The document discusses traditional Kerala architecture, including residential and temple architecture. It describes the influence of Kerala's climate on architectural features like verandahs, courtyards, and sloped roofs. It outlines different house types like ekasala (single hall house) and nalukettu (courtyard house). Nair tharavad houses and Nambudiri illams are discussed in detail. Temple architecture is also summarized, noting features like the sreekovil sanctum, sloped copper roofs, and similarities to domestic architecture.
Kerala architecture is one of the best examples of preserving vernacular styles. Traditional Kerala architecture is influenced by climate and available natural resources. The architecture features pitched roofs to protect from heavy rain, verandahs around buildings, and courtyards for ventilation. Common building materials include wood, laterite stone, clay, tiles, and palm leaves. The most prominent housing type is the Nalukettu, a courtyard house with four blocks around an open space. Temple architecture also has distinctive features like a central sanctum and surrounding cloisters.
Vernacular architecture in Kerala is influenced by the region's climate and availability of materials. Traditional houses have sloped roofs, verandas, and courtyards to deal with heavy rainfall. The Nalukettu house type, centered around a courtyard, was common for wealthy families. Temple architecture also uses local wood, tiles, and granite, with steeply pitched copper roofs resembling Himalayan styles. Materials like timber, thatch, laterite, and lime mortar are suited to the humid climate. Temple plans vary from circular to square, often containing a central shrine surrounded by cloisters and subsidiary structures.
This document provides information about traditional Kerala architecture. It discusses the local materials used like timber, clay, palm leaves and laterite stone. Traditional homes had an open layout centered around a courtyard, with rooms surrounding it. Distinct features discussed include the sloped roofs that provided ventilation, wooden pillars, murals and swing beds. The document also notes the influence of vastu shastra principles and mentions legendary master craftsmen like Perumthachan. It provides examples of traditional home elements like verandahs, ponds and kitchen placement, as well as the transition to modern architecture styles.
Kath-Kuni is an indigenous construction technique prevalent in the isolated hills of northern India, especially in the region of Himachal Pradesh where it's known as "Kath Kuni" and in Uttarakhand it's known as "Koti Banal". It is a traditional technique that has been orally transmitted from one generation to another.[1] The construction was devised keeping the seismic activity, topography, environment, climate, native materials and cultural landscape in perspective. Most of the oldest temples, in the region, are built using this ancient system. This unique construction technique has led to the formation of a vernacular architectural prototype was known as Kath-Kuni (cator and cribbage) architecture.
It has much in common with other local styles outside India in the Himalayas. The lower parts of a building are very solidly constructed, including lots of stone. The upper parts may be entirely made of wood.
Vernacular architecture is architecture characterized by the use of local materials and knowledge, usually without the supervision of professional architects. Vernacular architecture represents the majority of buildings and settlements created in pre-industrial societies and includes a very wide range of buildings, building traditions, and methods of construction. Vernacular buildings are typically simple and practical, whether residential houses or built for other purposes.
Although it encompassed 95% of the world's built environment in 1969, Vernacular architecture tends to be overlooked in traditional histories of design. It is not one specific style, so it cannot be distilled into a series of easy-to-digest patterns, materials, or elements. Because of the usage of traditional building methods and local builders, vernacular buildings are considered part of regional culture.
Vernacular architecture can be contrasted against elite or polite architecture which is characterized by stylistic elements of design intentionally incorporated for aesthetic purposes that go beyond a building's functional requirements. This article also covers the term traditional architecture, which exists somewhere between the two extremes yet still is based upon authentic themes.
Himachal Pradesh is a state in the northern part of India. Situated in the Western Himalayas, it is one of the eleven mountain states and is characterized by an extreme landscape featuring several peaks and extensive river systems. Himachal Pradesh shares borders with the union territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh to the north, and the states of Punjab to the west, Haryana to the southwest, and Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh to the south. The state also has a border with the autonomous region of Tibet to the east.
The document describes traditional house styles in South Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. It discusses Gutthu houses in South Karnataka, which are large, inward-facing mansions with steeply pitched roofs. It also describes traditional Bunt houses called Guthu Mane, which have wooden pillars and four doors. In Andhra Pradesh, traditional houses are either circular with conical roofs or rectangular with pitched roofs, built from mud or mud and wattle. Coastal Andhra villages typically have clusters of round mud houses arranged closely together to withstand cyclones.
