The document describes a study that evaluated different soil phosphorus (P) extraction methods to determine the best method for correlating soil P levels with vegetable yield on Ultisols in Indonesia. The study tested five P rates on seven vegetable crops and analyzed soil samples using five P extraction methods. Olsen extraction showed the highest correlation with yield for amaranth, chili, and tomato. HCl extraction correlated best with eggplant and yard-long bean yield, while Morgan extraction worked best for kangkung and Bray extraction for green beans. Overall, the extraction method that showed the strongest correlation between soil P levels and relative crop yield was considered the best for developing fertilizer recommendations for each vegetable on Ultisols.
The document discusses soil testing and analysis for vineyards. It explains that soil sampling and testing is important prior to vine establishment and when nutritional disorders are observed. The most common types of soil tests evaluate chemical, physical, and biological soil properties. It then provides details on factors that affect the availability of various nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and micronutrients in soil.
The document describes a study that assessed the effects of using rabbit urine-based organic liquid fertilizer (POC) and urea fertilizer on the growth and yield of mustard plants. The study used a randomized block design with 7 treatments (including controls with no fertilizer) repeated 4 times. Treatments included different amounts of urea (5, 10, 15 g) and POC (100, 200, 300 ml). The study found that treatments with urea fertilizer produced significantly higher fresh weights (1003.3-1008.3 g) than POC treatments (616.7-621.7 g). Urea treatments also led to taller plants and more leaves compared to controls, while POC treatments were
This document discusses the importance of soil testing for agriculture. It notes that soil testing provides the most scientific basis for fertilizer recommendations by analyzing soil samples and considering crop needs and management practices. The key steps in soil testing are collecting a representative soil sample from the field, analyzing it to determine nutrient availability, interpreting the results, and making fertilizer recommendations. Proper sampling involves dividing fields into units, removing surface litter, and taking a composite sample from each unit before sowing crops. Soil testing helps farmers apply the right amounts of nutrients needed by their crops.
Utilization of Marginal Soils with Application of Phosphorus and Ethephon for...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Abundance of marginal soils is among the major constraint to achieve high yield for crop production due to unsuitable physical and chemical properties of the soils. Commonly, farmers would manage the marginal soil by adding soil amendment, compost and fertilizer which increase the cost of production. Alternatively, application of fertilizer together with plant growth regulator (PGR) during crop management can be practiced to utilize the marginal soil effectively. The aim of this experiment was to determine effects of phosphorus (P) fertilizer and PGR namely ethephon on growth performance of sweet corn grown in three marginal soils namely Rasau, Kuah and Dampar. The treatments were arranged as factorial randomized complete block design with four rates of P fertilizer and standard rate of ethephon replicated four times. The results indicated that the physical properties of the marginal soils vary which Rasau dan Kuah series have low content of silt (10.30% and 36.10%), respectively and clay (9.40% and 11.86%) while Dampar series has low sand content (21%). Consequently, Dampar series depicted highest soil moisture content (18.80%) compared to Rasau and Kuah with high content of silt and clay at 42.43% and 36.43%, respectively. At tasseling stage, where application of P fertilizer with combination of ethephon at 0 and 15 kg P 2 O 5 ha-1 there were significant difference between soil series on root length, total biomass wet and dry weight but exception for total biomass dry weight at 0 kg P 2 O 5 ha-1. Moreover, at 45 kg P 2 O 5 ha-1 there were significant difference among soil series on leaf number and total biomass dry weight whereas at highest P rate of 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha-1 only root length and root volume were affected. Most of the results were observed highest on Rasau soil series which contain highest sand particle instead of silt and clay compared to Kuah and Dampar series. However, the addition of ethephon and several P rates did not affect plant height among soil series. The results suggest that, the marginal soil can be utilized for sweet corn production by addition of combined P fertilizer at low rate and PGR.
Improvement in biological characteristics of alkaline soils by using pressmudIAEME Publication
1) The study aimed to improve the biological properties of alkaline soils by adding pressmud, a byproduct of the sugar industry.
2) Adding pressmud increased the soil bacteria and fungi counts, lowered the soil pH, and increased nutrients. The optimum application rate was found to be 80 tons per hectare.
3) Pressmud improved the biological properties of the alkaline soil, making it more suitable for agriculture. However, electrical conductivity increased above safe levels at application rates over 80 tons per hectare.
Reaction of Elite Faba Bean Genotypes for Soil Acidity StressAI Publications
Soil acidity is one of the major abiotic stresses in Ethiopian highland agriculture that limits crop production in general and a prime factor of faba bean production in particular. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of soil acidity stress on grain yield of 50 faba bean genotypes of which 22 were released varieties. The experiment was comprised two stress levels (lime treated and untreated) arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications. The analysis of variance for both potential yield (YP) and stress yield (YS) indicated significant differences among fifty genotypes. Also, significant differences were observed among faba bean genotypes regarding seven soil acidity stress indices. Based on the YP, the genotypes Moti, CS20DK, EKLS/CSR02010-4-3, Cool-0024 and EH07023-3, had the highest yield under non-stressed condition, while the genotypes CS20DK, Obse, Wolki, Didi’a and Dosha displayed the highest yield under stressed condition. In terms of grain yield (g/5plants) CS20DK was ranked 2nd and 1st with 113.24g and 79.56g under non-stressed and stressed, respectively. However, based on the overall performances of multiple stress indices (YI, STI, MP, GMP, HM, SSI and RYR) Wolki, Dosha and Obse were confirmed as soil acidity stress tolerant genotypes whereas Wayu was identified as the most sensitive genotype. The STI, MP, GMP and HM indices exhibited strong correlation with YP, while YI showed strong correlation with YS indicating YS can discriminate soil acidity tolerant genotypes with high grain yield under stress conditions. Hence, use of multiple stress indices confirms the performance consistency of the genotypes considered for the stress.
The document discusses soil testing and analysis for vineyards. It explains that soil sampling and testing is important prior to vine establishment and when nutritional disorders are observed. The most common types of soil tests evaluate chemical, physical, and biological soil properties. It then provides details on factors that affect the availability of various nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and micronutrients in soil.
The document describes a study that assessed the effects of using rabbit urine-based organic liquid fertilizer (POC) and urea fertilizer on the growth and yield of mustard plants. The study used a randomized block design with 7 treatments (including controls with no fertilizer) repeated 4 times. Treatments included different amounts of urea (5, 10, 15 g) and POC (100, 200, 300 ml). The study found that treatments with urea fertilizer produced significantly higher fresh weights (1003.3-1008.3 g) than POC treatments (616.7-621.7 g). Urea treatments also led to taller plants and more leaves compared to controls, while POC treatments were
This document discusses the importance of soil testing for agriculture. It notes that soil testing provides the most scientific basis for fertilizer recommendations by analyzing soil samples and considering crop needs and management practices. The key steps in soil testing are collecting a representative soil sample from the field, analyzing it to determine nutrient availability, interpreting the results, and making fertilizer recommendations. Proper sampling involves dividing fields into units, removing surface litter, and taking a composite sample from each unit before sowing crops. Soil testing helps farmers apply the right amounts of nutrients needed by their crops.
Utilization of Marginal Soils with Application of Phosphorus and Ethephon for...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Abundance of marginal soils is among the major constraint to achieve high yield for crop production due to unsuitable physical and chemical properties of the soils. Commonly, farmers would manage the marginal soil by adding soil amendment, compost and fertilizer which increase the cost of production. Alternatively, application of fertilizer together with plant growth regulator (PGR) during crop management can be practiced to utilize the marginal soil effectively. The aim of this experiment was to determine effects of phosphorus (P) fertilizer and PGR namely ethephon on growth performance of sweet corn grown in three marginal soils namely Rasau, Kuah and Dampar. The treatments were arranged as factorial randomized complete block design with four rates of P fertilizer and standard rate of ethephon replicated four times. The results indicated that the physical properties of the marginal soils vary which Rasau dan Kuah series have low content of silt (10.30% and 36.10%), respectively and clay (9.40% and 11.86%) while Dampar series has low sand content (21%). Consequently, Dampar series depicted highest soil moisture content (18.80%) compared to Rasau and Kuah with high content of silt and clay at 42.43% and 36.43%, respectively. At tasseling stage, where application of P fertilizer with combination of ethephon at 0 and 15 kg P 2 O 5 ha-1 there were significant difference between soil series on root length, total biomass wet and dry weight but exception for total biomass dry weight at 0 kg P 2 O 5 ha-1. Moreover, at 45 kg P 2 O 5 ha-1 there were significant difference among soil series on leaf number and total biomass dry weight whereas at highest P rate of 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha-1 only root length and root volume were affected. Most of the results were observed highest on Rasau soil series which contain highest sand particle instead of silt and clay compared to Kuah and Dampar series. However, the addition of ethephon and several P rates did not affect plant height among soil series. The results suggest that, the marginal soil can be utilized for sweet corn production by addition of combined P fertilizer at low rate and PGR.
Improvement in biological characteristics of alkaline soils by using pressmudIAEME Publication
1) The study aimed to improve the biological properties of alkaline soils by adding pressmud, a byproduct of the sugar industry.
2) Adding pressmud increased the soil bacteria and fungi counts, lowered the soil pH, and increased nutrients. The optimum application rate was found to be 80 tons per hectare.
3) Pressmud improved the biological properties of the alkaline soil, making it more suitable for agriculture. However, electrical conductivity increased above safe levels at application rates over 80 tons per hectare.
