This document summarizes a study that investigated residents' perceptions of the economic and environmental impacts of the Christmas Festival/Calabar Carnival in Calabar, Nigeria. The study found that:
1) There is a significant positive effect of the festival on the local economy, generating jobs, tourism spending, and small business opportunities.
2) Residents perceive significant environmental impacts from the festival, including pollution from increased traffic, disruption of landscapes, and other issues.
3) While the festival brings economic benefits, residents also experience negative impacts such as security issues, congestion, and inadequate infrastructure, which proper planning could help mitigate.
Tourism, Carrying Capacity & Environmental Impact by Bidhu B MishraBidhu B Mishra
Environmental Consideration in
Tourism, Carrying Capacity &
Environmental Impact Assessment
Environment comprises all the natural and cultural surrounding of people
positive environmental impact
negative environmental impact
The festival is a celebration of a specific theme to which the public is invited for a given season. This event could be done every year or less than one year (Grappi and Montanari, 2011). In this article we will present the different variables to measure the attractiveness of festivals. The result of this investigation will be: summarizing the variables of the festival variable measure from different authors in one paper.
Increased actuality and significance of the concept of sustainable development has dramatically changed the flow of tourism activities that used to be oriented towards environmental goals. Appropriate environmental protection management is the basic precondition for the development of tourism in future. The main goal of the sustainable tourism is to enable people to enjoy and gain knowledge about the natural, historical and cultural characteristics of the environment, while encouraging the economic development and well-being of the community and future generations. Regarding the importance of sustainable tourism, the paper explores the possibilities of developing the destination of the Gradac River in Serbia. The research emphasizes the tourism potentials of the Gradac River gorge as a region of exceptional characteristics, but at the same time the challenges of sustainable development of this destination have been analyzed.
Tourism, Carrying Capacity & Environmental Impact by Bidhu B MishraBidhu B Mishra
Environmental Consideration in
Tourism, Carrying Capacity &
Environmental Impact Assessment
Environment comprises all the natural and cultural surrounding of people
positive environmental impact
negative environmental impact
The festival is a celebration of a specific theme to which the public is invited for a given season. This event could be done every year or less than one year (Grappi and Montanari, 2011). In this article we will present the different variables to measure the attractiveness of festivals. The result of this investigation will be: summarizing the variables of the festival variable measure from different authors in one paper.
Increased actuality and significance of the concept of sustainable development has dramatically changed the flow of tourism activities that used to be oriented towards environmental goals. Appropriate environmental protection management is the basic precondition for the development of tourism in future. The main goal of the sustainable tourism is to enable people to enjoy and gain knowledge about the natural, historical and cultural characteristics of the environment, while encouraging the economic development and well-being of the community and future generations. Regarding the importance of sustainable tourism, the paper explores the possibilities of developing the destination of the Gradac River in Serbia. The research emphasizes the tourism potentials of the Gradac River gorge as a region of exceptional characteristics, but at the same time the challenges of sustainable development of this destination have been analyzed.
Environmental refugees: Searching for the hauntIARI, NEW DELHI
Environmental refugees are the people,
who can no longer access a secure
livelihood in their motherlands because of
e n v i r o n m e n t a l c a l a m i t i e s l i k e
d e s e r t i c a t i o n , c l o u d b u r s t i n g ,
deforestation, ooding, tsunami,
e r o s i o n , l a n d s l i d i n g a n d o t h e r
environmental problems, together with
the associated problems of population
pressures and prevalent poverty.
A presentation given to the Conference of INGOs committee for Democracy, Social Cohesion and Global Challenges on the significance of climate change as one of the complex factors affecting migration.
The conclusion suggests that climat change is a critical factor in all aspects of the work that the Council of Europe is involved in and that environmental issues - especially sustainable development - should be a top priority for its future work
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to :
With its close connections to the environment and climate itself, tourism is considered to be a vulnerable and highly climate-sensitive economic sector. Climate affects a wide range of environmental resources that are essential attraction factors for tourism. Climate change will make destinations less attractive and jeopardize major sources of income. There are direct impacts like altered seasonal patterns or coastal erosion, loss of beach area and higher costs to protect and maintain waterfronts. Also there are indirect impacts of climate change like water shortages. Higher costs for risk management for touristic infrastructure might change the demand side of tourism markets or the visitor numbers. Furthermore, the awareness of tourists towards climate change and other environmental issues is likely to be a major driver of their future holiday choices. Operators that do not adapt to this emerging ‘climate aware’ market risk losing market share to more responsive competitors. This clinic will discuss the important relation between climate change and tourism, and will try to show some alternatives and help to promote a responsible and sustainable tourism, which bring not only benefits for the tourism industry but also to the people whose livelihood depends on tourism.