The traditional architecture of Kerala: Geographic location, influences, historic structures, plans, Vastu shastra, Characteristic features, temple architecture, materials, etc.
The document discusses the vernacular architecture of Nepal, which varies based on topography and climate. It describes three main types: mountain, hill, and Terai. Mountain architecture uses local stone and mud, has compact forms for protection from cold, and small windows/doors. Hill architecture sometimes uses brick and thatch, emphasizes orientation for sun access, and incorporates courtyards. Terai architecture relies on air flow and ventilation, using materials like thatch, cane, and timber to allow air movement through porous walls and high ceilings.
The document provides information on the vernacular architecture of North-East India, focusing on the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, and Nagaland. It describes the traditional construction materials and styles used by tribes in each state. The Adi and Nyishi tribes of Arunachal Pradesh typically build wooden or bamboo houses raised on stilts, with thatched roofs. In Assam, bamboo is widely used and houses have higher plinth levels. The Sema tribe in Nagaland traditionally builds villages on hilltops, using timber, bamboo, and thatch in construction.
Kerala architecture is one of the best examples of preserving vernacular styles. Traditional Kerala architecture is influenced by climate and available natural resources. The architecture features pitched roofs to protect from heavy rain, verandahs around buildings, and courtyards for ventilation. Common building materials include wood, laterite stone, clay, tiles, and palm leaves. The most prominent housing type is the Nalukettu, a courtyard house with four blocks around an open space. Temple architecture also has distinctive features like a central sanctum and surrounding cloisters.
Vernacular architecture in Kerala is influenced by the region's climate and availability of materials. Traditional houses have sloped roofs, verandas, and courtyards to deal with heavy rainfall. The Nalukettu house type, centered around a courtyard, was common for wealthy families. Temple architecture also uses local wood, tiles, and granite, with steeply pitched copper roofs resembling Himalayan styles. Materials like timber, thatch, laterite, and lime mortar are suited to the humid climate. Temple plans vary from circular to square, often containing a central shrine surrounded by cloisters and subsidiary structures.
This document provides information about traditional Kerala architecture. It discusses the local materials used like timber, clay, palm leaves and laterite stone. Traditional homes had an open layout centered around a courtyard, with rooms surrounding it. Distinct features discussed include the sloped roofs that provided ventilation, wooden pillars, murals and swing beds. The document also notes the influence of vastu shastra principles and mentions legendary master craftsmen like Perumthachan. It provides examples of traditional home elements like verandahs, ponds and kitchen placement, as well as the transition to modern architecture styles.
Kath-Kuni is an indigenous construction technique prevalent in the isolated hills of northern India, especially in the region of Himachal Pradesh where it's known as "Kath Kuni" and in Uttarakhand it's known as "Koti Banal". It is a traditional technique that has been orally transmitted from one generation to another.[1] The construction was devised keeping the seismic activity, topography, environment, climate, native materials and cultural landscape in perspective. Most of the oldest temples, in the region, are built using this ancient system. This unique construction technique has led to the formation of a vernacular architectural prototype was known as Kath-Kuni (cator and cribbage) architecture.
It has much in common with other local styles outside India in the Himalayas. The lower parts of a building are very solidly constructed, including lots of stone. The upper parts may be entirely made of wood.
Vernacular architecture is architecture characterized by the use of local materials and knowledge, usually without the supervision of professional architects. Vernacular architecture represents the majority of buildings and settlements created in pre-industrial societies and includes a very wide range of buildings, building traditions, and methods of construction. Vernacular buildings are typically simple and practical, whether residential houses or built for other purposes.
Although it encompassed 95% of the world's built environment in 1969, Vernacular architecture tends to be overlooked in traditional histories of design. It is not one specific style, so it cannot be distilled into a series of easy-to-digest patterns, materials, or elements. Because of the usage of traditional building methods and local builders, vernacular buildings are considered part of regional culture.
Vernacular architecture can be contrasted against elite or polite architecture which is characterized by stylistic elements of design intentionally incorporated for aesthetic purposes that go beyond a building's functional requirements. This article also covers the term traditional architecture, which exists somewhere between the two extremes yet still is based upon authentic themes.
Himachal Pradesh is a state in the northern part of India. Situated in the Western Himalayas, it is one of the eleven mountain states and is characterized by an extreme landscape featuring several peaks and extensive river systems. Himachal Pradesh shares borders with the union territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh to the north, and the states of Punjab to the west, Haryana to the southwest, and Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh to the south. The state also has a border with the autonomous region of Tibet to the east.