Reaction of Elite Faba Bean Genotypes for Soil Acidity StressAI Publications
Soil acidity is one of the major abiotic stresses in Ethiopian highland agriculture that limits crop production in general and a prime factor of faba bean production in particular. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of soil acidity stress on grain yield of 50 faba bean genotypes of which 22 were released varieties. The experiment was comprised two stress levels (lime treated and untreated) arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications. The analysis of variance for both potential yield (YP) and stress yield (YS) indicated significant differences among fifty genotypes. Also, significant differences were observed among faba bean genotypes regarding seven soil acidity stress indices. Based on the YP, the genotypes Moti, CS20DK, EKLS/CSR02010-4-3, Cool-0024 and EH07023-3, had the highest yield under non-stressed condition, while the genotypes CS20DK, Obse, Wolki, Didi’a and Dosha displayed the highest yield under stressed condition. In terms of grain yield (g/5plants) CS20DK was ranked 2nd and 1st with 113.24g and 79.56g under non-stressed and stressed, respectively. However, based on the overall performances of multiple stress indices (YI, STI, MP, GMP, HM, SSI and RYR) Wolki, Dosha and Obse were confirmed as soil acidity stress tolerant genotypes whereas Wayu was identified as the most sensitive genotype. The STI, MP, GMP and HM indices exhibited strong correlation with YP, while YI showed strong correlation with YS indicating YS can discriminate soil acidity tolerant genotypes with high grain yield under stress conditions. Hence, use of multiple stress indices confirms the performance consistency of the genotypes considered for the stress.
Soil Nutrient Availability and Enzyme Activities under Wheat-Green gram Crop ...Pravash Chandra Moharana
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of rock phosphate (RP) enriched rice straw compost, FYM
and inorganic fertilizers on changes in nutrient availability and enzyme activities in soil during different
physiological growth stages under a wheat-green gram crop rotation in an Inceptisol. The matured RP
enriched compost contained higher bioavailable P as well as total P content compared to farmyard manure.
Data revealed that application of inorganic fertilizers and RP enriched compost or FYM either alone or in
combination resulted in significant build-up in soil organic carbon, mineral N, Olsen-P and NH4OAc-K as
well as enzyme activities compared to unfertilized control plots during different physiological growth stages
of wheat and green gram. Plot receiving 50% NPK+RP enriched compost resulted in 100.8, 95.2 and 100.0
per cent greater build-up in Olsen-P over unfertilized control in crown root initiation (CRI), flowering and
maturity stage of wheat, respectively. Irrespective of treatments, build-up of mineral N, Olsen-P and NH4OAc-
K decreased in all the growth stages of green gram as compared to values obtained in wheat. The
dehydrogenase and phosphatase activities (alkaline and acid) were higher in flowering stage than maturity
and CRI stages of wheat. While, higher enzyme activities were obtained during pod formation in green
gram. The results demonstrated that enriched compost could be prepared using low-grade RP with rice straw
and used as an alternate nutrient source for improving crop yields, maintaining soil nutrient availability and
enzyme activities.
This document summarizes the key points about crop residue management. It begins with definitions of crop residue and discusses the importance of crop residues as a source of organic matter and plant nutrients. It then discusses different types of crop residues including field residues and process residues. The potential uses of crop residues are outlined, including as animal feed, household purposes, composting, biofuels, and improving soil properties. Methods of recycling crop residues like surface mulching, in-situ incorporation, and composting are described. Tables show the effects of different crop residue management practices on soil physical, chemical and biological properties.
Improving Fruit Quality and Nutritional Value of Deglet Nour dates subjected ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
A field study was carried out during the two consecutive years (2015-2016) in the region of Biskra, southern east of Algeria on date palms of Deglet-Nour variety, grown in a salty environment. To study the combined effect of salinity and phospho-potassium fertilization on the quality and nutritional value of dates, two sites of different salinity, occupied by 54 date palms variety Deglet-Nour has been selected. The palms were fertilized by receiving three doses of potassium (0, 2 and 3 kg / palm) as potassium sulphate K 2 SO 4 (50%) combined with three levels of phosphorus (0, 1 and 2 kg / palm) as superphosphate (TSP 46%). The results revealed that applying 2 kg of potassium/palm in an excessively salty environment and 3 kg/palm in a low or unsalted environment associated to 1 kg of phosphorus in the two different cases of salinity of the two sites S1 and S2 improving the fruit traits.
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of water hyacinth-based vermicompost and cassava-groundnut intercropping on the physical properties of soil, specifically bulk density and total porosity. The study consisted of four nutrient treatments (no fertilizer, mineral fertilizer, water hyacinth/poultry manure vermicompost, water hyacinth/cow dung vermicompost), three cassava planting densities, and sole cassava versus cassava-groundnut intercropping. Results showed that the organic nutrient sources significantly reduced bulk density more than mineral fertilizer. Cassava-groundnut intercropping also reduced bulk density compared to sole cassava. While total
Phosphorus mineralization of bioslurry and other manures in soil Premier Publishers
The experiment was conducted to see the phosphorus (P) mineralization pattern of bioslurry under aerobic and anaerobic soil conditions. Two bioslurry (cowdung bioslurry and poultry manure bioslurry) and their original manure (cowdung and poultry manure) at 3, 5, 10 and 20 t ha-1, respectively were thoroughly mixed with soil and incubated in aerobic and anaerobic moisture condition for 12 weeks. Among the four different types of manure, P release from poultry manure slurry was the highest. Poultry manure and cowdung slurry recorded very closer amount of available P. Both cowdung slurry and poultry manure slurry released higher amount of P compared to their original state (cowdung and poultry manure). P mineralization reaches in peak within 4-6 weeks of incubation. Under anaerobic condition the P mineralization was found higher compared to aerobic condition. The P mineralization data fitted strongly to the first order kinetic model. The bioslurries had lower rate of mineralization but had higher potentiality to release P in the soil compared to their original state.
This document summarizes a study that prepared different types of compost by mixing water lettuce plants, rock phosphate, effective microorganisms, and urea. Four treatments were tested: 1) water lettuce plants alone, 2) water lettuce plants mixed with rock phosphate, 3) treatment 2 plus effective microorganisms, and 4) treatment 3 plus urea. The compost was analyzed after 15, 30, 45, and 60 days. Treatment 4 produced compost with the highest total and available phosphorus and stabilized carbon to nitrogen ratio, making it a viable option for producing phosphorus-enriched compost. Inoculation with effective microorganisms increased several nutrient levels. Overall, mixing rock phosphate with plants
Growth and yield of rice plant by the applications of river sand, coconut and...NurdinUng
The research aimed to study effect the application of river sand (RS), coconut coir (CC), and banana coir (BC) on growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Ustic Endoaquert. The research was carried out in a green house using 3 × 3 × 3 factorial design. The RS factor consists of three treatment levels which were 0% RS, 25% RS, and 50% RS. Meanwhile, the CC and BC consist of three treatment levels, where each level were 0 Mg ha-1, 10 Mg ha-1 and 20 Mg ha-1. The results showed that RS, CC and BC applications did not have significant effect on plant height. On the other hand, all ameliorant applications had significantly increase leaf length and the highest percentage increasing was in BC (13.49%). The leaf numbers and tiller numbers had relatively similar pattern, except BC that had significantly increased leaf numbers by 77.69% and amount of tiller numbers by 49.45%. Furthermore, for yield components, RS, CC and BC applications had significant increased panicle numbers by 37.76%. It was only RS and BC that increased panicle lenght and the best increasing of 26.82% on RS. Meanwhile, the BC application only increased the rice grain numbers.
Liming effects on yield and yield attributes of nitrogen fertilized and brady...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of lime, bradyrhizobia inoculation, and nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and yield attributes of soybean grown in acidic soil in Ethiopia. The main findings were:
1) Pod number, seed yield, seeds per pod, and hundred seed weight were significantly increased when lime and bradyrhizobia were used together, but nitrogen fertilizer did not significantly affect most yield attributes.
2) The highest seed yield was obtained with the combined application of lime, bradyrhizobia, and nitrogen fertilizer.
3) Using lime and bradyrhizobia together produced yields similar to applying nitrogen fertilizer,
Influence of water hyacinth based vermicompost and cassava –groundnut inter...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of water hyacinth-based vermicompost and cassava-groundnut intercropping on the physical properties of soil, specifically bulk density and total porosity. The study involved applying different nutrient sources - including no fertilizer, mineral fertilizer, and two types of vermicompost made from water hyacinth and animal manure - to soils planted with sole cassava or an intercrop of cassava and groundnut. Results showed that the organic nutrient sources significantly reduced bulk density compared to mineral fertilizer. Intercropping cassava with groundnut also reduced bulk density relative to sole cassava. A non-significant increase in total porosity was observed
This document summarizes the findings of a 16-year field experiment comparing the effects of no-tillage with straw cover (NTSC) and traditional tillage with straw removal (TTSR) on soil properties in a winter wheat cropping system on the Loess Plateau in China. The study found that NTSC increased soil organic matter by 21.7% and total nitrogen by 51% in the top 10 cm of soil, and available phosphorus by 97.3% in the top 5 cm, compared to TTSR. Microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen were also 135.3% and 104.4% higher under NTSC. Winter wheat yields were approximately 15.5% greater with NTSC. The results
This document provides information about soil testing and fertilizer recommendations. It discusses the objectives, phases and process of soil testing programs including sample collection, extraction of nutrients, interpretation of results, and fertilizer recommendations. The key phases involve collecting representative soil samples, extracting available nutrients using common extractants, interpreting results based on nutrient categories and critical levels, and providing fertilizer guidelines based on soil fertility levels and target crop yields.