When tourism getting momentum globally, a concern irks locally is – is tourism really benefitting the common people in destinations? When ordinary people are forced to jeopardize their convenience for the pleasures of travelers and tour operators, a lion part of the income generated from tourism goes to minority business players. Even though these natural attractions are to be equally enjoyed by all, this paradox remain prevails. Here the novel concept Responsible Tourism (RT) tries to answer many of our apprehensions. This paper reiterates that RT initiative – a strategy to accomplish economic, social and environmental objectives simultaneously shall be the approach for destination management. The Sustainable Tourism Products (STP) and Community Based Tourism (CBT) products emerge as a new strategy for destination marketing, and this Cause Related Marketing (CRM) totally in line with pro-poor, inclusive, and sustainable development concepts creates a win-win situation among community, tourists and industry.
Keywords: Responsible Tourism, Community Based Tourism (CBT) Product, Sustainable Tourism Product (STP), Destination Management, Destination Marketing, and Cause Related Marketing (CRM)
Tourism is one of the world’s fastest growing industries and is a major source of income for many countries. It can have both positive and negative impacts towards the image of the particular destinations tourism image. Sustainable tourism development attempts to find the balance between Environment, Economic and Culture to create an improved quality of life for the host community. The paper analyses about the concepts, practices, strategies, issues and trends of Sustainable Tourism Development
Literature review based on 6 academic articles regarding the impacts of tourism on different types of ecosystem.
This presentation was the final project of my english course at Swinburne Univeristy of Technology
Sustainable Tourism - Lessons from around the worldAlan Lew
Defines sustainable tourism from ecosystem, geographic scales, and time horizon perspectives. Explores the diversity of ways that Sustainable Tourism is created around the world.
Environmental refugees: Searching for the hauntIARI, NEW DELHI
Environmental refugees are the people,
who can no longer access a secure
livelihood in their motherlands because of
e n v i r o n m e n t a l c a l a m i t i e s l i k e
d e s e r t i c a t i o n , c l o u d b u r s t i n g ,
deforestation, ooding, tsunami,
e r o s i o n , l a n d s l i d i n g a n d o t h e r
environmental problems, together with
the associated problems of population
pressures and prevalent poverty.
A presentation given to the Conference of INGOs committee for Democracy, Social Cohesion and Global Challenges on the significance of climate change as one of the complex factors affecting migration.
The conclusion suggests that climat change is a critical factor in all aspects of the work that the Council of Europe is involved in and that environmental issues - especially sustainable development - should be a top priority for its future work
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to :
With its close connections to the environment and climate itself, tourism is considered to be a vulnerable and highly climate-sensitive economic sector. Climate affects a wide range of environmental resources that are essential attraction factors for tourism. Climate change will make destinations less attractive and jeopardize major sources of income. There are direct impacts like altered seasonal patterns or coastal erosion, loss of beach area and higher costs to protect and maintain waterfronts. Also there are indirect impacts of climate change like water shortages. Higher costs for risk management for touristic infrastructure might change the demand side of tourism markets or the visitor numbers. Furthermore, the awareness of tourists towards climate change and other environmental issues is likely to be a major driver of their future holiday choices. Operators that do not adapt to this emerging ‘climate aware’ market risk losing market share to more responsive competitors. This clinic will discuss the important relation between climate change and tourism, and will try to show some alternatives and help to promote a responsible and sustainable tourism, which bring not only benefits for the tourism industry but also to the people whose livelihood depends on tourism.
