits Draw- Net
impact impact backs impact
Manuel Antonio * ** ± * ** ± * ** ±
Monteverde ** ** ± ** * ? ** ** ±
Tortuguero ** * ? * ** ± * * ±
ASCOMAFOR * 0 ? * 0 ? * 0 ?
** Many impacts perceived; * some impacts perceived; (0) no impacts perceived
(?) Benefits dominate, (±) both benefits and drawbacks are perceived
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6. 1230 J. F. Koens et al.
differs. In the Manuel Antonio region, the environment is subordinate to the economic
aspects of tourism for many people, despite the founding of a college of ecotourism.
Environmental education of tourists also is quite limited (R. Alvarca, 2002, personal
communication; M. Solis, 2002, personal communication). In the Monteverde region, the
protected areas provide for sufficient environmental education for local people as well as
´
tourists (Burlingame 2000; M. Dıaz, 2002, personal communication; A. Dunes, 2002,
personal communication). In Tortuguero, tourists and local children are educated, but
adult education is said to be lacking (Jacobson and Robles 1992; A. Castillo, 2002,
personal communication; V. Vargas, 2002/2005, personal communication). With AS-
COMAFOR, awareness raising is integrated in the tourist experience, and this results in
real tourist education. Moreover, a part of the profits raised by tourism goes to envi-
ronmental education in the local schools (M. Hernandez, 2002, personal communication;
´
T. Rodrıguez, 2002, personal communication; J. P. Ruiz, 2002, personal communication;
O. Vargas, 2002/2005, personal communication).
Tourism development has environmental drawbacks in three of the regions. In the
Manuel Antonio region and the Monteverde region, the construction of infrastructure,
accommodation and facilities has resulted in vegetation damage, disturbance of wildlife
and an increased possibility of erosion. So far, this has already resulted in a loss of
biodiversity in the Manuel Antonio region, with biodiversity losses expected in the
˜
Monteverde region in the near future (Acuna et al. 2000; J. Badilla, 2002, personal
´
communication; C. Braman, 2002, personal communication; M. A. Mendez, 2002, per-
sonal communication; W. Parejeles, 2002/2005, personal communication; C. Pensa,
2002, personal communication; N. Scrimshaw, 2002, personal communication). The
increase of garbage and sewage is the major problem in these regions as well, despite the
introduction of recycling projects (U. Alvarado, 2002/2005, personal communication;
´
A. Dunes, 2002, personal communication; M. A. Mendez, 2002, personal communica-
tion; C. Ramirez, 2002, personal communication; O. Villalobos Romirey, 2002, personal
communication). Air pollution also increased in the Manuel Antonio region as a result
of the growing number of vehicles entering the area (J. Mattey, 2002, personal
communication).
Land clearance has been a problem in the Tortuguero region as a couple of large
hotels have been built without any proper spatial planning (J. Montano, 2002, personal
communication). Animal life may be disturbed by passing boats, and wakes are said to
cause some erosion of the riverbanks. So far, not many negative impacts on the turtle
˜
population have been reported (P. Acuna, 2002/2005, personal communication; A. C.
Alfaro, 2002, personal communication; A. Cayasso, 2002, personal communication).
Recently, a project to reduce tourism impact on nesting turtles proved to be successful
¨
(Harrison and Troeng 2005). A management plan to control the flow of tourists over
space and time will be put into place soon (D. Loth, 2002/2005, personal communi-
cation). In the Tortuguero region, a recycling plant dealing with solid waste is opera-
tional, but money problems threaten its existence. Lack of finances also hampers a
solution to the growing sewage problem (V. Barrantes, 2002, personal communication;
J. Montana, 2002, personal communication). Still, garbage and sewage are not as big a
threat in the Tortuguero region as in the two regions mentioned earlier. Tourism
development guided by ASCOMAFOR so far has had hardly any environmental impact,
although in the future an increase in solid waste and sewage may cause minor problems
´
(T. Rodrıguez, 2002, personal communication; C. E. Sibaja, 2002/2005, personal
communication).
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7. Ecotourism as a development strategy 1231
4 Economic impacts of tourism in the research areas
Economically, the Manuel Antonio and the Monteverde region benefit from an increase in
foreign exchange as a result of tourist spending in hotels, restaurants and souvenirs shops.