Agro –industrial effluents and agricultural wastes effects on soil chemical p...Alexander Decker
The document analyzes the effects of various agro-industrial effluents and agricultural wastes on soil chemical properties and yield of okra plants. Soil treated with poultry manure showed increases in organic matter, pH, and total nitrogen compared to soils treated with palm oil mill effluent, cassava mill effluent, or sawdust. While the industrial effluents had little effect on okra yield, application of poultry manure resulted in better improvement of soil fertility and higher okra yields than the other treatments.
Spent broiler litter from poultry reared on different litter materials (paddy husk, refused tea, or a mixture) was evaluated as organic fertilizer for radishes in a field experiment. Yields of radishes grown with spent litter were not significantly different than inorganic fertilizer. The type of litter also did not significantly affect yields. Soil bulk density was significantly lower with paddy husk or refused tea litter compared to the inorganic control, indicating spent litter improved soil properties. The study concluded that both paddy husk and refused tea based spent litter can be used as organic fertilizers for radishes.
This document provides a summary of a presentation on soil testing. It discusses:
1) The objectives of soil testing programs are to provide an index of nutrient availability, predict fertilizer response, and provide fertilizer recommendations.
2) The phases of soil testing include collecting soil samples, extracting and analyzing nutrients, interpreting results, and making fertilizer recommendations.
3) Proper soil sampling involves taking composited samples at a depth of 20cm, using augers or probes, drying the samples, grinding them to pass through a 2mm sieve.
Soil testing is important to determine fertilizer needs and maximize crop yields while avoiding over- or under-fertilization. The best approach is frequent soil tests followed by low-level, regular fertilizer applications. Soil tests measure nutrient levels and identify deficiencies, while tissue tests directly measure plant nutrient uptake. Professional lab testing using validated methods provides the most accurate results, identifying nutrient levels and soil properties to determine appropriate fertilization.
Plant need water, air, light, suitable temperature and 17 essential nutrients for growth and development in the right combination. When plant suffers from malnutrition, exhibits symptoms of being unhealthy reliable nutrient recommendations are dependent upon accurate soil tests and crop nutrient calibrations based on extensive field research. An important part of crop production is being able to identify and prevent plant nutrient deficiencies. Optimization of pistachio productivity and quality requires an understanding of the nutrient requirements of the tree, the factors that influence nutrient availability and the methods used to diagnose and correct deficiencies. Several methods for nutritional diagnosis using leaf tissue analysis have been proposed and used, including the critical value (CV), the sufficiency range approach (SRA), and the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS). de both soil and tissues analysis. Renewed and intensified efforts are in progress to identify nutrient constraints using latest diagnostic tools and managing them more precisely through intervention of geospatial technologies (GPS, GIS etc.). There have been consistent concerns about the relegated fertilizer use efficiency, warranting further the revision of ongoing practices, and adoption of some alternative strategies. Diagnosis of nutrient constraints and their effective management has, therefore, now shifted in favour of INM.
This document summarizes a research project on the effect of different phosphorus fertilizer rates on soybean growth. The project involved applying rates of 0, 50, 75, 100, and 125 kg/ha of DAP fertilizer to soybean plots. Data was collected on plant emergence date, leaf length, plant height, and leaf number. Statistical analysis found plant height was significantly affected by phosphorus rate, with the tallest plants at 125 kg/ha. Emergence date, leaf length, and leaf number were not significantly different. The researchers recommend a rate of 125 kg/ha DAP for best soybean growth. Further research is needed on yield and multiple locations before making a definitive conclusion.
Soil Nutrient Availability and Enzyme Activities under Wheat-Green gram Crop ...Pravash Chandra Moharana
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of rock phosphate (RP) enriched rice straw compost, FYM
and inorganic fertilizers on changes in nutrient availability and enzyme activities in soil during different
physiological growth stages under a wheat-green gram crop rotation in an Inceptisol. The matured RP
enriched compost contained higher bioavailable P as well as total P content compared to farmyard manure.
Data revealed that application of inorganic fertilizers and RP enriched compost or FYM either alone or in
combination resulted in significant build-up in soil organic carbon, mineral N, Olsen-P and NH4OAc-K as
well as enzyme activities compared to unfertilized control plots during different physiological growth stages
of wheat and green gram. Plot receiving 50% NPK+RP enriched compost resulted in 100.8, 95.2 and 100.0
per cent greater build-up in Olsen-P over unfertilized control in crown root initiation (CRI), flowering and
maturity stage of wheat, respectively. Irrespective of treatments, build-up of mineral N, Olsen-P and NH4OAc-
K decreased in all the growth stages of green gram as compared to values obtained in wheat. The
dehydrogenase and phosphatase activities (alkaline and acid) were higher in flowering stage than maturity
and CRI stages of wheat. While, higher enzyme activities were obtained during pod formation in green
gram. The results demonstrated that enriched compost could be prepared using low-grade RP with rice straw
and used as an alternate nutrient source for improving crop yields, maintaining soil nutrient availability and
enzyme activities.
This document summarizes the key points about crop residue management. It begins with definitions of crop residue and discusses the importance of crop residues as a source of organic matter and plant nutrients. It then discusses different types of crop residues including field residues and process residues. The potential uses of crop residues are outlined, including as animal feed, household purposes, composting, biofuels, and improving soil properties. Methods of recycling crop residues like surface mulching, in-situ incorporation, and composting are described. Tables show the effects of different crop residue management practices on soil physical, chemical and biological properties.
Improving Fruit Quality and Nutritional Value of Deglet Nour dates subjected ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
A field study was carried out during the two consecutive years (2015-2016) in the region of Biskra, southern east of Algeria on date palms of Deglet-Nour variety, grown in a salty environment. To study the combined effect of salinity and phospho-potassium fertilization on the quality and nutritional value of dates, two sites of different salinity, occupied by 54 date palms variety Deglet-Nour has been selected. The palms were fertilized by receiving three doses of potassium (0, 2 and 3 kg / palm) as potassium sulphate K 2 SO 4 (50%) combined with three levels of phosphorus (0, 1 and 2 kg / palm) as superphosphate (TSP 46%). The results revealed that applying 2 kg of potassium/palm in an excessively salty environment and 3 kg/palm in a low or unsalted environment associated to 1 kg of phosphorus in the two different cases of salinity of the two sites S1 and S2 improving the fruit traits.
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of water hyacinth-based vermicompost and cassava-groundnut intercropping on the physical properties of soil, specifically bulk density and total porosity. The study consisted of four nutrient treatments (no fertilizer, mineral fertilizer, water hyacinth/poultry manure vermicompost, water hyacinth/cow dung vermicompost), three cassava planting densities, and sole cassava versus cassava-groundnut intercropping. Results showed that the organic nutrient sources significantly reduced bulk density more than mineral fertilizer. Cassava-groundnut intercropping also reduced bulk density compared to sole cassava. While total
Phosphorus mineralization of bioslurry and other manures in soil Premier Publishers
The experiment was conducted to see the phosphorus (P) mineralization pattern of bioslurry under aerobic and anaerobic soil conditions. Two bioslurry (cowdung bioslurry and poultry manure bioslurry) and their original manure (cowdung and poultry manure) at 3, 5, 10 and 20 t ha-1, respectively were thoroughly mixed with soil and incubated in aerobic and anaerobic moisture condition for 12 weeks. Among the four different types of manure, P release from poultry manure slurry was the highest. Poultry manure and cowdung slurry recorded very closer amount of available P. Both cowdung slurry and poultry manure slurry released higher amount of P compared to their original state (cowdung and poultry manure). P mineralization reaches in peak within 4-6 weeks of incubation. Under anaerobic condition the P mineralization was found higher compared to aerobic condition. The P mineralization data fitted strongly to the first order kinetic model. The bioslurries had lower rate of mineralization but had higher potentiality to release P in the soil compared to their original state.
This document summarizes a study that prepared different types of compost by mixing water lettuce plants, rock phosphate, effective microorganisms, and urea. Four treatments were tested: 1) water lettuce plants alone, 2) water lettuce plants mixed with rock phosphate, 3) treatment 2 plus effective microorganisms, and 4) treatment 3 plus urea. The compost was analyzed after 15, 30, 45, and 60 days. Treatment 4 produced compost with the highest total and available phosphorus and stabilized carbon to nitrogen ratio, making it a viable option for producing phosphorus-enriched compost. Inoculation with effective microorganisms increased several nutrient levels. Overall, mixing rock phosphate with plants
Growth and yield of rice plant by the applications of river sand, coconut and...NurdinUng
The research aimed to study effect the application of river sand (RS), coconut coir (CC), and banana coir (BC) on growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Ustic Endoaquert. The research was carried out in a green house using 3 × 3 × 3 factorial design. The RS factor consists of three treatment levels which were 0% RS, 25% RS, and 50% RS. Meanwhile, the CC and BC consist of three treatment levels, where each level were 0 Mg ha-1, 10 Mg ha-1 and 20 Mg ha-1. The results showed that RS, CC and BC applications did not have significant effect on plant height. On the other hand, all ameliorant applications had significantly increase leaf length and the highest percentage increasing was in BC (13.49%). The leaf numbers and tiller numbers had relatively similar pattern, except BC that had significantly increased leaf numbers by 77.69% and amount of tiller numbers by 49.45%. Furthermore, for yield components, RS, CC and BC applications had significant increased panicle numbers by 37.76%. It was only RS and BC that increased panicle lenght and the best increasing of 26.82% on RS. Meanwhile, the BC application only increased the rice grain numbers.
