Cooling tower corrosion
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This document discusses corrosion in cooling water systems. It outlines the corrosion process and the elements required for corrosion to occur. The rate and type of corrosion are determined by factors at the cathode and anode. Various types of corrosion in cooling water systems are described, including general etch, concentration cell corrosion, cracking, and mechanical damage. Finally, general methods for corrosion inhibition are presented, such as using corrosion resistant materials, coatings, cathodic protection, water chemistry adjustments, and corrosion inhibitors.
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Chemical Treatment For Cooling Water
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 PARTICULATE FOULING
5 CRYSTALLIZATION SCALING
6 CORROSION
6.1 Anodic Inhibitors
6.2 Cathodic Inhibitors
6.3 Combined Inhibitors
6.4 Yellow Metal Inhibitors
7 CHOICE OF COOLING WATER TREATMENT
8 MICROBIOLOGICAL FOULING
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8.2 Non oxidizing Biocides
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This document discusses corrosion, providing definitions and theories of corrosion. It describes dry corrosion theory involving direct reaction with gases like oxygen. Wet or galvanic corrosion theory involves formation of an electrochemical cell with oxidation at the anode and reduction at the cathode. The main types of corrosion discussed are uniform, pitting, intergranular, stress, crevice, and galvanic. Prevention methods covered include material selection, design considerations, environmental modification, and cathodic and anodic protection.
Corrosion Chemistry : Its Causes and Remedy
This Conceptual Power Point project consists of a grieve description about the science of Corrosion, perfect for covering whole topic for short period of time. The project consists of basic knowledge regarding corrosion, its type of causes that is dry and wet corrosion. It also summarizes about different types of differential corrosion and its remedies. Its allover a good conceptual ppt for students of chemistry in their prelims. It's good for the ones achieving for engineering degrees.
Corrosion of material - Engineering Metallurgy
The PPT is on Corrosion and Degradation of Material specifically Metal and Reason Behind it. As well as the preventive measures to be taken to prevent it.
Pharmaceutical Engineering: Corrosion
theories, types of corrosion, prevention, ferrous and nonferrous metals, inorganic and organic metals
ProCoat Catalogue
ProCoat Specialities provides corrosion protection services including surface preparation, coating application, and inspections. They believe thorough examination and analysis is needed to select the appropriate protection mechanism for different substrates and environments. ProCoat focuses on high quality surface preparation and coating application according to international standards. Their services also include educating clients, inspection reports, and turn-key corrosion protection solutions.
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Fixed carbon from proximate analysis measures non-volatile carbon remaining after combustion, while total carbon from ultimate analysis includes some organic carbon lost as emissions. Fixed carbon content rises with increasing coal rank, and is used to define ranks above medium-volatile bituminous coal based on the non-volatile carbon percentage.
Assessment of boiler performance
The document discusses energy performance assessment of boilers. It defines key terms like boiler efficiency and evaporation ratio. It describes standards for boiler testing from British, ASME, and Indian standards. It then explains the direct and indirect methods for testing boiler efficiency, including measuring inputs of fuel, air, and outputs of steam. Instruments used for assessment are also outlined. Formats for collecting boiler specifications and performance data are provided. The document calculates boiler efficiency using an example and discusses factors affecting boiler performance.
Condensate
The document discusses condensate, its formation and effects in steam systems used in pulp and paper mills. It notes that condensate forms due to unavoidable heat losses during steam distribution and heat transfer. Left in the system, condensate can reduce equipment capacity and efficiency. Air and carbon dioxide must also be removed from condensate. The document then focuses on paper drying, describing the basic drying process and factors that influence drying efficiency like condensate removal, furnish properties, and dryer design elements. It provides typical energy consumption figures for dryer sections and discusses steam and condensate systems as well as devices used for condensate removal from dryers.
Belt conveyor-manufacturing & utilization
A belt conveyor transports bulk materials between locations using an endless rubber belt stretched over pulleys. It consists of a belt made of layers of fabric and rubber moving over idlers and pulleys. Belt conveyors are used extensively in cement plants to transport materials like limestone, coal, and clinker over long distances. Proper loading conditions and maintenance are required to minimize belt wear and failures. Safety precautions must also be followed when working with belt conveyors.
Cooling tower
This document provides information on cooling towers, including types, components, performance parameters for assessment, and opportunities for improved energy efficiency. It discusses the main types of cooling towers as natural draft, mechanical draft (including forced draft, induced draft counter flow and cross flow), and compares fill media options. Key performance parameters covered include range, approach, effectiveness, cooling capacity, and cycles of concentration. Energy efficiency opportunities discussed include selecting an appropriately sized tower, optimizing fill media, improving water distribution and treatment, upgrading fans and motors, and reducing drift losses.
Permacare RO membrane expertise
This presentation provides an overview of reverse osmosis membrane filtration fundamentals. It discusses types of filtration processes including reverse osmosis and nanofiltration. It covers key concepts such as osmosis, reverse osmosis, net driving pressure and rejection rates of different ion types. The presentation also examines reverse osmosis membrane types, configurations, and system design considerations including permeate recovery, flux, and staging approaches.
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5. Case studies examining issues like improper servomotor assembly and a bent pilot valve spring causing load hunting.
Generator capability curve
This document outlines the operational limits of a generator, including:
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Hydraullically assisted pressure relief valve service sheet
Sigma Energy Solutions can test safety relief valves on-line at normal operating pressures using hydraulic equipment. This allows valves to be tested without interrupting plant operations or over-pressuring the system. The hydraulic system applies a measured force to assist the process pressure in lifting the valve, and sensors record the valve movement and pressures to calculate the lift and reseat pressures within 1%. This helps ensure relief valves are functioning properly and meet regulatory requirements.