The document describes traditional house styles in South Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. It discusses Gutthu houses in South Karnataka, which are large, inward-facing mansions with steeply pitched roofs. It also describes traditional Bunt houses called Guthu Mane, which have wooden pillars and four doors. In Andhra Pradesh, traditional houses are either circular with conical roofs or rectangular with pitched roofs, built from mud or mud and wattle. Coastal Andhra villages typically have clusters of round mud houses arranged closely together to withstand cyclones.
The traditional architecture of Kerala: Geographic location, influences, historic structures, plans, Vastu shastra, Characteristic features, temple architecture, materials, etc.
The document discusses the vernacular architecture of Nepal, which varies based on topography and climate. It describes three main types: mountain, hill, and Terai. Mountain architecture uses local stone and mud, has compact forms for protection from cold, and small windows/doors. Hill architecture sometimes uses brick and thatch, emphasizes orientation for sun access, and incorporates courtyards. Terai architecture relies on air flow and ventilation, using materials like thatch, cane, and timber to allow air movement through porous walls and high ceilings.
The document provides information on the vernacular architecture of North-East India, focusing on the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, and Nagaland. It describes the traditional construction materials and styles used by tribes in each state. The Adi and Nyishi tribes of Arunachal Pradesh typically build wooden or bamboo houses raised on stilts, with thatched roofs. In Assam, bamboo is widely used and houses have higher plinth levels. The Sema tribe in Nagaland traditionally builds villages on hilltops, using timber, bamboo, and thatch in construction.
The document provides information on the vernacular architecture of North-East India, focusing on the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, and Nagaland. It describes the traditional construction materials and styles used by tribes in each state. The Adi and Nyishi tribes of Arunachal Pradesh typically build wooden or bamboo houses raised on stilts, with thatched roofs. In Assam, bamboo is widely used and houses have higher plinth levels. The Sema tribe in Nagaland traditionally builds villages on hilltops, using timber, bamboo, and thatch in construction.
Dakshinachitra is a 10-acre living museum in Chennai that showcases the art, architecture, crafts, and traditions of South India. It contains recreated houses and settlements from the four South Indian states - Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. Visitors can explore the different housing types and craft demonstrations, as well as cultural performances. The museum aims to authentically represent and preserve the diverse cultural heritage of South India.
The vernacular architecture of Kerala, a state located in the southwestern part of India, is renowned for its distinctive style, which is deeply rooted in the region's culture, climate, and natural resources. Here are some key features and characteristics of Kerala's vernacular architecture:
Climate-responsive design: Kerala experiences a tropical climate with heavy monsoon rains and high humidity. Vernacular architecture in Kerala is designed to address these climatic conditions, with features such as sloping roofs, overhanging eaves, and large windows for cross ventilation. These elements help in keeping the interior spaces cool and comfortable.
Traditional materials: The primary materials used in Kerala's vernacular architecture include wood, bamboo, clay, and laterite stone. These materials are locally sourced and readily available, making them sustainable and cost-effective.
Thatched roofs: Thatched roofs made of coconut palm leaves or grass are common in traditional Kerala architecture. These roofs are not only aesthetically pleasing but also provide insulation against heat and sound.
Wooden architecture: Wood is extensively used in Kerala's traditional architecture, especially in the construction of columns, beams, and intricate carvings. Teak and rosewood are commonly used due to their durability and resistance to pests.
Open courtyards: Many traditional Kerala homes feature open courtyards or central atriums, known as nadumuttam. These courtyards serve as gathering spaces for family members and provide natural light and ventilation to surrounding rooms.
Distinctive roof forms: The most notable feature of Kerala's traditional architecture is its unique roof forms. The most common type is the sloping gable roof, known as nadumuttam roof or Kerala roof, which typically extends beyond the walls to provide shade and protection from the rain.
Jali work: Intricate jali (lattice) work is often incorporated into the design of windows and walls to allow for ventilation while maintaining privacy and security.
Courtyard houses: Traditional homes in Kerala are often designed as courtyard houses, with rooms arranged around a central courtyard or veranda. This layout enhances natural ventilation and creates a sense of openness and connection with the outdoors.
Adaptive design: Kerala's vernacular architecture has evolved over centuries through a process of trial and error, adapting to the region's changing socio-cultural and environmental contexts. This adaptive design approach continues to be relevant today, with modern interpretations of traditional architecture incorporating contemporary amenities while preserving the essence of the original style.
