Coordination involves synchronizing group efforts to accomplish goals. It harmonizes individual efforts. Proper coordination ensures departments work harmoniously, are informed of tasks, and adapt to changes. Coordination techniques include supervision, communication, contact, delegation, and liaison. Departments sometimes isolate themselves without considering others, while employees lack initiative. Managers must identify external forces like customers, employees, policies, technology, and environment to analyze impacts and respond appropriately. Principles of effective coordination are early planning, contact at all levels, recognizing interdependence, and continuous information exchange.

1. • Coordination is the orderly synchronization of group efforts.
• Coordination actually harmonizes individual efforts towards
accomplishment of group goals.
• There are three acid tests that ensure proper coordination:
i. Each department works in harmony with the other departments
ii. Each department need be informed of its share in the group task
iii. Working schedule of each department need be attuned to changing
circumstances
Coordination

2. • Coordination is practiced under different techniques:
i. Through effective supervision
ii. Through effective communication
iii. Through personal contact
iv. Through proper delegation
v. Through liaison
vi. Through group meetings
Techniques of Coordination

3. • Each department sometimes wishes to function in its own air-
tight compartment without wanting to know anything on the
other departments or the enterprise.
• Similar water-tight compartments exist within a department
employees or groups.
• Employees suffer form lack of initiative and loyalty and do
not think of the overall interests.
Coordination Problems of Implementation

4. • The significant first step towards controlling the external
forces is to identify and be aware of the environment under
which our organization functions.
• Once this is known, a manager can analyse the impact on the
enterprise and take appropriate measures to combat the
negative forces, if any.
• From an organization’s perspective, important external forces
are interests of customers, employees, shareholders,
competitors, government policies and regulations,
technological advances and the environmental factors.
External Coordination

5. • Early Start: Coordination commences from the planning and
policy making.
• Direct Contact: Coordination must be achieved among all
levels—vertical, horizontal relationships of people in an
organization—for unified action.
• Reciprocal Relationship: Coordination needs a clear
appreciation of the fact that all aspects of an organization are
reciprocally related.
• Continuity: Coordination entails a continuous exchange of
information and facts.
Principles of Coordination

6. The Business Environment—The Circles in the Sands of Our Time

7. The Business Environment—The Circles in the Sands of Our Time