When tourism getting momentum globally, a concern irks locally is – is tourism really benefitting the common people in destinations? When ordinary people are forced to jeopardize their convenience for the pleasures of travelers and tour operators, a lion part of the income generated from tourism goes to minority business players. Even though these natural attractions are to be equally enjoyed by all, this paradox remain prevails. Here the novel concept Responsible Tourism (RT) tries to answer many of our apprehensions. This paper reiterates that RT initiative – a strategy to accomplish economic, social and environmental objectives simultaneously shall be the approach for destination management. The Sustainable Tourism Products (STP) and Community Based Tourism (CBT) products emerge as a new strategy for destination marketing, and this Cause Related Marketing (CRM) totally in line with pro-poor, inclusive, and sustainable development concepts creates a win-win situation among community, tourists and industry.
Keywords: Responsible Tourism, Community Based Tourism (CBT) Product, Sustainable Tourism Product (STP), Destination Management, Destination Marketing, and Cause Related Marketing (CRM)
Tourism is one of the world’s fastest growing industries and is a major source of income for many countries. It can have both positive and negative impacts towards the image of the particular destinations tourism image. Sustainable tourism development attempts to find the balance between Environment, Economic and Culture to create an improved quality of life for the host community. The paper analyses about the concepts, practices, strategies, issues and trends of Sustainable Tourism Development
Literature review based on 6 academic articles regarding the impacts of tourism on different types of ecosystem.
This presentation was the final project of my english course at Swinburne Univeristy of Technology
Sustainable Tourism - Lessons from around the worldAlan Lew
Defines sustainable tourism from ecosystem, geographic scales, and time horizon perspectives. Explores the diversity of ways that Sustainable Tourism is created around the world.
Performance Evaluation of Basic Segmented Algorithms for Brain Tumor DetectionIOSR Journals
Abstract: In the field of computers segmentation of image plays a very important role. By this method the re-quired portion of object is traced from the image. In medical image segmentation, clustering is very famous method . By clustering, an image is divided into a number of various groups or can also be called as clusters. There are various methods of clustering and thresholding which have been proposed in this paper such as otsu , region growing , K Means , fuzzy c means and Hierarchical self organizing mapping algorithm. Fuzzy c-means (FCM) is a method of clustering which allows one piece of data to belong to two or more clusters. This method (developed by Dunn in 1973 and improved by Bezdek in 1981) is frequently used in pattern recognition. As process of fuzzy c mean is too slow, this drawback is then removed. In this paper by experimental analysis and performance parameters the segmentation of hierarchical self organizing mapping method is done in a better way as compared to other algorithms. The various parameters used for the evaluation of the performance are as follows: segmentation accuracy (Sa) , area (A), rand index (Ri),and global consistency error (Gce) . Keywords - area (A), Fuzzy C means, global consistency error (Gce) , HSOM, K means , Otsu , rand index (Ri), Region Growing , segmentation accuracy (Sa) , and variation of information (Vi).
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Evaluation of titanium in hydrochloric acid solutions containing corrosion in...IOSR Journals
Currently, the use of titanium alloys components and coating (clad) in petroleum subsea production systems continues to increase. Titanium alloys are lightweight, very flexible; have greater mechanical resistance relationship showing excellent resistance to corrosion and fatigue in ambient seawater and marine environments. The rate of corrosion of titanium alloys are low for hydrochloric acid (3%), however, in the acidification operations from petroleum well is necessary the use of corrosion inhibitors, because the concentration of hydrochloric acid varies from 10 to 28%. A corrosion inhibitor for acidification can be defined as a substance or mixture of substances which are added to the corrosive medium aim inhibit or minimize the action of the corrosive medium. This paper presents the laboratory tests made with titanium coupons subjected to hydrochloric acid solution 10% (weight %), in temperatures of 50° C and 70° C, and additions of phenylamine (aniline), thiocarbamide and β-naphthol as corrosion inhibitors. The results showed that the corrosion protection inhibitors exerted by varies from 50 to 80% depending on the concentration of inhibitors and temperatures used in the tests.