Overall, Kerala's vernacular architecture reflects a harmonious relationship between humans and their environment, blending functionality with cultural aesthetics to create timeless and sustainable built forms.
This document provides an overview of vernacular architecture in Kerala, India. It discusses the concepts of vastu shastra and types of traditional houses like nalukettu and ettukettu. Common building materials used include laterite stone, timber, tiles, and thatch. The nalukettu house design incorporates structures for different functions arranged around a central courtyard. Vernacular architecture in Kerala effectively uses local materials and responds to the climate and needs of the region.
Eugene Pandala is an Indian architect known for designing buildings using natural and sustainable materials like mud. He studied architecture in India and conservation in the UK. Notable projects include a house in Kollam, Kerala built entirely of mud with four bedrooms, courtyards, and connections to nature through openings. He also designed Revathy Kala Mandir, a 20,000 square foot film academy in mud, focusing on air flow and light. Pandala's work has received several awards for its eco-friendly designs and heritage conservation efforts.
The document summarizes the vernacular architecture of Kashmir. It describes the traditional settlement patterns as organized around mohallas or neighborhoods named after occupations. Houses were constructed using the Taq and Dhajji Dewari systems which employ timber frames and bracings within masonry walls, making the structures earthquake resilient. Urban houses were typically square in plan with symmetrical layouts and multiple windows. Elements like bay windows and woodwork helped accommodate the local climate. Houseboats called dhoongas or dhungas also featured this traditional architecture and construction methods adapted for living on water.
Laurie Baker was an Indian architect known for designing low-cost yet high-quality buildings. He emphasized durable masonry construction and features like jali screens, sloping roofs, and ventilation. Baker's own home, called The Hamlet, shows these priorities through its adaptation to the landscape, natural light, and use of found materials. The document also describes some of Baker's other projects like the Paradesi Synagogue, Loyola Chapel, and Centre for Development Studies, highlighting their responses to site conditions and cost-effective designs.
Chettinad architecture is known for the opulent mansions built by the prosperous Chettiar trading community in the Chettinad region of Tamil Nadu between 1850-1940. The mansions had a grid-like layout centered around a courtyard, with rooms arranged around it. They were built with local materials like bricks, tiles, and lime plaster and incorporated design elements from the Chettiars' foreign travels. The architecture was well-suited to the hot, dry climate, using techniques like thick walls, courtyards, verandas, and roofs to keep interiors cool.
A detailed description of the evolution of courtyards, how they are used around the world and particularly in the Indian context.
(I'm sorry about the annoying webdings font. Slideshare didn't recognize the one I had used. Should've just stuck with Times New Roman.)
Festivals in the Lahaul and Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh are celebrated in December and January. The economy relies on agriculture like potato farming and animal husbandry. Local architecture features Tibetan-style houses made of sun-dried bricks that can withstand earthquakes. Monasteries have intricate designs and house historical artifacts. The remote mountainous region has a cold desert climate with low humidity and temperatures ranging from -14°C to 24°C depending on the season. Traditional housing and architecture effectively insulate against the cold using thick walls, glass windows, and trombe walls.
The document discusses the vernacular architecture of northern and eastern India, focusing on the states of Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bengal, Nagaland, and the Kinnaur region of Himachal Pradesh. It describes the typical house forms, materials used, and key architectural features of each region. These include kutcha and pucca constructions, use of wood, stone and thatch, and decorative elements like carvings and buffalo head decorations. Climate and availability of local materials influenced the unique architectural styles of each area.
This document provides information on vernacular architecture from different regions of India. It discusses the architecture of Kashmir valley, including the Dhajji house construction technique which uses timber and stone panels to withstand earthquakes. It also describes the architecture of Ladakh, including thick mud brick walls, flat roofs for insulation, and orientation of buildings. Finally, it summarizes the traditional architecture of Jaisalmer, featuring the local golden stone and structures like the Patwon Ki Haveli haveli complex.
The document provides an overview of vernacular architecture in India. It discusses that vernacular architecture is native and uses local materials, craftsmanship and technology suited for the climate. India has diverse climatic zones and each region developed distinct vernacular styles using local resources responsive to the climate and culture. Examples of vernacular building types from different regions are given along with their features adapted for ventilation, lighting and thermal comfort through passive design. The conclusion emphasizes that studying vernacular architecture can provide lessons for sustainable design that blends traditional wisdom with modern technology.