Liming effects on yield and yield attributes of nitrogen fertilized and brady...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of lime, bradyrhizobia inoculation, and nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and yield attributes of soybean grown in acidic soil in Ethiopia. The main findings were:
1) Pod number, seed yield, seeds per pod, and hundred seed weight were significantly increased when lime and bradyrhizobia were used together, but nitrogen fertilizer did not significantly affect most yield attributes.
2) The highest seed yield was obtained with the combined application of lime, bradyrhizobia, and nitrogen fertilizer.
3) Using lime and bradyrhizobia together produced yields similar to applying nitrogen fertilizer,
Influence of water hyacinth based vermicompost and cassava –groundnut inter...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of water hyacinth-based vermicompost and cassava-groundnut intercropping on the physical properties of soil, specifically bulk density and total porosity. The study involved applying different nutrient sources - including no fertilizer, mineral fertilizer, and two types of vermicompost made from water hyacinth and animal manure - to soils planted with sole cassava or an intercrop of cassava and groundnut. Results showed that the organic nutrient sources significantly reduced bulk density compared to mineral fertilizer. Intercropping cassava with groundnut also reduced bulk density relative to sole cassava. A non-significant increase in total porosity was observed
This document summarizes the findings of a 16-year field experiment comparing the effects of no-tillage with straw cover (NTSC) and traditional tillage with straw removal (TTSR) on soil properties in a winter wheat cropping system on the Loess Plateau in China. The study found that NTSC increased soil organic matter by 21.7% and total nitrogen by 51% in the top 10 cm of soil, and available phosphorus by 97.3% in the top 5 cm, compared to TTSR. Microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen were also 135.3% and 104.4% higher under NTSC. Winter wheat yields were approximately 15.5% greater with NTSC. The results
This document provides information about soil testing and fertilizer recommendations. It discusses the objectives, phases and process of soil testing programs including sample collection, extraction of nutrients, interpretation of results, and fertilizer recommendations. The key phases involve collecting representative soil samples, extracting available nutrients using common extractants, interpreting results based on nutrient categories and critical levels, and providing fertilizer guidelines based on soil fertility levels and target crop yields.
Agro –industrial effluents and agricultural wastes effects on soil chemical p...Alexander Decker
The document analyzes the effects of various agro-industrial effluents and agricultural wastes on soil chemical properties and yield of okra plants. Soil treated with poultry manure showed increases in organic matter, pH, and total nitrogen compared to soils treated with palm oil mill effluent, cassava mill effluent, or sawdust. While the industrial effluents had little effect on okra yield, application of poultry manure resulted in better improvement of soil fertility and higher okra yields than the other treatments.
Spent broiler litter from poultry reared on different litter materials (paddy husk, refused tea, or a mixture) was evaluated as organic fertilizer for radishes in a field experiment. Yields of radishes grown with spent litter were not significantly different than inorganic fertilizer. The type of litter also did not significantly affect yields. Soil bulk density was significantly lower with paddy husk or refused tea litter compared to the inorganic control, indicating spent litter improved soil properties. The study concluded that both paddy husk and refused tea based spent litter can be used as organic fertilizers for radishes.
This document provides a summary of a presentation on soil testing. It discusses:
1) The objectives of soil testing programs are to provide an index of nutrient availability, predict fertilizer response, and provide fertilizer recommendations.
2) The phases of soil testing include collecting soil samples, extracting and analyzing nutrients, interpreting results, and making fertilizer recommendations.
3) Proper soil sampling involves taking composited samples at a depth of 20cm, using augers or probes, drying the samples, grinding them to pass through a 2mm sieve.
Soil testing is important to determine fertilizer needs and maximize crop yields while avoiding over- or under-fertilization. The best approach is frequent soil tests followed by low-level, regular fertilizer applications. Soil tests measure nutrient levels and identify deficiencies, while tissue tests directly measure plant nutrient uptake. Professional lab testing using validated methods provides the most accurate results, identifying nutrient levels and soil properties to determine appropriate fertilization.
Plant need water, air, light, suitable temperature and 17 essential nutrients for growth and development in the right combination. When plant suffers from malnutrition, exhibits symptoms of being unhealthy reliable nutrient recommendations are dependent upon accurate soil tests and crop nutrient calibrations based on extensive field research. An important part of crop production is being able to identify and prevent plant nutrient deficiencies. Optimization of pistachio productivity and quality requires an understanding of the nutrient requirements of the tree, the factors that influence nutrient availability and the methods used to diagnose and correct deficiencies. Several methods for nutritional diagnosis using leaf tissue analysis have been proposed and used, including the critical value (CV), the sufficiency range approach (SRA), and the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS). de both soil and tissues analysis. Renewed and intensified efforts are in progress to identify nutrient constraints using latest diagnostic tools and managing them more precisely through intervention of geospatial technologies (GPS, GIS etc.). There have been consistent concerns about the relegated fertilizer use efficiency, warranting further the revision of ongoing practices, and adoption of some alternative strategies. Diagnosis of nutrient constraints and their effective management has, therefore, now shifted in favour of INM.
This document summarizes a research project on the effect of different phosphorus fertilizer rates on soybean growth. The project involved applying rates of 0, 50, 75, 100, and 125 kg/ha of DAP fertilizer to soybean plots. Data was collected on plant emergence date, leaf length, plant height, and leaf number. Statistical analysis found plant height was significantly affected by phosphorus rate, with the tallest plants at 125 kg/ha. Emergence date, leaf length, and leaf number were not significantly different. The researchers recommend a rate of 125 kg/ha DAP for best soybean growth. Further research is needed on yield and multiple locations before making a definitive conclusion.
This document reports on a study that evaluated the effects of different rates of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on the yield and yield components of shallot (Allium cepa L.) in two districts of Ethiopia. Five rates of nitrogen (0-132 kg/ha) and six rates of phosphorus (0-240 kg/ha) were applied in a factorial experiment. The treatment of 92 kg/ha nitrogen and 160 kg/ha phosphorus resulted in the highest marketable yield (23 tons/ha), total yield (23.45 tons/ha), and average bulb weight (88.8 g). While plant height, marketable yield, and total yield were not significantly different among most nitrogen rates, the combination
This study evaluated the effects of different rates of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on the yield of shallot in Ethiopia. Five levels of nitrogen (0, 72, 92, 112, 132 kg/ha) and six levels of phosphorus (0, 160, 180, 200, 220, 240 kg/ha) were applied to shallot plants. The highest marketable yield of 23 tons/ha was obtained with the application of 92 kg/ha nitrogen and 160 kg/ha phosphorus. This treatment combination of 92 kg/ha nitrogen and 160 kg/ha phosphorus was recommended for shallot production in the study area.
Monitoring Of Macronutrients Uptake by Soil and Potato Plants – A Comparative...IOSR Journals
Soil test1, 2 is necessary to identify optimal concentrations of essential elements required for plant growth. The fertility of soil is affected by the presence of some essential elements as Macronutrients like N, P& K. This study including the status of Macronutrients in the soil and potato plans. The percentage of nitrogen (N) in soil of potato plant was obtained 5.6% and 1.89% where as nitrogen percentage in plant ash was 17.45% and 16.4% respectively. But the phosphorus and potassium are present in adequate amount in soil. As it was found that the concentration of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in part per million in soil of potato was 62ppm and 148.3ppm and in potato plant ash the concentration was 64.23ppm and 103.3ppm respectively.
Seed management’s influences on nodulation and yield of improved variety of s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A pot study was carried out on an improved soybean variety (TGX 1448-2E) to assess the effects of seed management on its nodulation and yield. The experiment was in factorial combinations with six replicates at the teaching and research farm of University of Abuja. The factors were 2 soils, 2 levels of phosphorus fertilizer (-P and + P), and 2 seed sources (farmer’s and researcher’s managed seeds). P was applied as triple superphosphate at 30 kg P ha-1. Destructive sampling was done at 8 weeks after planting to record growth parameters and nodulation. At maturity, the number and weight of pods, weight of 50 seeds and total seed yield were recorded. The results showed that generally researchers’ managed seeds showed a significantly higher mean values than farmers’ managed seeds. The pod and total seed weight from researchers’ seeds were 106.26 g and 52.43 g per plant respectively against the farmers’ managed seed with pod weight of 80.23 g and total seed weight of 44.35 g per plant. P application influenced significantly the weight of nodules, pods and seeds per plant. This significant lower performance observed in farmers’ managed seeds could have resulted from factors such poor seed handling or mix up during harvesting or storage, poor quality seed selection for planting.