Sustainability of Tourism Development in the city of Ain-Sukhna, Egypt
* Professor Dr. Yasser Mahgoub Image result for research orcid
Faculty of Architecture, Galala University, Egypt
E-mail: ymahgoub@gu.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 18 June 2021
Accepted 5 August 2021
Available online 14 August 2021
Keywords:
Coastal Tourism;
Sustainable Development;
Cultural Resource;
Ain-Sukhna;
Galala City.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Tourism is a major economic source for Egypt, due to its significant natural and cultural attractions. Yet, rapid development and construction of touristic facilities have a negative impact on the fragile natural and cultural heritage. This paper studies the recent touristic developments of the coastal stretch of Ain-Sukhna on the Red Sea coastal region of Galala Mountain, and their impact on the surrounding natural and cultural attractions. Coral reefs and rich marine life have made this stretch among the prime fishing and scuba diving destinations in the world. The area is also famous for its year-round sunny beaches and the spectacular coastal scenic drive where Galala Mountain reaches the Red Sea. Recently, development has started on the mountains following the construction of Galala Mountain Road. Galala City started with Galala University and several residential, touristic, and commercial facilities. This paper studies the pattern of development in the area during the past 40 years and assesses its impact on natural and cultural resources.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 13-22.
Sustainability of Tourism Development in the city of Ain-Sukhna, EgyptGalala University
Sustainability of Tourism Development in the city of Ain-Sukhna, Egypt
Tourism is a major economic source for Egypt, due to its significant natural and cultural attractions. Yet, rapid development and construction of touristic facilities have a negative impact on the fragile natural and cultural heritage. This paper studies the recent touristic developments of the coastal stretch of Ain-Sukhna on the Red Sea coastal region of Galala Mountain, and their impact on the surrounding natural and cultural attractions. Coral reefs and rich marine life have made this stretch among the prime fishing and scuba diving destinations in the world. The area is also famous for its year-round sunny beaches and the spectacular coastal scenic drive where Galala Mountain reaches the Red Sea. Recently, development has started on the mountains following the construction of Galala Mountain Road. Galala City started with Galala University and several residential, touristic, and commercial facilities. This paper studies the pattern of development in the area during the past 40 years and assesses its impact on natural and cultural resources.
Sustainability of Tourism Development in the city of Ain-Sukhna, EgyptYasser Mahgoub
Tourism is a major economic source for Egypt, due to its significant natural and cultural attractions. Yet, rapid development and construction of touristic facilities have a negative impact on the fragile natural and cultural heritage. This paper studies the recent touristic developments of the coastal stretch of Ain-Sukhna on the Red Sea coastal region of Galala Mountain, and their impact on the surrounding natural and cultural attractions. Coral reefs and rich marine life have made this stretch among the prime fishing and scuba diving destinations in the world. The area is also famous for its year-round sunny beaches and the spectacular coastal scenic drive where Galala Mountain reaches the Red Sea. Recently, development has started on the mountains following the construction of Galala Mountain Road. Galala City started with Galala University and several residential, touristic, and commercial facilities. This paper studies the pattern of development in the area during the past 40 years and assesses its impact on natural and cultural resources.
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International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
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Perception of Economic and Environmental Impact of Christmas Festival/Calabar Carnival in Calabar Metropolis of Cross River State, Nigeria
1. IOSR Journal of Sports and Physical Education (IOSR-JSPE)
e-ISSN: 2347-6737, p-ISSN: 2347-6745, Volume 1, Issue 5 (May-Jun. 2014), PP 01-04
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 1 | Page
Perception of Economic and Environmental Impact of Christmas
Festival/Calabar Carnival in Calabar Metropolis of Cross River
State, Nigeria
1
Edim, M. E. And 2
Osaji, N. N.,
1,2
Department Of Human Kinetics And Health Education, Faculty Of Education, University Of Calabar,
Calabar-Nigeria
Abstract: This study investigates residents’ perception of economic and environmental impact of Christmas
Festival/Calabar Carnival in Calabar Metropolis of Cross River State, Nigeria. To achieve the objectives of
this study, two hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. Literature was reviewed according to the
hypotheses directing the study. The survey research design was adopted for the study. A total of two hundred
(200) respondents were randomly selected for the study. The selection was done through simple random
sampling technique. A questionnaire was designed by the researchers with the help of some measurement
experts that gave its face and content validity. To test this hypotheses and to ascertain whether to accept or
reject them, Pearson Product Moment Correlation Analysis was considered appropriate because of the nature
of variables involved. The 0.05 level of significance was used for the statistical testing of each hypothesis, with
critical value and degree of freedom. The results show that there is significant effect of economic and
environmental impact of the Christmas Festival/Calabar Carnival on the residents of Calabar Metropolis, in
Cross River State, Nigeria. Based on the findings of the study, some conclusions and recommendations were
made.