Vernacular Architecture of Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Himachal pradeshNANDINISDEV200571
The document summarizes the key features of traditional wooden houses in Himachal Pradesh, India. The houses, known as Kath-Kuni houses, are planned with the local climate and terrain in mind. The villages are clustered along slopes for sunlight and shelter from snowfall. The houses use wood as the primary material and are oriented south to maximize sunlight. They are designed compactly around a central fireplace to retain heat in the cold climate.
The document provides information on traditional architecture and design elements from various states in India, including Rajasthan, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh. It describes key features of architecture from each state such as Rajasthan's forts, palaces and temples built in the Rajput style. In Gujarat, traditional homes incorporated jalis, wooden carvings, fluted columns and marble inlay. Andhra Pradesh homes had features like verandahs, pitched roofs, carved wood furniture and patterned floor tiles. Traditional crafts and materials used in Madhya Pradesh included bamboo work, carpets, folk paintings, iron crafts, jute works, metal works, ornaments,
The document discusses various types of vernacular architecture found in Rajasthan, India. It describes the circular Bhunga structures used by the Bhunga tribe, characterized by cylindrical mud walls and conical thatched roofs. It also outlines the single room structures of the Meena tribe and the Jawali houses with their distinctive entrance gates and mud grain storage jars. Finally, it provides details on the traditional golden stone houses of the Jaisalmer city fort that are constructed without mortar through stone bonding.
1. The document discusses the telecommunication system requirements for a proposed 860ft high-rise building in Miami for Santander Bank.
2. It describes the key components of the system including a 1,100sf data center, fibre optic and copper cabling running from the data center to intermediate distribution frames on each floor, and a private automatic branch exchange phone system.
3. An internet-based security system is proposed to enable tenants to manage their own office spaces while also allowing building management overall control.
The 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan was caused by an 9.0 magnitude earthquake and subsequent tsunami that struck the area on March 11, 2011. The tsunami disabled the power supply and cooling systems at three nuclear reactors, causing meltdowns. Hydrogen explosions at three reactor units caused additional radiation leaks. The accident released radioactive substances into the local environment and forced the long-term evacuation of over 100,000 people from a 30 km exclusion zone around the plant due to high radiation levels. The consequences of the disaster included health effects from radiation exposure, economic costs of over 150 billion euros, and long-term environmental contamination.
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The document provides information on the vernacular architecture of North-East India, focusing on the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, and Nagaland. It describes the traditional construction materials and styles used by tribes in each state. The Adi and Nyishi tribes of Arunachal Pradesh typically build wooden or bamboo houses raised on stilts, with thatched roofs. In Assam, bamboo is widely used and houses have higher plinth levels. The Sema tribe in Nagaland traditionally builds villages on hilltops, using timber, bamboo, and thatch in construction.
Dakshinachitra is a 10-acre living museum in Chennai that showcases the art, architecture, crafts, and traditions of South India. It contains recreated houses and settlements from the four South Indian states - Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. Visitors can explore the different housing types and craft demonstrations, as well as cultural performances. The museum aims to authentically represent and preserve the diverse cultural heritage of South India.
The vernacular architecture of Kerala, a state located in the southwestern part of India, is renowned for its distinctive style, which is deeply rooted in the region's culture, climate, and natural resources. Here are some key features and characteristics of Kerala's vernacular architecture:
Climate-responsive design: Kerala experiences a tropical climate with heavy monsoon rains and high humidity. Vernacular architecture in Kerala is designed to address these climatic conditions, with features such as sloping roofs, overhanging eaves, and large windows for cross ventilation. These elements help in keeping the interior spaces cool and comfortable.
Traditional materials: The primary materials used in Kerala's vernacular architecture include wood, bamboo, clay, and laterite stone. These materials are locally sourced and readily available, making them sustainable and cost-effective.
Thatched roofs: Thatched roofs made of coconut palm leaves or grass are common in traditional Kerala architecture. These roofs are not only aesthetically pleasing but also provide insulation against heat and sound.
Wooden architecture: Wood is extensively used in Kerala's traditional architecture, especially in the construction of columns, beams, and intricate carvings. Teak and rosewood are commonly used due to their durability and resistance to pests.
Open courtyards: Many traditional Kerala homes feature open courtyards or central atriums, known as nadumuttam. These courtyards serve as gathering spaces for family members and provide natural light and ventilation to surrounding rooms.