Estimation of genetic parameters and gene actions of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor...Innspub Net
A study of sorghum tolerance to low P condition was conducted in two experiments : (1) in nutrient solution and
(2) in acid soil. The aim of this study was to obtain information on the genetic variability and heritability of agronomic characters that could be used as selection criteria in low P condition and to obtain information on gene action that controlled agronomic characters of sorghum.The plant materials used in this experiment were F2 segregating population derived from the cross between B69 and Numbu. The first experiment was conducted in the green house of Bogor Agricultural University. B69, Numbu and F2 population were grown hidroponically for 14 days. Composition of the nutrient solution used in the experiment followed the method suggested by Ohki with modification of P concentration. P is given in the form of KH2PO4: 0.001 mM. The results showed that shoot dry weight (SDW) and total dry weight (TDW) had high estimate of heritability and moderate genotypic
coefficient of variance (GCV), thus these characters can be used for criteria selection for low P tolerance at seedling stage. The significant value of skweness from the distribution shoot dry weight in F2 segregants, indicate the presence of complementary epistasis gene action, whereas normal distribution of total dry weight showed additive gene action. The second experiment was conducted in acid soils of Bogor District Experimental Field Tenjo, Bogor. The results showed that stem diameter, panicle weight and grain yield per plant had high heritability and wide GCV value, indicating these characters can be used as the selection criteria in selecting
sorghum genotypes for low P tolerance in acid soil. Based on the skewness values, all of the agronomy characters
observed in this study were influenced by additive gene action. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
This document summarizes a study on the response of maize to phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers on a soil with low phosphorus status. Treatments included two nitrogen sources (urea and LAN), three phosphorus sources (MAP, NP, and APP), and five phosphorus application rates (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 kg P/ha). The study found that both aerial and subsoil maize growth parameters responded positively to nitrogen source, with LAN yielding greater growth than urea. Aerial and subsoil parameters also responded to phosphorus source and application rate, though responses were more prominent during the first planting. Orthophosphate sources MAP and NP produced greater aerial growth than the poly
The document describes a field experiment conducted in Mozambique to evaluate the response of soybean crops to different rates of phosphorus fertilizer. The highest rates of phosphorus (60 kg P2O5 ha-1) led to the tallest plants, highest biomass and grain yields, most pods, and largest seeds. Moderate rates (20-40 kg P2O5 ha-1) optimized some growth parameters. The study demonstrates that phosphorus fertilization can improve soybean yields in the acidic soils of Mozambique's Angónia region.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of sugarcane pressmud biocompost and mineral fertilizers on maize growth and soil properties. The biocompost had nutrient contents of 1.8% N, 1.83% P, and 0.9% K. A pot experiment found that biocompost and nitrogen fertilizer increased maize height, dry weight, and nitrogen uptake. Biocompost and fertilizers also increased soil organic matter, phosphorus, and potassium levels. The results indicate that biocompost can be used along with mineral fertilizers to boost maize growth and yields by improving soil quality.
This document discusses various methods for evaluating soil fertility, including nutrient deficiency symptoms on plants, plant analysis, biological tests, and soil testing. It provides details on each method, such as the common deficiency symptoms observed on plants for different nutrient deficiencies. Plant analysis methods include rapid tissue tests, total analysis, and identifying critical nutrient levels in plants. Biological tests include field tests, using indicator plants, and microbiological and laboratory/greenhouse tests. Soil testing is a chemical method that estimates the nutrient supplying power of soil and identifies nutrient deficiencies. Modern approaches discussed are soil test crop response and the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system.
Soil fertility analysis for rice production in the lowland areas of Diplahan,...Open Access Research Paper
The most important practice that contributes to rice production is nutrient management. However, if the nutrient plant required is insufficient, low production is unavoidable. Thus, this study was carried out to determine the soil fertility status of lowland areas in the municipality of Diplahan. Soil samples from each sampling site were collected in rice farms using a composite random soil sampling moving in a zigzag pattern. A depth of 0- 15cm soil samples were collected from 15 – 30 different places in 1-5 hectares. An air-drying procedure was done before it was carried to the laboratory for final testing. Soil samples were analyzed for pH, organic carbon, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium following the BSWM (Bureau of Soils and Water Management) procedures. Furthermore, a soil fertility map was outlined through ArcGIS software by plotting local coordinates in Google Map. Results showed that the areas in 10 selected barangays in the municipality have moderate soil acidity, with a pH level that falls below the desirable range of 5.5 – 7.0 but no lower than 4.5. According to the results of the soil organic carbon analysis, all barangays have insufficient SOC. Only four barangays have the optimal soil organic matter content for lowland rice production. The study also revealed that only two (2) barangays receive an adequate amount of nitrogen, while the rest are considered deficient. Phosphorous-rich soils were found in two (2) barangays; the five (5) barangays have a medium content; and the remaining three (3) barangays have a low content. Lastly, no barangay in the municipality obtains an adequate amount of exchangeable potassium ranging from 82-246 ppm. Problem of insufficient nutrient requirements for rice crop production is widespread in the municipality.
Enhancing Productivity and Livelihoods among Smallholders Irrigations through...Jenkins Macedo
This field research was presented at the 2015 3rd Global Conference on Climate-Smart Agriculture in Montpelier, France on March 18, 2015.
Climate change and climate variability pose significant risks to smallholders in the rainfed lowlands of Lao PDR. Increased surface temperatures, declining rainfall, persistent drought and depletion of soil nutrients all serve to impact agricultural productivity and livelihoods. This study investigates the impact of five treatments on soil nutrients, moisture, plant growth, and yield of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica). The treatments tested were rice husk biochar only, biochar inoculated with manure, manure tea, inorganic fertilizer and the control. The costs and benefits of the treatments were also assessed. The randomized complete block design was used to assign five treatments and eight replications to the experimental units. Biochar was produced through slow pyrolysis. Soil physical properties were assessed with the visual soil assessment method and 15-randomized soil samples were collected for chemical analyses. Sprinklers were used for irrigation and a weather station installed to monitor the climate. Descriptive statistics and analysis of variance were used to analyze the data. Costs-benefits evaluation of the treatments was conducted to determine the net benefits relative to the initial costs ratio. The analysis of variance of mean yield indicates that the difference in yield among the treatments was highly significant. The computed F value (8.28) was higher than the F critical (2.64) at the 5% level of significance. The calculated coefficient of variance of mean yield was 17.33%. The net benefits to initial costs ratio of treatments suggest that the control (4.11), biochar inoculated with manure plus NPK (1.64), and biochar plus manure tea (1.01) are preferred. The net benefits and initial costs evaluation of treatments is important to assess whether utilizing these treatments would impact smallholders’ livelihoods. The results of this study contribute to the evidence that biochar could play an essential role to mitigate climate change risks by enhancing soil quality and increase agricultural productivity.
Enhanced efficiency phosphorous fertilizers on the coffee crop in sandy soilAI Publications
Crops are generally cultivated in deficient phosphorus soils in the tropics. Phosphorus (P) is essential to crop development and has a low efficient use in fertilizer management. The need to increase P fertilization efficiency justify studies evaluating the performance of enhanced efficiency P fertilizers. A greenhouse experiment was carried out to evaluate coffee growth, plant P contents, and agronomic P fertilization efficiency. The treatments, randomly designed with three replicates, were arranged in a 2x5 factorial scheme: two P sources (Triple Superphosphate – TSP and Policote coated TSP – TSP+Policote) and five P rates (0; 5; 10; 15 and 20 g P2O5.plot-1). The experimental plot was formed by a pot with 14 kg of sandy soil. All treatments were homogenized with the plot's soil. Then, coffee seedlings were transplanted. Coffee growth, plant P content and accumulation, and agronomic P fertilization efficiency were affected by phosphorus fertilization. TSP+Policote promoted higher leaf and plant dry matter yield and P accumulation in coffee than conventional P fertilizer. The higher agronomic efficiency and apparent P recovery efficiency index, observed with TSP+Policote, explain the higher coffee plant growth observed with Policote coated P fertilizer. The obtained results demonstrated that Policote coated P fertilizer can be used as an enhanced efficiency fertilizer. Results show that Policote coated P fertilizer is a more efficient way to deliver the required P to plants.
11.combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers to increase yiel...Alexander Decker
1) The study investigated the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil properties and barley yield in Ethiopia.
2) It found that applying both organic (farm yard manure) and inorganic (NP or NPK) fertilizers led to the highest barley production, yielding over 49 quintals per hectare.
3) Applying only inorganic fertilizers or only organic fertilizers also increased yields compared to the control of no fertilizers, but the combination of both organic and inorganic fertilizers worked best for increasing soil fertility and barley production sustainably.
Combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers to increase yield o...Alexander Decker
1) The study investigated the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil properties and barley yield in Ethiopia.
2) It found that applying both organic (farm yard manure) and inorganic fertilizers (NP or NPK) led to the highest barley production, yielding over 49 quintals per hectare.
3) Applying only inorganic fertilizers or only organic fertilizers also increased yields compared to the control of no fertilizers, but the combination led to the greatest increases in soil fertility and barley production.
Effect of soil acidity on some soybean varietiesInnspub Net
This study aims to determine the mechanism of adaptation and morphophysiology character of soybean genotypes to soil acidity levels. Research using randomized block design with four replications, the first factor consists of soybean varieties: Tanggamus varieties, Detam 2, Anjasmoro and Detam 1, while the second factor is the media's treatment consisted of medium acid soils and limed soil. The results showed that the low level acidity of planting medium will affect the growth and development of plants. There are different mechanisms of adaptation to acidity on soybean varieties. Avoidance mechanism is indicated by an increase in pH around the roots on Tanggamus varieties, Detam2, Anjasmoro and Detam1. Tolerant mechanism is indicated by the maturation age and high production on Tanggamus varieties
Determination of the Optimum Sulphur Fertilizer Rate for Groundnut Production...AI Publications
Laboratory studies and pot Experiments were carried out to determine the optimum sulphur (S)fertilizer rate for groundnut production in selected soils of Benue state using sorption indices. Surface soil samples (0-20 cm) were collected for sorption studies and pot experiments. The sorption study was carried out by shaking known concentrations of S (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 mgkg-1) with 5g soil sample. The suspension was filtered and the amount of S in solution determined. The amount of sulphatesorbed was estimated as the difference between equilibrium sulphate concentration and initial sulphate added. Data from the sorption study was fitted into the Langmuir and Freundlich sorption equations. Thereafter a pot experiment was carried out with six levels of solution sulphate concentration to determine the optimum S concentration for yield of groundnut and the amount of sulphur fertilizer required to achieve this concentration in the soil under study. Result show that both soils have the capacity to sorb sulphur. The sorption maxima, buffering capacity and binding energy of the soils under study are 70.66 mgkg-1, 15.81mg kg-1, 0.22 dm3 mg-1 and 117.84 mgkg1, 9.83 mg kg-1,0.08 dm3 kg-1 for Aliade and Daudu soils respectively.The highest yield in Aliade soil was obtained with 6 mg kg-1 S while 12 mg kg-1 S gave the highest yield in Daudu soil. Aliadeand Daudu soils would require 57.41 and 23.69 kg ha-1S respectively to maintain 12 mg/kg and 9mg/kg of S in the soil solution. Hence for groundnut production in Aliade soil, 57.41 kg S ha-1 is recommended while for the Daudu soil, 23.69 kg S ha-1 is recommended.
