Cool and dry climate
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Festivals in the Lahaul and Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh are celebrated in December and January. The economy relies on agriculture like potato farming and animal husbandry. Local architecture features Tibetan-style houses made of sun-dried bricks that can withstand earthquakes. Monasteries have intricate designs and house historical artifacts. The remote mountainous region has a cold desert climate with low humidity and temperatures ranging from -14°C to 24°C depending on the season. Traditional housing and architecture effectively insulate against the cold using thick walls, glass windows, and trombe walls.
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Ancient Mesopotamians, Egyptians, Greeks, and modern Canadians built houses with different materials based on availability. Mesopotamians used mud bricks due to lack of wood and stone, building structures like ziggurats and city walls. Egyptians also used mud bricks mixed with straw, with homes varying in size based on wealth. Greeks built simply with mud bricks, stone, or wood around courtyards for cooling. Modern Canadian homes use wood, cement, and other materials, being larger with open floor plans and amenities like yards.
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The document summarizes the vernacular architecture of Kashmir. It describes the traditional settlement patterns as organized around mohallas or neighborhoods named after occupations. Houses were constructed using the Taq and Dhajji Dewari systems which employ timber frames and bracings within masonry walls, making the structures earthquake resilient. Urban houses were typically square in plan with symmetrical layouts and multiple windows. Elements like bay windows and woodwork helped accommodate the local climate. Houseboats called dhoongas or dhungas also featured this traditional architecture and construction methods adapted for living on water.
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A wide-ranging talk on the development of housing from nomadic shelters to modern eco-housing whilst at the same time describing how this has profoundly affected human social culture moving from a nomadic lifestyle to agriculture and industry which requires land ownership, with the development of villages, towns and cities to high rise urban sprawl with its associated problems.
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The document summarizes the evolution of housing structures from nomadic tribes to modern homes. It discusses how housing changed as humans transitioned from nomadic hunter-gatherer groups to settled agriculture. Early shelters were temporary structures that could be easily erected and dismantled. Permanent structures emerged as people domesticated plants and animals. Towns and cities developed with specialized occupations and social organization. Housing designs evolved with new building materials like stone, brick, concrete and availability of furnishings. Modern structures employ innovative materials and sustainable designs to meet the needs of urbanized populations.
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The document discusses the vernacular architecture of Nepal, which varies based on topography and climate. It describes three main types: mountain, hill, and Terai. Mountain architecture uses local stone and mud, has compact forms for protection from cold, and small windows/doors. Hill architecture sometimes uses brick and thatch, emphasizes orientation for sun access, and incorporates courtyards. Terai architecture relies on air flow and ventilation, using materials like thatch, cane, and timber to allow air movement through porous walls and high ceilings.
leh ladkh SUSTAINBLE HILL ARCHITECTURE BUILDING CASE STUDY
The document discusses sustainable architecture in Ladakh, a high altitude region in India. It begins by introducing Ladakh's harsh climate and how its residents have historically harnessed solar energy through traditional architecture using passive climate control techniques. It then outlines the environmental, economic, and social benefits of sustainable construction. The document examines Ladakh's vernacular architecture, which relies on local materials and building techniques adapted to the terrain and climate. It provides details on common construction methods using stone, timber, and sun-dried bricks. The document analyzes two case studies, a solar-powered school and Leh Palace, that demonstrate Ladakh's sustainable architectural principles. It concludes that Ladakh has developed an evolved understanding of controlling climate through ver
Prehistorical architecture
The document provides a history of architecture from prehistorical to ancient Near East civilizations. It describes the evolution of dwellings from caves and huts in the Paleolithic era to long houses and pit houses in the Neolithic. Mesopotamian architecture included ziggurats, palaces and the Ishtar Gate. Ancient Egyptian architecture featured mastabas, pyramids, rock-cut tombs, temples and dwellings made of mud bricks. Temples had elements like pylons, obelisks, hypostyle halls and sanctuaries.
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The document provides information on various tribes and vernacular architecture found in Rajasthan, India. It describes the Bhil tribe, known for their skills in wall painting and archery. It also discusses the Bhunga construction type common in Jaisalmer, characterized by circular mud walls and thatched conical roofs. Additionally, it summarizes the Jalwali and Khidrat house types found in Bikaner, which feature enclosed courtyards, mud storage units, and distinctive entrance gates.