Distinctive roof forms: The most notable feature of Kerala's traditional architecture is its unique roof forms. The most common type is the sloping gable roof, known as nadumuttam roof or Kerala roof, which typically extends beyond the walls to provide shade and protection from the rain.
Jali work: Intricate jali (lattice) work is often incorporated into the design of windows and walls to allow for ventilation while maintaining privacy and security.
Courtyard houses: Traditional homes in Kerala are often designed as courtyard houses, with rooms arranged around a central courtyard or veranda. This layout enhances natural ventilation and creates a sense of openness and connection with the outdoors.
Adaptive design: Kerala's vernacular architecture has evolved over centuries through a process of trial and error, adapting to the region's changing socio-cultural and environmental contexts. This adaptive design approach continues to be relevant today, with modern interpretations of traditional architecture incorporating contemporary amenities while preserving the essence of the original style.
Overall, Kerala's vernacular architecture reflects a harmonious relationship between humans and their environment, blending functionality with cultural aesthetics to create timeless and sustainable built forms.
This document provides an overview of vernacular architecture in Kerala, India. It discusses the concepts of vastu shastra and types of traditional houses like nalukettu and ettukettu. Common building materials used include laterite stone, timber, tiles, and thatch. The nalukettu house design incorporates structures for different functions arranged around a central courtyard. Vernacular architecture in Kerala effectively uses local materials and responds to the climate and needs of the region.
Eugene Pandala is an Indian architect known for designing buildings using natural and sustainable materials like mud. He studied architecture in India and conservation in the UK. Notable projects include a house in Kollam, Kerala built entirely of mud with four bedrooms, courtyards, and connections to nature through openings. He also designed Revathy Kala Mandir, a 20,000 square foot film academy in mud, focusing on air flow and light. Pandala's work has received several awards for its eco-friendly designs and heritage conservation efforts.
The document summarizes the vernacular architecture of Kashmir. It describes the traditional settlement patterns as organized around mohallas or neighborhoods named after occupations. Houses were constructed using the Taq and Dhajji Dewari systems which employ timber frames and bracings within masonry walls, making the structures earthquake resilient. Urban houses were typically square in plan with symmetrical layouts and multiple windows. Elements like bay windows and woodwork helped accommodate the local climate. Houseboats called dhoongas or dhungas also featured this traditional architecture and construction methods adapted for living on water.
Laurie Baker was an Indian architect known for designing low-cost yet high-quality buildings. He emphasized durable masonry construction and features like jali screens, sloping roofs, and ventilation. Baker's own home, called The Hamlet, shows these priorities through its adaptation to the landscape, natural light, and use of found materials. The document also describes some of Baker's other projects like the Paradesi Synagogue, Loyola Chapel, and Centre for Development Studies, highlighting their responses to site conditions and cost-effective designs.
Chettinad architecture is known for the opulent mansions built by the prosperous Chettiar trading community in the Chettinad region of Tamil Nadu between 1850-1940. The mansions had a grid-like layout centered around a courtyard, with rooms arranged around it. They were built with local materials like bricks, tiles, and lime plaster and incorporated design elements from the Chettiars' foreign travels. The architecture was well-suited to the hot, dry climate, using techniques like thick walls, courtyards, verandas, and roofs to keep interiors cool.
A detailed description of the evolution of courtyards, how they are used around the world and particularly in the Indian context.
(I'm sorry about the annoying webdings font. Slideshare didn't recognize the one I had used. Should've just stuck with Times New Roman.)
Festivals in the Lahaul and Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh are celebrated in December and January. The economy relies on agriculture like potato farming and animal husbandry. Local architecture features Tibetan-style houses made of sun-dried bricks that can withstand earthquakes. Monasteries have intricate designs and house historical artifacts. The remote mountainous region has a cold desert climate with low humidity and temperatures ranging from -14°C to 24°C depending on the season. Traditional housing and architecture effectively insulate against the cold using thick walls, glass windows, and trombe walls.
The document discusses the vernacular architecture of northern and eastern India, focusing on the states of Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bengal, Nagaland, and the Kinnaur region of Himachal Pradesh. It describes the typical house forms, materials used, and key architectural features of each region. These include kutcha and pucca constructions, use of wood, stone and thatch, and decorative elements like carvings and buffalo head decorations. Climate and availability of local materials influenced the unique architectural styles of each area.