Oxidative enzymes activity in sugarcane juice as a function of the planting s...Ana Maria Lozano Florez
This study examined the effects of different sugarcane planting systems, soil coverings, and hydrogel polymer treatments on the oxidative enzyme activity in sugarcane juice. Samples were taken from sugarcane crops monthly for eight months and analyzed for polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) enzyme activity. The results showed that soil coverings and planting systems did not impact enzyme activity levels. However, hydrogel polymer treatments increased PPO activity, particularly in furrow planting systems. Enzyme activities also fluctuated over the course of the experimental months.
Similar to Correlation Study of Soil-P Test for Vegetables Grown in the Ultisols at Nanggung, Bogor, Indonesi~ (20)
This document provides information about the 3rd International Conference on Adaptive and Intelligent Agroindustry that was held from August 3-4, 2015 in Bogor, Indonesia. It includes welcoming messages, details about keynote speakers, the agenda, and abstracts of invited speakers. The conference aimed to provide a forum for researchers and professionals to exchange ideas and recent advances in innovative agroindustry. It covered topics related to agroindustrial systems, process engineering, environmental engineering, and information technology for adaptive agroindustry.
This document provides information about the 3rd International Conference on Adaptive and Intelligent Agroindustry that was held from August 3-4, 2015 in Bogor, Indonesia. It discusses the welcome message from the general chairs, welcoming address from the head of the Agroindustrial Technology Department at Bogor Agricultural University, list of committees and invited speakers, topics to be discussed, and the agenda for the conference. The conference aimed to provide a forum for researchers, engineers, and scholars to exchange information and strengthen collaboration in innovative agroindustry.
TEKNOLOGI SEPARASI BAHAN AKTIF TEMULA W AK MENGGUNAKAN BIOPOLIMER TERMODIFIKA...Repository Ipb
Prosiding ini mendeskripsikan pengembangan teknologi separasi bahan aktif temulawak menggunakan biopolimer termodifikasi dari serabut ela sagu. Serabut ela sagu dimodifikasi melalui kopolimerisasi cangkok dan taut silang untuk menghasilkan selulosa-g-poliakrilamida yang digunakan sebagai material separator. Xantorizol dapat dipisahkan dengan baik dari senyawa pengotor menggunakan material ini, yang dievaluasi melalui krom
PEMBUATAN ARANG DARI SAMPAH ORGANIK DENGAN CARA KARBONISASI MENGGUNAKAN REAKT...Repository Ipb
Artikel ini membahas tentang pembuatan arang dari sampah organik kota menggunakan metode karbonisasi dalam reaktor pirolisis pada suhu 350-510°C selama 5 jam. Parameter kualitas arang yang diukur meliputi rendemen, kadar air, abu, zat terbang, karbon, nilai kalor, dan daya jerap terhadap beberapa zat. Hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan bahwa karbonisasi pada suhu 505°C menghasilkan arang dengan kualitas
Ringkasan dokumen ini adalah:
1. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi senyawa bioaktif antifeedant dalam asap cair hasil pirolisis sampah organik perkotaan.
2. Hasil pirolisis diuji aktivitasnya terhadap larva Spodoptera litura dan fraksi yang aktif diidentifikasi menggunakan GC-MS.
3. Identifikasi menunjukkan fraksi metanol mengandung 14 jenis senyawa antifeedant dengan y-butyrolacton se
THERMAL EFFECT ON APATITE CRYSTAL SYNTHESIZED FROM EGGSHELL’S CALCIUMRepository Ipb
This document summarizes a study on the thermal effect on apatite crystals synthesized from eggshell calcium. Apatite crystals were synthesized by precipitating calcium solution from calcined eggshells into diammonium hydrogen phosphate solution. The apatite crystals were characterized using XRD and SEM before and after being calcined at 800°C and 900°C. XRD analysis showed the uncalcined samples contained hydroxyapatite and a small amount of carbonated apatite. Calcination removed the carbonate content, leaving only hydroxyapatite. Crystallinity and grain size increased with higher calcination temperatures. SEM images also showed larger grain size with increasing temperature.
STUDI PRODUKSI PEKTIN ASETAT SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKU LEMBARAN BIOPLASTIKRepository Ipb
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan waktu aktivasi dan asetilasi yang optimal untuk memperoleh pektin asetat yang tidak larut air, yang akan digunakan sebagai bahan baku lembaran bioplastik. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa waktu aktivasi 180 menit dan waktu asetilasi 120 menit menghasilkan materi yang paling hidrofobik dan tingkat substitusi asetil tertinggi. Analisis menunjukkan perbedaan antara pektin dan pektin aset
EKSTRAK SAPOGENIN AKAR KUNING SEBAGAI HEPATOPROTEKTOR PADA MENCIT YANG DIINDU...Repository Ipb
Prosiding Simposium Nasional Kimia Bahan Alam XX (2012) merangkum hasil-hasil penelitian terkini mengenai peranan kimia bahan alam dalam meningkatkan potensi dan saintifikasi tanaman obat Indonesia. Simposium ini diselenggarakan oleh Himpunan Kimia Bahan Alam Indonesia bekerja sama dengan Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta pada 9-10 Oktober 2012. Terdapat presentasi dari pembicara undangan dan peserta, serta diskusi unt
PENGARUH EKSTRAK BANGLE (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.) TERHADAP AKTIVITAS ENZIM ...Repository Ipb
Dokumen tersebut merupakan prosiding Seminar Nasional Sains III dengan tema "Sains Sebagai Landasan Inovasi Teknologi dalam Pertanian dan Industri" yang diselenggarakan pada tanggal 13 November 2010 di Bogor. Prosiding ini berisi makalah-makalah hasil penelitian yang dipresentasikan dalam empat sesi paralel yaitu Biological Science, Biochemistry, Chemistry, dan Physics & Mathematical Science, serta sesi poster. Prosiding ini bermanfaat bagi pelaku dan institusi terkait untuk men
POTENSI MINYAK ATSIRI DAUN Cinnamomum multiflorum SEBAGAI INSEKTISIDA NAB A T...Repository Ipb
Prosiding ini membahas potensi minyak atsiri daun Cinnamomum multiflorum sebagai insektisida nabati terhadap hama ulat kubis Crocidolomia pavonana. Minyak atsiri daun C. multiflorum diperoleh dengan kadar rendemen 1,39% dan diuji aktivitasnya dengan metode celup daun. Hasil uji menunjukkan minyak atsiri C. multiflorum memiliki aktivitas insektisida tinggi terhadap C. pavonana den
HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY PROFilE OF TEMPUYUNG Sonchus arvensis ...Repository Ipb
This document summarizes research on the anticancer potential of tempuyung (Sonchus arvensis) extracts. Tempuyung samples were collected from different areas in Java and extracted using methanol and ethanol. Phytochemical tests found saponins, flavonoids, steroids, and tannins. Toxicity tests against Artemia salina shrimp found the 70% ethanol extract was more toxic than the methanol extract. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) profiled the most toxic extract from Solo. Gradient HPLC produced 3-7 peaks providing a better fingerprint than isocratic HPLC with 1-4 peaks. The research investigated anticancer potential and optimized HPLC profiling of bioactive tempuyung extracts
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
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Correlation Study of Soil-P Test for Vegetables Grown in the Ultisols at Nanggung, Bogor, Indonesi~
1. 4. Correlation Study of Soil-P Test for Vegetables
Grown in the Ultisols at Nanggung, Bogor, Indonesi~
Juang G. Kartika and Anas D. Susila1
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) correlation experiment has been done in Ultisols in
Nanggung District, Bogor, Indonesia from 2006-2007 to find the best P
extTaction method suitable for vegetables i.e. amaranth (Amaranthus sp.),
kangkung (Ipomoea aquatica L.), eggplant (Solanum melongena LJ, chili
(Capsicum annuum L.), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill), green bean
(Pahaseolus vulgaris L.) and yard-long bean (Vigna unguiculata L.).
Treatments were Prate: 0, 45, 90, 135 and 180 kg/ha P20 S equal to 0, 125,
250, 375 and 500 kg/ha SP36 (36% P20 S). Treatments were arranged in
Randomized Complete Block design with three replications. Soil samples
were taken from every plot and analyzed with five extraction methods (25%
HCI, Morgan Vanema, Bray-I, Mehlich and Olsen). Soil analysis results were
correlated with the relative yield of each vegetable. The best soil extraction
method is that which showed highest correlation with vegetable relative yield.
Olsen method showed highest correlation with amaranth, chili and tomato
relative yield; 25% HCL with yard-long bean and eggplant; and Morgan
Vanema kangkung relative yield and Bray-l for green bean.
Keywords: Vegetables, P-correlation, relative yield, Ultisols.
1. Introduction
Phosphorus (P) is the macro nutrient for plants; and next to nitrogen, is the second
highest needed by plants. P nutrients have a role in carbohydrate, fat and protein
metabolism. Phosphorus acts as intermediary, to keep and supply energy for me-
tabolism like respiration and fermentation (Soepardi, 1983). P also arranges enzy-
matic process, closely related to compilation ofcrop essentials like nucleic acid at
cell core; increases resilience to disease and increases crop quality.