In the Monteverde region, almost all of this money stays in the region. For example, many
of the handicrafts sold are also produced here. Tourism has diversified the local economy
rather than resulted in a loss of other resource bases (Burlingame 2000; M. A. Mendez,´
2002, personal communication; W. Parejeles, 2002/2005, personal communication)
However, in the Manuel Antonio region, local ownership of tourist facilities is very low,
which causes much economic leakage out of the region (X. Delgado, 2002, personal
communication; Duim et al. 2001). Also, contrary to the Monteverde region, only few
handicrafts are produced here, so the linkages between tourism and other economic sectors
˜
are weak (G. Acuna, 2002, personal communication; A. C. Alvarado, 2002, personal
communication; Duim et al. 2001). Both regions suffer from inflation of local prices, which
˜
makes it difficult for local people to make ends meet (G. Acuna, 2002, personal com-
munication; Chamberlain 2000; X. Delgado, 2002, personal communication).
Although foreign money is spent in the Tortuguero region, the emphasis on package
tours means that most money is made outside the region and that there is little room for
local entrepreneurs. Nevertheless, tourism has brought some more money to the local
economy, especially to local guides. Nowadays, the region is very much dependent on
tourism and subject to inflation (D. Loth, 2002/2005, personal communication; V. Vargas,
¨
2002/2005, personal communication; S. Troeng, 2005, personal communication; Place
1998: 115). The small scale of tourism with ASCOMAFOR brings only little extra income
to the region. On the other hand, tourism is community based, which means that it only
employs locals, and all foreign exchange stays within the region. No other economic
´
drawbacks are observed (T. Rodrıguez, 2002, personal communication; C. E. Sibaja, 2002/
2005, personal communication).
5 Social impacts of tourism in the research areas
Tourism in both the Manuel Antonio and the Monteverde region has stimulated locals to
improve their education (e.g., the private college of ecotourism). Medical care has also
improved, and women have gained empowerment (C. Aruya, 2002, personal communi-
cation; M. Gonzales, 2002/2005, personal communication; Koningen 1996; J. Vargas,
2002, personal communication). Support given to local culture in the Monteverde region is
another positive aspect of tourism. In the Manuel Antonio region, on the other hand,
cultural disintegration is perceived, especially between different generations (Arts and
Gudden 2002; Delgado personal communication). In both regions, the growing number of
tourists and immigrants has caused community organization to diminish. In the Montev-
erde region, this has caused the community development planning system to stop func-
tioning effectively (N. Scrimshaw, 2002, personal communication). Also, the increased
access to alcohol and an increase in crime rates are considered troublesome in these regions
˜
(Acuna et al. 2000; Chaves, personal communication; Koningen 1996; Moffat 2000; F.
˜
Nunez, 2002, personal communication). Drug abuse and prostitution are said to have
become troublesome in the Manuel Antonio region as well. Another negative social aspect
of tourism in the Manuel Antonio region is that the higher prices in this region cause locals
to be excluded from some tourist facilities and parts of the coastal area (Duim et al. 2001;
Vergeer, personal communication).
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8. 1232 J. F. Koens et al.
In the Tortuguero region, the package tour structure limits the contacts between locals
and tourists. Also, local people appear to make little use of the recreational facilities.
Tourism development has nevertheless slightly stimulated the improvement of education,
infrastructure and medical facilities in the region (J. Madden, 2002, personal communi-
cation; J. Montana, 2002, personal communication; E. Orlando, 2002, personal commu-
nication). Following the influx of tourists, women also gained empowerment. The
Women’s Association that manages the recycling plant exemplifies this (J. Madden, 2002,
personal communication). However, frictions about how the incoming communal money
should be used have been reported too. This has had a negative effect on the way the
people deal with environmental and social issues. Also, alienation has taken place in the
community, possibly as a result of the influx of tourism workers (D. Loth, 2002/2005,
personal communication). Tourism with ASCOMAFOR integrates local education and
culture in the tourist experience and stimulates intercultural exchanges. Women are the
leading force behind tourism with ASCOMAFOR, and in this way, they have gained
empowerment. Unfortunately, the positive effects of tourism remain limited due to the
small scale of tourism. On the other hand, no negative social aspects of tourism were
mentioned either (G. Alvarez, 2002, personal communication; G. Espinoza, 2002, personal
communication; M. Hernandez, 2002, personal communication; O. Vargas, 2002/2005,
personal communication).