Bhel STEAM safety valve_1700_series
This document provides installation, operation and maintenance instructions for Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited 1700 series safety valves. It describes the design features of the valves including materials used, service life considerations and temperature compensation. It provides guidelines for handling, storage, installation, setting the popping pressure, maintenance, testing and repair of the safety valves. The document aims to ensure the safe and proper use of the safety valves.
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Belt conveyors transport bulk materials like crushed limestone and coal in cement plants. A belt conveyor consists of an endless rubber belt stretched over several pulleys that travels constantly. It includes belt elements, idlers, pulleys, take-ups, and other components. Proper loading conditions and regular maintenance are important to prevent belt wear and failures. Safety precautions must also be followed when working with belt conveyors.
STEAM TURBINES Governing System & TROUBLE SHOOTING
The document provides information on governing systems and common problems encountered. It discusses:
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2. Cleaning procedures and stroke check requirements for governing systems.
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5. Case studies examining issues like improper servomotor assembly and a bent pilot valve spring causing load hunting.
High speed balancing of turbine rotors
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Excel Tips in computers
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Thermal Power Plant - Emergency situations
1. The document discusses various boiler emergency situations during operation with an emphasis on safety aspects like boiler protection systems and controls. It provides descriptions of potential causes, effects, and recommended actions for issues like low or high drum level, high furnace draft, flame failure, boiler feed pump failure, high boiler pressure, furnace explosion, tube failures, coal feeder or burner trips, and more. The goal is to safely manage emergencies and prevent damage to the boiler.
Boiler -Emergency Handling
This document lists various boiler and turbine emergencies and provides instructions on actions to take in response to each emergency. It covers issues like low or high drum levels, fan trips, temperature deviations, pressure changes, pump trips, fires and more. The instructions emphasize safeguarding equipment, investigating causes, monitoring key parameters and load reductions as needed.
Cogeneration power plant
This document discusses cogeneration and improving energy efficiency in sugar mills. It provides information on:
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2) Major advantages of cogeneration include lower production costs, quick return on investment, and ability to use biomass fuels. It also provides a solution to power problems when hydropower availability is low.
3) Case studies show potential energy savings through retrofitting with high-pressure boilers, improving control systems, reducing downtime, and acquiring best available technologies for new projects.
Rankine cycle
The document describes the Rankine cycle, which is a vapor power cycle that can be practically implemented. It discusses the ideal Rankine cycle process of:
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2. Constant pressure heat addition in a boiler
3. Isentropic expansion in a turbine
4. Constant pressure heat rejection in a condenser
It also discusses deviations from the ideal cycle, such as non-ideal pump and turbine efficiencies. Methods to increase cycle efficiency include lowering the condenser pressure, increasing steam superheating, and raising the boiler pressure. Advanced cycles like reheat and regeneration are also mentioned to further improve performance.
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Cooling tower corrosion
- 2. Corrosion Consequences Mechanisms Factors Affecting Metal Failures General Control Inhibitors Program Choice Control Pretreatment Norms & Economics Program Topics:
- 3. Consequences of Corrosion Reduced Heat Transfer (Lost Efficiency) Increased Cleaning (Added Costs and Hassle) Equipment Repair and Replacement (Lost Revenue) 1. Process or Water-Side Contamination (Poor Product Quality) Unscheduled Shutdown (Lost Revenue)
- 4. Introduction Corrosion - An electrochemical process in which a metal in it’s elemental form returns to it’s native (i.e., oxidized) state.
- 5. The Corrosion Cell The following elements are required for corrosion to occur: a corrodable surface - one with electrons to lose a difference in potential - a driving force for the electrons an electron acceptor - a place for the electrons to go an electrolyte, to close the circuit - conditions conducive for electron flow
- 7. The Corrosion Cell The Rate of Corrosion is Determined by Reactions at the Cathode: Size of the Cathode Amount of Oxidizer at the Cathode Polarization (the size of the potential difference) Temperature Water Velocity pH Dissolved Gases
- 8. The Corrosion Cell The Type of Corrosion is Determined by the Environment at the Anode: Chemistry Anomalies Differential Ion Cells Differential Oxygen Cells Surface Anomalies Deposits Surface Imperfections Dissimilar Metals
- 10. Types of Cooling Water Corrosion General Etch Concentration Cell Corrosion Cracking Mechanical Damage
- 11. Types of Cooling Water Corrosion General Etch Metal loss in which a given area is alternately a cathode and an anode. Metal loss occurs uniformly over the entire surface. This is the preferred type of corrosion.
- 12. Types of Cooling Water Corrosion Concentration Cell Corrosion A localized attack caused by a chemical anomoly. Crevice Corrosion Under Deposit Corrosion Tuberculation Biologically Induced Corrosion Acid or Alkaline Corrosion
- 13. Types of Cooling Water Corrosion Tuberculation Highly structured mounds of corrosion products that cap localized regions of metal loss
- 14. Types of Cooling Water Corrosion Cracking Failures caused by the combined effects of corrosion and metal stress. Initiate on the surface exposed to the corrodant, and propagate into the metal in response to the stress state. The critical factors are: Sufficient Tensile Stress A Specific Corrodant
- 15. Types of Cooling Water Corrosion Mechanical Damage Corrosion Fatigue Erosion - Corrosion Cavitation Dealloying
- 16. General Methods for Corrosion Inhibition Use Corrosion Resistant Materials Apply Inert Barrier or Coating Use Cathodic Protection Adjustments to Water Chemistry Application of Corrosion Inhibitors