This document provides information on vernacular architecture from different regions of India. It discusses the architecture of Kashmir valley, including the Dhajji house construction technique which uses timber and stone panels to withstand earthquakes. It also describes the architecture of Ladakh, including thick mud brick walls, flat roofs for insulation, and orientation of buildings. Finally, it summarizes the traditional architecture of Jaisalmer, featuring the local golden stone and structures like the Patwon Ki Haveli haveli complex.
The document provides an overview of vernacular architecture in India. It discusses that vernacular architecture is native and uses local materials, craftsmanship and technology suited for the climate. India has diverse climatic zones and each region developed distinct vernacular styles using local resources responsive to the climate and culture. Examples of vernacular building types from different regions are given along with their features adapted for ventilation, lighting and thermal comfort through passive design. The conclusion emphasizes that studying vernacular architecture can provide lessons for sustainable design that blends traditional wisdom with modern technology.
Vernacular Architecture of Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Himachal pradeshNANDINISDEV200571
The document summarizes the key features of traditional wooden houses in Himachal Pradesh, India. The houses, known as Kath-Kuni houses, are planned with the local climate and terrain in mind. The villages are clustered along slopes for sunlight and shelter from snowfall. The houses use wood as the primary material and are oriented south to maximize sunlight. They are designed compactly around a central fireplace to retain heat in the cold climate.
The document provides information on traditional architecture and design elements from various states in India, including Rajasthan, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh. It describes key features of architecture from each state such as Rajasthan's forts, palaces and temples built in the Rajput style. In Gujarat, traditional homes incorporated jalis, wooden carvings, fluted columns and marble inlay. Andhra Pradesh homes had features like verandahs, pitched roofs, carved wood furniture and patterned floor tiles. Traditional crafts and materials used in Madhya Pradesh included bamboo work, carpets, folk paintings, iron crafts, jute works, metal works, ornaments,
The document discusses various types of vernacular architecture found in Rajasthan, India. It describes the circular Bhunga structures used by the Bhunga tribe, characterized by cylindrical mud walls and conical thatched roofs. It also outlines the single room structures of the Meena tribe and the Jawali houses with their distinctive entrance gates and mud grain storage jars. Finally, it provides details on the traditional golden stone houses of the Jaisalmer city fort that are constructed without mortar through stone bonding.
1. The document discusses the telecommunication system requirements for a proposed 860ft high-rise building in Miami for Santander Bank.
2. It describes the key components of the system including a 1,100sf data center, fibre optic and copper cabling running from the data center to intermediate distribution frames on each floor, and a private automatic branch exchange phone system.
3. An internet-based security system is proposed to enable tenants to manage their own office spaces while also allowing building management overall control.
The 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan was caused by an 9.0 magnitude earthquake and subsequent tsunami that struck the area on March 11, 2011. The tsunami disabled the power supply and cooling systems at three nuclear reactors, causing meltdowns. Hydrogen explosions at three reactor units caused additional radiation leaks. The accident released radioactive substances into the local environment and forced the long-term evacuation of over 100,000 people from a 30 km exclusion zone around the plant due to high radiation levels. The consequences of the disaster included health effects from radiation exposure, economic costs of over 150 billion euros, and long-term environmental contamination.
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Dilli Haat is an outdoor market located in New Delhi that showcases Indian crafts, food, and culture. It was designed to provide a space for rural artisans to sell their goods while also giving city residents exposure to traditions from across India. The market has a central pedestrian spine lined with stalls, as well as food stalls and performance areas. Space syntax analysis was used in the planning to optimize connectivity and movement throughout the site. The complex balances vehicle access with a focus on pedestrian circulation between attractions.
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This document provides information about villages and firkas in Manur Taluk of Tirunelveli district. It lists the names of 32 villages organized under 3 firkas - Talaiyuttu (3 villages), Manur (9 villages), and Vannikonandal (9 villages). It also notes that Manur is a taluk within Tirunelveli district containing a total of 14 firkas and 32 revenue villages.
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
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at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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2. Introduction
• Kerala Architecture is one of the most exciting examples
of preservation of vernacular styles.
• The evolution of domestic architecture of Kerala followed
closely the trend of development in temple architecture.
• The primitive models of circular, square or rectangular
plain shapes with a ribbed roof evolved from functional
consideration.
• The climate of Kerala greatly influenced the traditional
architecture.