Sufficient amounts of available P can increase root development, assist
in flower initiation and other reproductive organs and quickens ripening
process of fruit (Nyakpa et aI., 1988; Rosmarkam and Yuwono, 2002).
Addition ofP into the soil can increase production and dry matter of the plant.
P nutrients in plant also helps reduce nitrogen stimulating fungus effect.
I Plant Production Division, Department ofAgronomy and Horticulture, Faculty ofAgriculture, Bogor
Agricultural University, JI. Meranti, Komplek IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia.
ikajuang@yahoo.com, anasdsusila@ipb.ac.id, Te1lFax: 0251 629353
65
2. Phosphorus deficiencies also lead to growth degradation as plants are
unable to absorb other elements. Phosphorus is immobile in the soil. Most of
it is in unavailable forms for plants. P availability is critical compared to other
kinds of nutrients. The presence of high amount of soluble Al in the soil also
reduces P availability for plants, because Al can bond with P in soil. Adining-
sih (1988) showed that only 10-20% of P fertilizer given to the soil is ab-
sorbed by plant; the rest stays in the soil and bonds with Fe, Al and Ca.
Indonesia has many soil types with varying levels of fertility. Soils in
Ultisois order are the second largest soil type for agricultural use. They have
an acidic soil reaction with pH level around 4.1-5.5 (Subagyo et aI., 2000).
Hakim et al. (1986) mentioned that acid mineral soils faced the constraints of
low soil pH, unavailable Nand P, lack of Ca, Mg, K and Mo, and excessive
Mn and Fe, as with high amount ofdissolved AI. These problems in acid min-
eral soil are major problems which will inhibit plant growth and production.
Rational and proportional P fertilizer can be reached by paying atten-
tion to nutrient status and dynamics in soil, and crop requirements to reach
optimum production. Determination of fertilizer recommendations can be ar-
rived at through soil testing, because this activity refers to soil condition and
crop nutrition requirement. Soil testing can increase fertilizer use efficiency,
soil productivity and farmers earnings. It will also reduce contamination level
ofthe agricultural area.
Soil testing experiments can provide fertilizer recommendation for a
crop at various soil nutrition status (low/mediumlhigh). This .recommendation
can be applied in other soils in the same family (Nursyamsi et aI., 2004). The
soil test consists of three steps, the first phase of which is the correlation test,
followed by calibration and optimization of fertilizer. The correlation test is
part of the soil test to arrive at recommendations on a specific location, crop
production and crop type.
Various methods ofP soil at subtropical areas for specific commodities
and crop production techniques have been developed, but in Indonesia soil-P
method is done for paddy crop and some other field crops. Soil test method is
seldom done for vegetable commodities. This experiment was conducted for
seven kinds ofvegetables (amaranth, kangkung, eggplant, chili, tomato, green
bean and yard-long bean).
Forgood P soil management, it is important to know soil-P status and
factors influencing it. One way to determine soil nutrient status is by soil ex-
traction. Many extractants are applicable to specify soil ability to provide P
for a crop, but the extractants are not always compatible with soil type, crop
production technique and climate. Methods that are commonly used to extract
P from soil are Bray-I, Bray-2, Mehlich, Morgan, Truog, 25% HCI and air.
66
3. Each method has a different ability to extract P from the soil. Hence
experiments on soil correlation should be done to determine the most suitable
soil extraction method for specific crops and soil types that can be used as
references in developing P fertilizer recommendation. The best extraction
method is the one that shows the highest correlation between P nutrient con-
tent and relative crop yield. Correlation is one of the important phases to de-
termine the fertilizer recommendation. Correlation experiments choose the
most suitable extraction method for specific nutrients, crops and soil type.
2. Materials and Methods
Research was carried out at the SANREM Base Camp at Hambaro village,
Nanggung subdistrict, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia, from December 2006 to
September 2007. The soil type in the location is Ultisols, which typically has
low pH and high P-fixation by aluminum.
The experiment was a randomized complete block design with three
replications. Blocking was based on the field slope. The treatments were five
rates of P fertilizer: 0, 125, 250, 375, 500 kg SP36/ha (SP36 contains 36%
P20 S) or equal to 0,45, 90, 135 and 180 kg/ha P20 S•
Pre-treatment soil samples were taken with a soil probe from the top 15
cm. Fertilizers were applied at pre-planting, and 3 and 6 weeks after planting
(WAP). Pre-plant fertilizer applications were 199 kg/ha urea (45% N) and 90
kg/ha KCI (60% K20), applied one week before planting. At 3 and 6 WAP,
100 kg/ha Urea and 45 kg/ha KCI were applied. Phosphorus rates were based
on the treatments.
Pre-plant applications were applied by broadcasting fertilizer and ro-
totilling the fertilizer into raised beds approximately 0.9 m wide and 20 cm
high. The plot size was 1.5 x 4 m, with 1.0 m for raised bed and 0.5 m as a
ditch. Seven vegetables used in this experiment were tomato (Lycopersicon
esculentum L.) var. Ratna, chili (Capsicum anuum L.) var. Gada, eggplant
(Solanum melongena) var. Mustang, kangkung (Ipomoea reptans L.) var.
Grand, and yard-long bean (Vigna unguiculata L.) var. 777, amaranth
(Amaranthus sp.) var. local, green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) var. low land.
Chili, tomato and eggplants were spaced 0.5 m within rows and 0.5 m be-
tween rows (double rows). Yard-long bean and green bean were spaced 0.25
m within rows and 0.5 m between rows (double rows). Kangkung was spaced
0.15 m within rows and 0.25 m between rows (four rows) and amaranth was
spaced 0.25 m between rows without space within rows.
The observation parameter was divided into two, which are yield oftlze
vegetables and soil-P content analyzed with five different extraction methods.
The result of soil-P content will be correlated with vegetable yield to deter-
67
4. · mine the best soil analysis method that sho~~e highest correlation. Vegeta-
ble yields for amaranth and kangkung were me~ed from total crop weight
and yield from eggplant, chili, tomato, green beari'--apd yard-long bean were
measured from fruit weight per plant and per plot. "'-.''-
"
3. Results and Discussion
3.1 SoU analysis '.
Pre-plant soil analysis showed that soil pH was low (5.20), which ~nt that
the soil reaction was acidic. Soil P20 S concentration extracted from 25% Hel
and Bray-l methods showed high soil-P, but availability for the plant was low
because Al bonds into the soil. The soil analysis is presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Pre-plant soil analyses for Ultisols at the experimental site
Soil Character Soil Index Methods
pH H20 5.20 pH meter
pHKCI 4.10 pH meter
C-org(%) 1.70 Walkley and Black
N-org(%) 0.21 Kjeldahl
P HCI (mgllOO g) 39 HC125%
P Bray-I (ppm) 10.8 Bray-l
K20 Morgan (ppm) 167 Morgan
Ca (cmollkg) 18.45 I N N~Oac pH 7.0
Mg (cmollkg) 4.63 I NN~OacpH 7.0
K(cmollkg) 0.33 I NN~OacpH7.0
Na (cmollkg) . 0,07 I N N~Oac pH 7.0
CEC 27.98 1 N N~Oac pH 7.0
AI (me/IOO g) 1.14 INKCI
H (me/100g) 0.40 I NKCI
Texture:
Pasir(%) 10 Pipet
Debu(%) 30 Pipet
Liat(%) 60 Pipet
68
5. Results of the experiment showed that amaranth, kangkung, eggplant,
chili, tomato and green bean crop relative yield linearly increased with an in-
crease in P rate from 0 to 180 kg/ha P20 S (Table 2).
Table 2. Effect ofP rate on plant and fruit weight per plant
Ama- Kang- Total Fruit Wight per Plant (gram)
PRate ranth kung Yard-
Plant shoot Egg-
Chili
To- Green
long(kglha
Weight weight
plant mato Bean
BeanPIOS)
-------------------------------------g------------------------------------
0 247.00 3.69 80.54 66.64 95.67 27.33 62.51
45 1,304.83 2.6 75.56 102.70 150.39 86.44 101.96
90 1,999.33 5.14 167.79 86.58 204.97 36.21 85.96
135 2,179.67 6.67 44.68 144.17 176.29 96.48 39.63
180 2,804.31 7.99 176.47 140.49 315.76 102.96 84.91
Regression L* L* L* L** L** L* ns
3.2 Amaranth (Amaranthus sp.)
From five extraction methods used to extract soil-P content in amaranth-
cultured soil, Olsen method showed the highest correlation value, which was
0.91. But Mehlich-l, 25% Hel, Bray-l and Morgan Vanema alSo showed
high correlation with amaranth relative yield, each showing more than 0.50 in
correlation value. The closer the correlation value is to 1, the higher thecorre-
lation between two compared variables (Table 3).
Table 3. Correlation coefficient between extracted P value of 5 extraction methods with
amaranth relative yield
Extraction Methods Linear Equation Coefficient Correlation
25%HCL Y= -12.125 + 0.118 P 0.76416
Olsen Y= 1.192 + 3.445 P 0.90706
Bray-I Y= 14.508 + 1.044 P 0.76033
Mehlich Y= 16.639 + 1.577 P 0.78158
Morgan Vanema Y= 13.457 + 22.851 P 0.69082
3.3 Kangkung (Ipomoea aquatica L.)
Table 4 indicates that the Morgan Vanema method showed the highest corre-
lation value compared to kangkung relative yield, followed by Olsen. The
other methods showed small correlation value (under 0.50).
