The document discusses developing mass tourism in developing nations. It covers the positive and negative economic, political, environmental, and sociocultural impacts of mass tourism. While mass tourism can provide income and jobs, it can also lead to overdependence on tourism, loss of cultural identity, and environmental damage if not managed sustainably. The document argues that developing nations can maximize tourism's benefits and minimize its costs through judicious planning, sustainable development policies, and stakeholder engagement to ensure tourism profits are distributed equitably.

1. DEVELOPING MASS TOURISM IN
DEVELOPING NATIONS

2. CONTENT
Overview
Tourism performance
Definitions of developing nations
Tourism and development
Impacts of tourism on developing nations
Sustainable mass tourism
conclusion

3. OVERVIEW
Mass tourism is a tool for development in developing
nations. It examines the various approaches which
when used by developing nations, can bring about the
benefit and modernization and development.
 However, these approaches (e.g. moddernisation and
dependency theories) have impacts such as economic,
political, environmental and sociocultural.
 National government and developing nations have a
key role to play in the implementation and
enforcement of policy and management measures to
minimize negative impacts of the industry.

4. By proving the legislative and policy
framework and the judicious planning,
national governments have the opportunity
to enhance the benefits of tourism as well as
to facilitate and to encourage sustainable
tourism development.

5. TOURISM PERFORMANCE IN
DEVELOPING NATIONS
The WTO statistics on the performance of
international tourism show a pattern of
remarkable growth and development of the
industry especially over the past decade.
They appear to be the main beneficiaries of the
rapid expansion and growth of international
tourism.
According to WTO developing countries attained
a higher level of income from tourism between
1990 and 2000 than developed countries.

6.  During this decade, developing nations achieved
and overall income growth per international
arrival of 65% combined, compared with 18% for
Organization for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD) countries and 7.8% for EU
countries (WTO,2002).
This growth in tourism earnings has been
accompanied by an expansion of developing
nations ´share of global international arrivals
,doubling in volume from 20.8% in 1973 to 42% in
2000.

7.  Although tourism in developing nations is growing at a rate to
achieve competitive advantage in the global market, its earning
from the industry remains substantially less than their competitors
from the developed world.
 Developing nations account for marginal share in the overall
earning from international tourism.
 Tourism is characterized by unequal and uneven development in
the first world countries, the same apply to Africa as tourism
activities are concentrated only in three countries, Egypt, Morocco
and Tunisia which accounted for 52.6% of international arrivals in
1991,
 while in South East Asia Malaysia Singapore and Thailand,
accounted for 79.8% of all arrivals in the region (Mowforth and
Munt, 1998).

8.  Even though developing nations maybe endowed with lots of tourists
attractions, like sun, natural beaches, falls and incredible cultural heritage
resources, they lack the infrastructure such as airports, roads, and human
resources to deliver quality facilities demanded by tourists.
 More importantly, rapid growth in tourism does not mean that there is an
overall improvement in the income and welfare of the general population.
 Reid (2003:4) also supports the view that tourism in development
particularly in the destination of developing nations tends to be
characterized by unequal income erratic growth of their economies. He
argues that although local communities are often at the vanguard of the
tourism service, they are usually the least to benefit from the returns from
the industry.
 The people of local communities of many Less Developed Countries (LDCs)
are often excluded from the planning and decision-making processes by
many developers who tend to see them only as resources to be exploited.

9. DEFINITION OF DEVELOPING NATIONS
 Traditional measurements development have focused mainly on
economic indicators such as per capita income gross national
product (GNP) (Lea, 1988:4).
 Generally, countries that are not ranked as “high income countries”
by the world bank have tended to fall in the generic category of
developing countries and have been tagged with the nomenclature
of “third world” countries, which is now less popularly used as a
term to express the distinction between the developed and
developing world (Harrison, 1992:1).
 Developing countries are further categorised in to “Least developed
countries” (LDCs) and “newly industrializing countries” (NICs).
 Some 49countries in 2003 were designated as LDCs, of which 34 are
in Africa, 9 in Asia, 5 in the Pacific and 1 in the Caribbean
(WTO,2003:6). Those countries categorised as NICs are
predominantly East Asian nations such as Singapore and Thailand.

10. Characteristics of developing Nations
 Poor health among most of the population
 Inadequate access to water and sanitation
 Inadequate educational opportunities
 Hunger and malnutrition
 Low level of marketable skills as well as political insecurity
 High debt burden that perpetuates their economic vulnerability
 Low life expectancy,
 High maternal and infant mortality,
 Poor civic amenities such as, roads, electricity, telecommunication
as well as high incidence of child labour.
 According to the WTO (2003) some 60% of the world’s poor live in
five countries: India China Nigeria Ethiopia and Bangladesh.

11. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
advocated development as being more than growth in
income levels to the consideration of indicators
measuring the improvement in the standard of equality
of life which also implies the widening and expansion
of peoples choices and improving their well –being
(WTO, 2003 :5) .
 The Human Development Index (HDI) used by the
UNDP in measurement of development covers wider
social indicators beyond GDP per capita and take in to
account factors such as life expectancy, educational
attainment and real income (WTO,2003: 7).

12.  Based on these criteria, the HDI ranks countries
as “high human development” (HHD) “medium
human development” (MHD) and “low human
development” (LHD).
 In 1993 among LDCs with faster growing tourism
arrivals that were ranked at medium human
development were Cambodia, Bhutan, Peru and
Cape Verde while the LDCs that were ranked at
low human development included Chad Zambia
and Madagascar (WTO, 2002: 8).

13. TOURISM AND DEVELOPMENT
Tourism has been a major source of income
earnings for developing nations and so can be
exploited by them as a means of combating
intransigent problems of poverty and
economic dependency.
 However some approaches such as
modernisation dependency and globalization
could be used by developing countries for
successful tourism development.

14. Modernisation theory
 The modernisation theory postulates that developing
countries should gradually detach from their local activities
of agriculture and petit trading and emulate the economies
of western countries by relying on their capital technology
and expertise to derive development.
 This theory suggest that since developing nations are
essentially flowed and inherently weak, therefore must be
modernized restructured and reform to achieve economic
development and growth.
 The emphasis of modernisation theory of development is
on income generation and growth with the underlying
assumption that the benefits of economic growth
eventually “trickle down” to the local inhabitants.

15. Dependency theory
 The dependency theory challenges the basis of the modernisation
theory which maintains the economies of developing nations are
backward and in the need of modernisation and restructuring.
 Instead dependency theory contends that capitalist economies, by
their penetration of developing economies and their appropriation
of their economic surplus as well as their monopoly of global trade,
has instigated and perpetuated the underdevelopment of third
world countries.
 Consequently mass tourism is often rejected by dependency
theorists as a preferred developmental option mainly because it is
associated with large- scale foreign-owned investments, high levels
of profits repatriation and leakage, limited participation in the
industry and in decision making by local peoples and excessive
dependence on external markets.

16.  Brohman (1996) cites two studies conducted in the Cook
Island and Thailand which found out that small, locally-owned
firms generated more income employment and revenues in
the economies of these destinations than large
internationally-owned firms.
 This implies that tourism development that allows local
communities to retain the lion’s share of the earnings from
the industry is essentially preferable for developing countries.
 In many developing countries, local economic activities and
resources are used less for the benefit and development of
communities and increasingly for export and the enjoyment
of others (i.e., consumers from other areas of the world). This
occurs in tourism when the domestic market is neglected.
 To avoid overdependence on the international tourism
market and related problems, countries can explore tapping
the potential of domestic tourism

17.  Domestic tourism can effectively absorb the
excessive supply resulting from any slumps and
seasonality of inbound tourism.
 This also helps redistribute the national income,
thus reducing interregional gaps in the level of
economic development and contributing to social
equality.
The growing interdependence between national
economies is reflected in a trend towards global
markets, global production, global competition
and global communication.

18. GLOBALISATION – its role in tourism
development
 Globalisation involves the evolving interconnectedness of
the world, reflected in the expanded flows of information,
technology, capital, goods, services and people.
 Globalization includes, and goes beyond, simple
internationalization of markets.
 a process by which national and regional economies,
societies, and cultures have become integrated through the
global network of trade, communication, immigration and
transportation
 The growing interdependence between national economies
is reflected in a trend towards global markets, global
production, global competition and global communication

19.  The implications of developing nations are that globalisation offers both
opportunities and threads that they cannot ignore. The opportunities for
developing nations are:-
 Greater access to capital investment in technology
 Training and new competence for the local populations
 The building of new infrastructure
 As part of the overall competitive strategy of internationalisation, travel
and tourism transnational corporations in the airline, accommodation and
travel distribution industries are attracted to developing countries in their
quest to develop global brand, and to build alliances and partnerships that
lessen their dependence on their domestic markets (Wahab and Cooper,
2004).
 Undoubtedly developing nations reap the benefits of capital investment,
employment, and knowledge and skills transfer and the promotion of the
industrialisation of the local economy that are consequent to the business
operations of transnational Corporations (TNCs).