6 Costa Rican initiatives to deal with a development dilemma
This study clearly represents the bilateral impact of tourism. Of the four case study areas,
only tourism with ASCOMAFOR could be called really sustainable as benefits dominate
on all balances. As soon as the scale of tourism begins to grow, the number of drawbacks
on the environmental, economic or social dimension seems to rise. However, tourism
revenue has become the most important source of income for the Costa Rican government,
and there is political and social pressure to maintain Costa Rica’s position in the inter-
national tourism market. This may lead the government to steer tourism development in
Costa Rica to tourism at a larger scale. Nevertheless, activities have been undertaken to
develop a more sustainable form of tourism in Costa Rica. For example, a reversion of the
deforestation started with the introduction of policy programs like the Environmental
Service Payments (ESP). These programs offer a financial stimulus to reforestation and
forest protection. As a result, the percentage of forest coverage has been increasing since
the 1990s. The promotion of ecotourism as an alternative land use was part of this strategy
(Miranda 2003). We also would like to highlight the creation of the Sistema Nacional de
Areas de Conservacion (SINAC) in 1995 and the activities of the Instituto Costarricense de
Turismo (ICT).
SINAC, the National System of Conservation Areas, has been set up by the Ministry of
Environment and Energy. It is a decentralized and participatory institutional system aimed
at achieving sustainable management of the country’s natural resources. The main
objective of SINAC is the consolidation of the protected areas in Costa Rica. SINAC has
created regional offices where locals are involved in conservation activities and in the
promotion and development of sustainable tourism. Not only SINAC, but also NGOs take
an active role in protecting landscapes, as they purchase large amounts of degraded land
surrounded by remnant forest and promote protecting activities. Nowadays, 4% of pro-
tected land is privately owned (Madriz 2002; Miranda 2003). Such private reserves will be
integrated into the national system of protected areas.
123
9. Ecotourism as a development strategy 1233
ICT established the blue flag eco-labelling program for beaches, which incorporates
sustainable development principles. Recently, this successful program was supplemented
by a certification system for sustainable tourism (CST). Tourism companies and hotels that
meet environmental, economic and social standards are certified. CST is praised for being a
premier sustainable tourism certification program, although it is sometimes criticized for
requiring a lot of paperwork, which would make it less suitable for smaller companies
(Bien 2002; Honey 2003).
7 The lack of initiatives at the local level
We have to admit that these promising national level initiatives are not always supple-
mented at the local level. Tourism policy is primarily the responsibility of the central
government despite efforts in the mid-1990s to decentralize public administration. So far,
the financial aspects of decentralization, like the collection of territorial taxes, have
received more attention than the organizational and political dimensions (Duim et al.
2001). As a result, few municipalities have the capacity to fulfill their legal obligations in
the field of physical planning, especially with respect to the planning of tourist facilities. In
many cases, technical expertise, political will and/or money are lacking. Also, the local
population is often not involved in policymaking. This causes little public interest in
politics and planning and a lack of trust, communication and co-ordination. As a result,
integrated planning at the local level is still in its infancy in Costa Rica. This general image
can be elaborated by focusing on the four different regions.
The Monteverde region, the Tortuguero region and ASCOMAFOR are situated far away
from the municipal centers, which makes municipal planning and control impossible. In
both the Monteverde region and ASCOMAFOR, the local population has come up with
initiatives to overcome these planning problems. Monteverde has an old history of
‘community planning’, a form of co-operative planning, in which problems are solved by
forming a democratic committee that engages itself in the issues at stake. However, the
important role of these ad hoc committees and related informal groups diminished with the
growth of the community and the introduction of more complicated planning issues
(Burlingame 2000). Lack of law enforcement resulted in the unregulated growth of tour-
ism. In March 2002, the municipality of Puntarenas transferred powers to a newly formed
Monteverde town council. A new physical plan was drafted to regulate urban growth and
the protection of natural areas. The council has hereby started a process to integrate all
relevant stakeholders (N. Scrimshaw, 2002, personal communication). A similar role is
played by ASCOMAFOR, as the communities in north-eastern Costa Rica do not have
their own councils. Although the association has less power than a municipality or a town
council, it is quite effective due to its good communication network and high local
involvement (O. Vargas, 2002/2005, personal communication). In both the Manuel
Antonio region and the Tortuguero region, the latter is not the case. There is a serious
distrust among the local population. In the Manuel Antonio region, only 6% of the local
population were positive about their municipality, blaming it for its ‘passivity’, incom-
petence, corruption and lack of support of community and tourism development (Duim
et al. 2001). In the Tortuguero region, local government is absent, and people feel
neglected by a remote municipality (J. Montana, 2002, personal communication). The
inhabitants of Tortuguero have not yet come up with a solution. This is mainly due to the
fact that tourism in Tortuguero is not community based. The Tortuguero package tours
123
10. 1234 J. F. Koens et al.