I. Introduction
The Cross River State Christmas Festival/CalabarCarnival was introduced as a product lined for the
state tourism initiative in 2005. This was in recognition of tourism as a strategic economic development tool by
Governor Donald Duke led administration in the state between 1999-2008.The Festival/CalabarCarnival which
lasts for 32 days begin in December 2nd
to 1st
January and has many products such as city walk, musical festival,
traditional masquerades, Calabar carnival, and certain competitions, such cultural parade, children carnival,
adults carnival, boat regatta, and carol night.
The event is regarded as the Africa’s biggest street party. It is the most prestigious occasion that has
evolved into a major international event with great economic, cultural, political and environmental impact,
hence placing Cross River State in an international limelight, (Duke 2005). Tourism according to Duke is a
panacea for economic growth. It remains a critical option in the drive for wealth creation and an alternative to
dependence on fluctuating oil revenue. It is not surprising that government invest considerably on improving the
tourism industry and development of infrastructure to enhance the potential for economic profits.Thoughtourism
investments are often based on predictions that economic impact will result from the influx of visitors to the
host city and the creation of thousands of new jobs, (Ritchie and Smith, 2001).
However, economic growth following tourism events is not guaranteed and there have been issues of
the events bringing about economic havoc rather than development to the state. The 32 days festival is expected
generally to stimulate economic growth of the state. Conversely, little attention is paid to careful consumption of
natural environment in preparation of the ChristmasFestivals/Calabar Carnival.A well-managed environmental
and security programme if well designed can reduce the environmental destruction raised from refurbishment of
the transport systemand traffic that leads to degradation of the physical and biological environment by causing
air, water and soil pollution as well as security issues that is another challenge linked to tourism events and this
has gained attention is recent years (Cashman, 2002). The purpose of this paper is to examine residents’
perception of socio-economic and environmental effect of Christmas Festival/Calabar Carnival on the people of
CalabarMetropolis in Cross River State, Nigeria.
II. Literature Review
The economic role of CalabarFestival/Carnival is based on the fact that they act as catalysts for
attracting visitors and increasing their average spending and length of stay in the destination.The
Festival/Carnival s contributes to the local regeneration and prosperity of the destination. This is because it
generates new employment opportunities (Prentice and Anderson 2003,). There is an agreement among experts
that festivals bring about the emergence of small and medium sized enterprises in tourism destinations
2. Perception of Economic and Environmental Impact of Christmas Festival/Calabar Carnival …
www.iosrjournals.org 2 | Page
(Bachlestiner and Zins, 2009).The benefits of the CalabarFestival/Carnivalinclude provision of community
facility, job creation and the promotion of the area for tourism. (Hall, 2004) opined that economic impact of
event “is the total amount of additional expenditure generated with a city that can be directly or indirectly
attributed to the staying of a major sporting cultural or religious event”. According to Lindberg (1996) that the
economic impact studies focuses on the changes that take place in sales, income, jobs, or other parameters
generated by the event That the aim of every economic impact study is to assess the net effect of staging the
event in the area.
The CalabarFestivals/Carnivalshave the potentials to generate substantial revenue for the state.
Government supports and promotes events as part of their strategies for socio-economic development, nation
building and cultural tourism, (Onah, 2007). The CalabarFestival/Carnivalevents are seen by many as important
tool for attracting visitors and building image within different communities.The economic impact of the event is
measured principally from the consumption of tourism products within a geographical area (Duke,
2005).Tourism activities are bound to intervene with nature and produce changes in the environment
(Girginous&Pary, 2005). In some cases, the environmental impact can be positive and negative. Deco and
Baloglu (2002) noted that tourism activities can help preserve the physical environment and local heritage which
otherwise might not have happened if the mega event was not held. The impact of the CalabarFestival by
evaluation has its effect on the physical environment of the city of CalabarMetropolis.Since tourism is a
powerful tool in stimulating economic development, it has been widely used by government to diversify a
country’s economic base, to stimulate a new economic sector or as part of the regeneration of urban and rural
areas to underpin poverty, redevelopment and to create new attraction and activities for tourists (Onah, 2004).