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【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：6496090】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：6496090】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份【微信：6496090】
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
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4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
办理肯特大学毕业证UKC学位证【微信：6496090 】外观非常精致，由特殊纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理肯特大学毕业证UKC学位证【微信：6496090 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
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颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理肯特大学毕业证UKC学位证【微信：6496090 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：6496090】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：6496090】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份【微信：6496090】
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
办理布兰登大学毕业证(BU毕业证书)【微信：6496090 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理布兰登大学毕业证(BU毕业证书)【微信：6496090 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理布兰登大学毕业证(BU毕业证书)【微信：6496090 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理布兰登大学毕业证(BU毕业证书)【微信：6496090 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
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Welcome to Practical eLearning Makeovers for Everyone. In this presentation, we’ll take a look at a bunch of easy-to-use visual design tips and tricks. And we’ll do this by using them to spruce up some eLearning screens that are in dire need of a new look.
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学校原件一模一样【微信：6496090 】【(LSBU毕业证书)伦敦南岸大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：6496090 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微6496090
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微6496090】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微6496090】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
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2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(LSBU毕业证书)伦敦南岸大学毕业证【微信：6496090 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(LSBU毕业证书)伦敦南岸大学毕业证【微信：6496090 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(LSBU毕业证书)伦敦南岸大学毕业证【微信：6496090 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(LSBU毕业证书)伦敦南岸大学毕业证【微信：6496090 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
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Cool and dry climate
- 4. Festivals
- 6. Celebrated in Dec or Jan in Lahaul and Spiti districtcelebrated in the tribal belts in the last week of February
- 13. •Spiti, originally pronounced “Piti”, means “The Middle Land”, reflective of its position between Tibet and India.
- 21. • Agriculture is the main source of livelihood. Potato farming is common. Occupations include animal husbandry, working in government programs, government services, and other businesses and crafts that include weaving. • In farming they produce maize, potatoes, millet, buck- wheat, peas. • Animal farming they produce milk, cheeze, butter, meat etc. •The people in this region carry on barter trade with the people ofTibet.They also carry their local products like carpets, hides, herbs, fruit and wool to the terai and big towns of the country. They sell these and buy salt, cloth, kerosene oil and utensils.
- 22. • There are low rooms and narrow corridors. Dimly lit passages, difficult staircases and small doors lead to prayer rooms which themselves do not conform to a single design. • The monastery is famous for its architecture called Pasada style. Pasada style is characterised by two or more stories and often plays the role of a fort-monastery • Houses are constructed in theTibetan architectural style, as the land in Lahul and Spiti is mountainous and quite prone to earthquakes. • Old royal palace are built in sun dried bricks and finished with mud plaster. • The monastery has a collection of ancient murals and books of high aesthetic value and it enshrines Buddha images and idols, in the position of Dhyana.
- 24. COLD and SUNNY type of climate is experienced here. TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS • Summer during day : 17 - 24°C during night : 4 - 11°C • Winter during day : 7 - 9°C during night : -14 – 0 °C Relative humidity – consistently low : 10-50% Winds – occasionally intense Sky is fairly clear throughout the year Cloud cover is less than 50% Mountainous region Little vegetation Considered to be a ‘Cold Desert’
- 25. Resist heat loss Decrease exposed surface area Increase thermal resistance Increase thermal capacity (Time lag) Increase buffer spaces Decrease air exchange rate Increase surface absorptivity Promote heat gain Reduce shading Utilize heat from appliances Trapping heat Orientation and shape of building. Use of trees as wind barriers Roof insulation, wall insulation and double glazing Thicker walls Air locks/ Lobbies Weather stripping Darker colors Walls and glass surfaces Sun spaces/ green houses/ Trombe walls etc
- 26. TREES –wind barrier Roof & wall insulation Thick walls Heavy walls (mud) and a well insulated roof (timber & mud) dampen the variations of indoor temperatures.
- 27. Use of glass and trombe wall – heat is stored in the building mass during the day and warm during the night
- 28. City of some 25,000 inhabitants Population triples in size during summer tourist season OLD LEH • 200 stone, mud and timber houses sandwiched between thick rammed earth walls • Most well-preserved traditional Tibetan city in the world • Most significant ensemble of historic Tibetan architecture
- 29. • One makes the walls for the first floor, piling up stone and sun-dried brick, • and then places wooden beams and floor joists across the walls to support the second floor walls above them, • and repeatedly adds more wooden beams across them. • Floors and roofs are made of mud treaded on wooden boards. • Roofs are basically flat, being unnecessary to waterproof, since it scarcely ever rains. • Columns are needed midway across larger spans
- 30. • First floor - used for stables • Second floor – for family rooms, such as a sitting room, a kitchen, bedrooms, and a Buddhist altar room • A larger house often consists of three floors.
- 32. Leti 360
- 36. View from the room
- 38. • Shivani Desai • Shradha Revenkar • Shreyans Bhandari • Sourabh Patil • Vaishnavi Kulkarni • Nikita Sonwalkar • Puja zele • RohitVernekar • Shamika Kalghatgi • Shaunak Nakadi