leave much power with too few people, which hampers participation and co-ordination
(A. Castillo, 2002, personal communication).
8 Conclusion
Not surprisingly, our analysis reveals that the economic, social and environmental effects
of tourism development in Costa Rica are both positive and negative. This is in accordance
´
with earlier research (Duha Buchsbaum 2004; Place 1998; Stern et al. 2003; Vivianco
2001). Often negative aspects of ecotourism are associated with environmental deterio-
ration. Results from this study show that this is not necessarily the case. Important positive
aspects of ecotourism development were the protection of natural areas and increasing job
opportunities. The most important drawbacks of ecotourism development were sewage
problems, lack of sufficient waste management, uncontrolled building of tourist facilities
and the disintegration of local communities’ social and cultural structures.
The first presumption of the present research was that a larger scale of tourism activities
would result in greater benefits, but also in more drawbacks. The second presumption was
that a larger involvement of the local population would result in greater benefits and less
drawbacks. Third, a greater institutional capacity of a region was said to result in more
sustainable tourism, because it allowed for a better planning of ecotourism facilities. Our
research supports all three presumptions. In the Manuel Antonio region, environmental,
social and economic problems were observed. When this community became more and
more dependent on tourism, too little attention was paid to problems that arose from it.
Also, a lack of local involvement and distrust among the local population has caused
problems. In the Monteverde region, the ‘community planning’ system stopped functioning
after the community became too large. This led to an escalation of tourism growth and
environmental problems. Interestingly, in Tortuguero where package tours are common
environmental problems can be dealt with successfully. This can be ascribed to an effective
management of visitors. However, this type of tourism has major drawbacks for the local
population who are effectively kept out of business. With ASCOMAFOR, only a small
grade of distortion was observed. Likewise, only small revenues and social benefits
occurred here. All in all, it appears that a greater institutional capacity brings about a more
sustainable form of ecotourism, due to better planning.
Despite its negative aspects, we would like to stress that we still believe that ecotourism
development is a promising development strategy for Costa Rica. Alternative land uses like
logging, banana plantations and cattle ranches have far worse drawbacks (Miranda 2003:
51–60). Research by Stern et al. (2003) confirms this finding. Now, Costa Rica is facing the
challenge to minimize negative impacts from tourism while maximizing its benefits.
Although the basic structures for the development of relevant policy initiatives exist, some
institutional gaps are perceived. These gaps are the result of the great velocity at which
ecotourism developed. Capacity building, especially at lower political levels, has just not
been able to keep up with ecotourism development. Our analysis reveals that a further
development of ecotourism requires a better institutional capacity and more integrated
planning on the local level. Municipalities should be challenged to start such integrated
planning initiatives. One of the main targets of this planning should be an improvement of
the pollution and waste management, the so-called brown agenda. At national level, it is
important to keep the focus of tourism development away from mass tourism as this will
undoubtedly have negative effects on the environment.
123
11. Ecotourism as a development strategy 1235
All societies are challenged to develop strategies to find an equilibrium between social,
economic and environmental impacts on their way towards sustainable progress. The Costa
Rican experiences show that ecotourism can be a promising development strategy if good
institutional capacity exists, especially at local level. More specifically, this implies that the
following conditions have to be met. First, environmental awareness among the general
public should be high. Secondly, the private sector should be involved in policies that are
based on a sustainable development paradigm. Social, environmental and economic
aspects should be given an equal consideration in this paradigm. Moreover, participants
and population should have a sense of ownership and understanding of these policies and
their implementation. Finally, local entrepreneurship in the tourism industry should be
high, and local culture should be integrated in tourists’ activities. It is easier to meet these
conditions if tourism is small scale and community based.
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncom-
mercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
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