Tourism development in many places may lead to deterioration in environmental quality. The growth
of tourism has prompted debates about environmental consequences and the desired ability of further
development. Matheson and Wall (1992) opined that the attribution of environmental damage to tourism is
difficult for a number of reasons.They further said that the main problem is that of disentangling the effects of
tourism from the effects of human existence. Edington and Edington (1986) are of the opinion that a proper
understanding of biological or more specifically ecological factors can significantly reduce the scale of
environmental damage associated with recreational and tourism development.Gossling (2002) observed that
tourism contributes to changes in landuse, energy use, extinction of species, geographical spread of diseases and
change to the perception of the environment.He further expressed concern that tourism has increased the levels
of transport on roads and in the air during the period of CalabarFestival, and is the consequent of wider effect on
the environment and human health. Awareness of pollution emanating from various transport modes as well as
direct effects on landscape and amenity values have escalated as transport infrastructure is further developed.
Transportation is one aspect of tourism which highlights the conflicts between the environment and the
industry.On the other hand, traveling is an essential criterion for tourism, hence roads, cars, aircrafts and airports
are all needed to permit the easy passage of tourists from home to destination and back again conversely.The
negative effects are the pollution of the natural environment and damage to the quality of landscapes (Gossling,
2002).
In the history of tourism, it has been indicated to be a social event. Tourism is a global phenomenon
which is essentially taste driven, with communities in and out of fashion and often the topic of social
conversation. This is often embodied in the concept of which places are “in vogue and must see destination.
Socio-cultural impact relates to changes in societal value systems, individual behavior, social relationship,
lifestyles,modes of expression and community structures (Lea, 2008). The focus of socio-cultural impact tends
to be the host community. This could be about the effect of the event on the people of the host communities of
their direct and indirect association with tourists.
Murphy (2005) opined that tourism as a vehicle for economic modernization and diversification almost
invariably leads to changes and developments in the structure of society. These may be positive and negative.In
the positive sense, there may be society-wide improvements in income, employment opportunities, education,
local infrastructure and services. While the negative side, there may be a threat posed to traditional social
values, the creation of factions of society who may take advantage of others and adaptation or weakening of
cultural values. According to Coher (2002), the interaction between host and guest could dilute or destroy
traditional cultures or create new opportunities for peace and greater understanding. Onah (2007), said that the
negative aspect of the CalabarFestival was much more than the positive aspect. He observed that a proper
monitoring programme if put in place will overcome the negative impact of tourism such as crime, lack of
security, traffic congestion, inadequate light supplies, sanitation condition, and road network.
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III. Methodology
The researcher made use of the survey research design for this study which is meant to describe and
interpret the effect of CalabarFestival/CalabarCarnival on the residents of CalabarMetropolis.The population of
this study consists of residents of CalabarMetropolis. A total of 200 respondents were randomly selected from
the population.
The main instrument used for data collection was the questionnaire.Close ended questions were
constructed and administered to the respondents to enable them choose the alternatives that best describes their
opinions. The questionnaire contained two parts. Part 1 is focused on the demographic data of the respondents
while part 2 contained data on residents perception of socio-economic and environmental effect of the Christmas
Festival/Calabar carnival on the people of Calabar metropolis. The instrument used for data collection was
validated using factor to content validation. Each item in the questionnaire was formulated to relate to the topic
under investigation.To determine the reliability of the instrument used for the study, test retest reliability was
conducted on a smaller sample size using Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient(r) and the result
yielded 0.07, this shows a high level of reliability.
IV. Results
Two hypotheses were used for this study thus:
There is no significant effect of ChristmasFestival/CalabarCarnival on the economy of residents in
CalabarMetropolis. The result of the analysis is presented in table 1
Pearson product moment correlation analysis of effect of Christmas Festival/CalabarCarnival on the
economy of residents in Calabar Metropolis N = 200
Variables ∑x
∑y
∑x2
∑y2
∑xy r-val.