69
6. Table 4. Correlation coefficient between extracted P value of 5 extraction methods with
kangkung relative yield
Extraction Methods Linear Equation Coefficient Correlation
HCL25% Y - 23.986 + 0.088 P 0.40556
Olsen Y - 46.360 + 1.659 P 0.59191
Bray-l Y = 54.621 + 0.323 P 0.37589
Mehlich· Y = 52.918 + 0.499 P 0.47877
Morgan Vanema Y = 21.960 + 14.078 P 0.69361
3.4 Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)
Eggplant relative yield showed the highest correlation value when compared
with 25% HCI method. Olsen arid Bray-I methods showed relative higher
val~es than Mehlich and Morgan Vanema that showed less than 0.50 in corre-
lation value (Table 5).
Table S. Correlation coefficient between extracted P value of 5 extraction methods with
eggplant relative yield
Extraction Methods Linear Equation Coefficient Correlation
25%HCL Y = 47.745 + 0.042 P 0.72355
Olsen Y = 60.189 + 1.032 P 0.66928
Bray-l Y =63.510 + 0.311 P 0.56725
Mehlich Y = 63.222 + 0.479 P 0.44726
Morgan Vanema Y - 63.069 + 1.158 P 0.37536
3.5 Chili (Capsicum annuum L.)
Like in Amaranth, the Olsen method also showed the highest correlation with
chili relative yield, with a correlation value of 0.90 (Table 6). The. Olsen
value was followed by Mehlich, Bray-I, 25% HCI and Morgan Vanema. All
the extraction methods showed higher than 0.50 correlation value.
3.6 Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.)
Phosphorus application from 0 to 180 kg/ha P20slinearly increased the fruit
weight of tomato (Table 7). The best method to extract soil-P from tomato-
cultured soil is Olsen, similar to amaranth and eggplant, followed by Bray-l
and Mehlich methods. However, 25%. HCI method and Morgan Vanema
showed very little correlation value.
70
7. -.
Results of the experiment showed that amaranth, kangkung, eggplant,
chili, tomato and green bean crop relative yield linearly increased with an in-
crease in P rate from 0 to 180 kg/ha P20 S (Table 2).
Table 2. Effect ofP rate on plant and fruit weight per plant
Ama- Kang- Total Fruit Wight per Plant (gram)
PRate ranth kung Yard-
Egg- To- Green
(kglha Plant shoot Chili long
Weight weight
plant mato Bean
Bean
PzOs)
-------------------------------------g------------------------------------
0 247.00 3.69 80.54 66.64 95.67 27.33 62.51
45 1,304.83 2.6 75.56 102.70 150.39 86.44 101.96
90 1,999.33 5.14 167.79 86.58 204.97 36.21 85.96
135 2,179.67 6.67 44.68 144.17 176.29 96.48 39.63
180 2,804.31 7.99 176.47 140.49 315.76 102.96 84.91
Regression L* L* L* L** L** L* ns
3.2 Amaranth (Amaranthus sp.)
From five extraction methods used to extract soil-P content in amaranth-
cultured soil, Olsen method showed the highest correlation value, which was
0.91. But Mehlich-1, 25% Hel, Bray-1 and Morgan Vanema also showed
high correlation with amaranth relative yield, each showing more than 0.50 in
correlation value. The closer the correlation value is to 1, the higher thecorre-
lation between two compared variables (Table 3).
Table 3. Correlation coefficient between extracted P value of 5 extraction methods with
amaranth relative yield
Extraction Methods Linear Equation Coefficient Correlation
25%HCL Y= -12.125 + 0.118 P 0.76416
Olsen Y = 1.192 + 3.445 P 0.90706
Bray-I Y = 14.508 + 1.044 P 0.76033
Mehlich Y = 16.639 + 1.577 P 0.78158
Morgan Vanema Y = 13.457 + 22.851 P 0.69082
3.3 Kangkung (Ipomoea aquatica L.)
Table 4 indicates that the Morgan Vanema method showed the highest corre-
lation value compared to kangkung relative yield, followed by Olsen. The
other methods showed small correlation value (under 0.50).
69
8. Table 4. Correlation coefficient between extracted P value of 5 extraction methods with
kangkung relative yield
Extraction Methods Linear Equation Coefficient Correlation
HCL25% Y - 23.986 + 0.088 P 0.40556
Olsen Y - 46.360 + 1.659 P 0.59191
Bray-I Y - 54.621 + 0.323 P 0.37589
Mehlich· Y - 52.918 + 0.499 P 0.47877
Morgan Vanema Y=21.960+ 14.078P 0.69361
3.4 Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)
Eggplant relative yield showed the highest correlation value when compared
with 25% HCl method. Olsen and Bray-l methods showed relative higher
values than Mehlich and Morgan Vanema that showed less than 0.50 in corre-
lation value (Table 5).
Table 5. Correlation coefficient between extracted P value of 5 extraction methods with
eggplant relative yield
Extraction Methods Linear Equation Coefficient Correlation
25%HCL Y = 47.745 + 0.042 P 0.72355
Olsen Y - 60.189 + 1.032 P 0.66928
Bray-I ¥=63.510+0.311 P 0.56725
Mehlich Y = 63.222 + 0.479 P 0.44726
Morgan Vanema Y = 63.069 + 1.158 P 0.37536
3.5 Chili (Capsicum annuum L.)
Like in Amaranth, the Olsen method also showed the highest correlation with
chili relative yield, with a correlation value of 0.90 (Table 6). The Olsen
value was followed by Mehlich, Bray-I, 25%HCI and Morgan Vanema. All
the extraction methods showed higher than 0.50 correlation value.
3.6 Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.)
Phosphorus application from 0 to 180 kg/ha P20slinearly increased the fruit
weight of tomato (Table 7). The best method to extract soil-P from tomato-
cultured soil is Olsen, similar to amaranth and eggplant, followed by Bray-I
and Mehlich methods. However, 25% HCl method and Morgan Vanema
showed very little correlation value.
70
9. Table 6. Correlation coefficient between extracted P value of 5 extraction methods with
chili relative yield
Extraction Methods Linear Equation Coefficient Correlation
25%HCL Y = 2.417 + 0.082 P 0.78478
Olsen Y = 25.991 + 1.923 P 0.90242
Bray-I Y = 30.141 + 0.674 P 0.82256
Mehlich Y = 28.213 + 1.113 P 0.87930
Morgan Vanema Y = -15.970 + 10.881 P 0.71011
Table 7. Correlation coefficient between extracted P value of 5 extraction methods with
tomato relative yield
Extraction Methods Linear Equation Coefficient Correlation
25%HCL Y = 15.070 + 0.055 P 0.46952
Olsen Y = 24.034 + 1.144 P 0.80757
Bray-I Y = 33.579 + 0.378 P 0.59688
Mehlich Y = 33.461 + 0.474 P 0.56113
Morgan Vanema Y = 34.812 + 2.531 P 0.16587
3.7 Green bean (Pahaseolus vulgaris L.)
The effect ofP application on green bean relative yield correlated with soil ex-
traction methods showed that Bray-l gave the best correlation value (Table 8).
This was followed by Morgan Vanema, 25% Hel and Mehlich. The correla-
tion value ofOlsen had the smallest value comparing with all other methods.
Table 8. Correlation coefficient between extracted P value of 5 extraction methods with
green bean relative yield
,Extraction Methods Lin,ear JJ:quation Coefficient Correlation
25%HCL Y = -20.334 + 0.110 P 0.74633
Olsen Y = 15.476 + 0.551 P 0.49675
Bray-I Y - 15.932 + 0.545 P 0.84214
Mehlich Y = 20.162 + 0.757 P 0.59180
Morgan Vanema Y =-10.165 + 7.936 P 0.64503
71
10. 3.8 Yard-long bean (Vigna unguiculata)
HCI (25%) method showed the highest correlation value compared to the
relative yield (0.86) ofyard-long bean. This was followed by Mehlich, Olsen,
Bray-l and Morgan Vanema. All extraction methods showed higher than 0.50
correlation value (Table 9).
Table 9. Correlation coefficient between extracted P value of 5 extraction methods with
yard-long bean relative yield
Extraction Methods Linear Equation Coefficient Correlation
25%HCL Y = 10.853 + 0.082 P 0.85964
Olsen Y - 34.689 + 0.549 P 0.77968
Bray-l Y = 41.158 + 0.509 P 0.74870
Mehlich Y - 41.875+ 0.739 P 0.79835
Morgan Vanema Y=36.941 +4.618 P 0.64050
4. Conclusions
The conclusions ofthe experiment are as follows:
On the level of soil-P concentration of 10.8 ppm (Bray-I) of Ultisols,
the application of P fertilizer up to 180 kglha P20slinearly increased plant
weight ofamaranth, kangkung, eggplant, chili, tomato and green bean.
The Olsen method showed the highest correlation with amaranth, chili
and tomato relative yield, while 25% HCI showed the highest correlation with
the yard-long bean and eggplant. Morgan Vanema demonstrated the highest
correlation with kangkung and Bray-I for green bean.
5. Acknowledgments
This publication was made possible through support provided by the United
States Agency for International Development and the generous support of the
American People (USAID) for the Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Re-
sources Management Collaborative Research Support Program (SANREM
CRSP) under terms of Cooperative Agreement Award No. EPP-A-OO-04-
00013-00 to the Office of International Research and Development (OIRED)
at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech).
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Appendix 1. Photos from the phosphorus study. From top left: TMPEGS team in
SANREM Base Camp Hambaro, Nanggllng, Indonesia; Net hOl!se for vegetable nursery;
Inside the vegetable nursery; Land preparation for field trials
73