20. TNCs ultimately serve the interest of their major
shareholders, and their operations in developing
nations often result in the loss of locally created jobs as
well as the viability of local small enterprises.
Madeley (1999) notes that the main tourism TNCs are
airlines, hotel and restaurant chains, tour operators
and travel agencies, most of which are headquartered
in developed countries.
A study of international tourism estimated that some
13 TNCs dominates the tourism industry, of which 6 are
from the US, 4 from France and 1 each from Australia,
Britain and Canada.

21. IMPACTS OF MASS TOURISM ON
DEVELOPING NATIONS
 When tourism takes place in a destination, impacts are
inevitable for that country (Khan, 1997). These impacts are
likely to be both positive and negative in terms economic,
political and sociocultural outcomes for the destination
(Archer and Cooper, 1994).
 For developing nations in particular, the negative impacts
of tourism usually seem to be more acute because of the
lack of resources and expertise to manage the impacts and
to put in place planning measures to efficiently minimise
their cost to the country.
 Still there has been considerable debate on the extent to
which international mass tourism can be managed in such a
way as to reduce the negative impacts and to make the
industry more sustainable.

22. Economic Impact of Mass Tourism
Positive Impacts
 Tourism brings in foreign
exchange earnings and
contributes to countries
balance of payment. (BOP)
 Poverty alleviation
 Provide job opportunities
for large number of
unskilled workers.
 Increase in business
turnover.
Negative Impacts
 Over dependence of tourist
destination on tourism
 Economic biodegradation

23. Economic impacts
 According WTO, some of the main beneficial economic
impacts of tourism for developing nations include:
 Improve links with consumers who travel to the destination
thereby leading to opportunities for the sale of traditional
goods and services – micro-enterprises and small
businesses can sell handicraft and souvenir products to
potential customers.
 Access to international export market that have been
closed to traditional export products.
 Opportunity for the cultural and wildlife heritage resources
to provide earnings for poor, rural communities.
 Increase employment opportunities for women so
promoting gender equality.

24. Political impacts
Political conflicts and civil disturbances
War and terrorism
Ethnic conflicts

25. Environmental impacts
Among the problems associated with mass tourism are
spatial polarisation, environmental destruction,
cultural alienation, and the loss of social control by
local people
Tourism development in developing nations is mostly
concentrated on “the pleasure peripheries” such as
beach coast and in areas of high biodiversity. According
Weaver (2001b),
Large-scale tourism has contributed to the loss of coral
reefs and mangroves, the deterioration of water quality
and “appropriation of high- quality farmland”.

26. Sociocultural impacts
The emulation of the behaviour, lifestyle and language
of tourists by locals at the destinations termed the
demonstrative effect is seen as a direct outcome of the
encounter between tourists and their hosts.
The loss of identity and respect for local traditions and
culture that may occur through tourist-host interaction
cannot be compensated by possible positive outcomes
of motivation of local to work harder to acquire
western lifestyle.
Among the notable sociocultural impacts of tourism in
developing nations is the increase in crime and
prostitution particularly within resort communities.

27. Hashimoto (2002) points out, sex tourism is
an invaluable source of foreign exchange from
many developing countries as in the case of
the Philippines where it has been the third
largest source of foreign exchange.
However, sex tourism also exacerbates other
social problems of sexually transmitted
disease and illegal drugs that are costly for
destinations to manage.

28. SUSTAINABLE MASS TOURISM
 Sharpley (2002) argues that although most mass tourism development
leads to some environmental and sociocultural problems emanating from
excessive or rapid tourism development, there are no clear development
alternatives in achieving economic and social development for developing
nations.
 Like the case of the Dominican Republic, where the development of the
budget all-inclusive market has resulted in the strengthening of backward
linkages in both the agriculture and manufacturing sectors with tourism as
the main source of foreign-exchange earning for the country.
 tourism in sustainable development policies and the presence and
implementation of a clear tourism strategy that embraces sustainability
principles.
 It looks at tourism governance structures, including tourism ministries
and institutions and how they relate to other areas of government that
affect its sustainability and performance. It also considers the presence of
structures and mechanisms for engaging public, private and third sector
stakeholders, including local communities, at different levels.

29. CONCLUSION
 Developing Mass Tourism in Developing Nations must be
determined by specific needs of all the actors in the economy,
making sure that each an everyone participate actively to the
growth, development and sustainability of the industry ,not
undermining the economic and sociocultural degradation it come
along with.
 Ultimately, the context of poverty and need for economic growth
and sustainability suggest that the sources for tourism in
developing nation will not only be measured by the number of
tourism arrivals and per capita income derived from the industry.
 The industry’s success in the countries will be evaluated in terms of
its contribution in the alleviation of poverty, the empowering of
local communities, and the equitable spread of benefits of tourism
resulting to the improvement of the living standards and wellbeing
of the people of developing countries that pursue tourism as the
main engine of development.

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31. THANK YOU