Effect of Christmas Festival/CalabarCarnival 3328 11075584
6514 0.64
Economy of Residents Of CalabarMetropolis 3186 10150596
Significant at 0.05 level, df = 198, critical r= .138
The result of the statistical analysis as presented in table one indicates that the calculated r-value of
0.64 is greater than the critical r-value of .138 at 0.05 level of significance with 198 degree of freedom. The
result is significant and the null hypothesis was rejected. This means that there is a significant effect of
Christmas Festival/CalabarCarnival on the economy of residents in CalabarMetropolis. The second hypothesis
reads that:
Environmental indices of the Christmas Festivals/CalabarCarnivalhave no significant effect on
residents perception in Calabar Metropolis.The result of the analysis is presented in table 2
Pearson product moment correlation analysis of environmental indices of Christmas
Festivals/CalabarCarnivaland residents perception in Calabar Metropolis(N = 200)
Variables ∑x
∑y
∑x2
∑y2
∑xy r-val.
Environmental indices of Christmas Festivals/Calabar
Carnival
3354 11249316
6540 0.701
Perception of residents in CalabarMetropolis 3186 10150596
Significant at 0.05 level, df = 198, critical r= .138
The result of the statistical analysis as presented in table two indicates that the calculated r-value of
0.701 is greater than the critical r-value of .138 at 0.05 level of significance with 198 degree of freedom. The
result is significant and the null hypothesis was rejected. This means that there is a significant effect of
Christmas Festivals/CalabarCarnivalon the environmental indices and the perception of residents in of
CalabarMetropolis.
V. Discussion Of Findings
This section deals with the discussion of findings of the hypothesis directing the study. The result of
the first hypothesis indicates that there is a significant effect of the economic impact of
ChristmasFestivals/CalabarCarnival in the economy of residents of Calabar Metropolis. The findings of this
hypothesis is in line with Duke (2005) who said that the economic impact of the activities are measured
principally from the consumption of tourism product, within a geographical area. He went further to say that it
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can also be measured by assessing the net effect of staging the event in that area, and will remain a critical
option for wealth drive and creation, and alternative to dependence onfluctuatingoil revenue.
Onah (2007) also asserted that the economic impact of ChristmasFestival/CalabarCarnival has been
seen to have provided jobs annually not only in Nigeria but to Cross River State through the visitation of
tourists. He went on to say that the increased employment opportunities which emanates from the various hotels,
eco-tourism resorts comprising of the national parks, game reserve entertainment sector, transportation,
providers of allied accommodation, restaurant operators, snacks bar operators, dealers of souvenir, travel
agencies and many others. Also, Ogbe (2007) opined that economic benefit of the events may arise from direct
taxation mainly on tourists manpower and transport enterprise from the indirect taxation mainly on goods
consumed by the host and tourists.
The result of the second hypothesis indicates that environmental indices of Christmas
Festivals/CalabarCarnival has a significant effect on residents of Calabar Metropolis. To support the findings of
this study, Deco and Balogu (2002) noted that the tourism events can help preserveor destroy physical
environment and local heritage.On their evaluation of the Christmasfestival/Calabar Carnival, it has an effect on
the physical environment of the city of Calabar and its neigbouring communities.
Page (2007) supported that the pollution emanating from various transport modes as well as direct
effects on landscape and amenity values have escalated as transport infrastructure should be properly developed.
Onah (2007) also supported that at the host of this events, the security lapses, the traffic congestion and
increased crime during these event are part of the negative environmental impact experienced by residents of
CalabarMetropolis. He concluded by saying that although the negative environmental impact of
Christmasfestival/Calabar Carnivalwas much more than the positive/impacts, but if a proper monitoring
programme is put in place, it will overcome the negative impact of these events.
VI. Conclusion And Recommendations
Based on the findings of this study, the following conclusions were made:
1.That there is significant effect of economic impact of Christmas festival/Carnival on the residents of
CalabarMetropolis
2.There is a significant effect of environmental impact of ChristmasFestival/Calabar Carnival on residents of
Calabar Metropolis
Based on the following findings and conclusions of this study, these following recommendations are made:
1.The timing in the organization of the Calabar Carnival should be reviewed
2.Specialized training for effective crowd control for security operatives and band marshals should be
conducted
3.Alternative routes should be provided to ease the difficulties encountered by Carnival attendance to the
place of events.
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