• The natural building materials available for construction
in Kerala i.e. stones, timber, clay and palm leaves have
anchored and guided the acceptance or rejection of
outside influences
3. Influence of climate
• Kerala has a warm humid climate. The rainfall is very
heavy from south west and north east monsoons
• To keep the rain and sun away form the walls the roofs of
the building come down very low.
• They have verandah all round the building protecting the
external walls from sun and rain.
• The width of the verandah varies from 2 ft to 12ft
• In rooms were people spend most of their time during day
the window openings were brought in at ground level
otherwise the windows were small so that there was only
subdued light inside or had timber jalis to give diffused
light without glare.
• They also have an internal courtyard for better flow of air.
4. Roofing system
• The ridged roof pitched at angles between 30degree to
40degree
• The roof with intricately carved gables protruding from the
roof with overhangs supported by wooden brackets.
• The roof is prefabricated that is different members are fixed
on the ground and assembled at the top.
• No nails are used.
• The roof is kept in position by interlocking with the hole in
the rafters.
• Walls made of timber or earth and roof of coconut leaves or
tiles are common in many parts of Kerala
• Structurally the roof frame was supported on the pillars on
walls erected on a plinth raised from the ground for
protection against dampness and insects in the tropical
climate.
6. Flooring System
• The most common type of flooring was that of beaten
earth polished with cow dung at regular intervals
• Black colored traditional flooring used in the more
expensive buildings was done with the mixture of lime,
sand, coconut shell, white of egg, jaggery, coconut water
and other vegetable extracts. The smoothness was
achieved by polishing the floor with a particular variety of
banana.
7. Building Materials
• The availability of granite -a strong and durable building
stone is restricted mainly to the highlands and marginally to
some hilly zones. Accordingly, the skill in quarrying, dressing
and sculpturing of stone is scarce in Kerala.
• Laterite stone however, is abundantly found
• Soft laterite available at shallow depth can be easily cut,
dressed and used as building blocks. It is a local stone that
gets stronger and durable with exposure to the atmosphere.
• Block of this stone may be bonded in mortars of shell lime, -
the classic binding material used in traditional buildings.
• Lime mortar can be improved in strength and performance by
admixtures of vegetable juices. Such enriched mortars were
utilised for plastering and low relief work.
8. Building Materials
• Timber remains the prime structural material abundantly
available in Kerala, in many varieties - from bamboo to
teak and rosewood. The skilful choice of timber, artful
assembly and delicate carving of wood work for
columns, walls and roofs frames are the unique
characteristics of Kerala architecture, using accurate fit
of joints.
• Clay was used in many forms - for walling, in filling the
timber floors and making bricks and tiles after firing in
kilns, tempered with admixtures.
• Palm leaves are still used effectively for thatching the
roofs and for making partition walls and along with mud
9. Vastuvidya- Traditional
architecture
• Traditional Kerala architecture is the Vastu
vidhya is derived from the Stapatya Veda
of Adharva Veda and deals with two types
of architecture
– Residential Architecture(Manusyalaya) under
functional architecture
– Temples coming under conceptual
architecture.
10. • A house in Kerala is generally called Veedu. The Veedu
gives shelter to joint-family kinfolk or tharavad. The
joint family system (tharavad--kinship system)
consequently promotes the tradition of living in a huge
shelter or mansion (veedu--object of house). The term is
Dravidian and is used in some parts of Tamil Nadu and
North Srilanka for all types of residential architecture, but
generally the people of Kerala will refer to their veedu as
tharavad.
Residential Architecture
11. Residential architecture
• There are various terms of house for different tribes
according to social status and profession. The house of:
• Pariah - CHERI
• the agrestic slave – Cheraman - CHALA.
• blacksmith, the goldsmith,
the carpenter, the weaver - KUDI
• temple servants reside – VARIYAM / PISHARAM
• The ordinary Nayars - VEEDU / BHAVANAM
• Nayar’s authority - IDAM.
• Raja lives in a KOVILAKKAM / KOTTARAM
12. Three Types of Chala
All Chalas show typical spatial configurations of living and inner space. (left)
Chala in Chengganur, South Kerala; (middle) Chala in Waynad and (left) Chala
in Trivandrum
13. There are five types of traditional domestic architecture or
Veedu in Kerala, namely:
• (1) the wretched humble house, unknown by any
building treatise of Kerala, belongs to ordinary folks and
tribal people/ adivasis (cheri, chala, kudi, variyam or
pisharam or pumatham);
• (2) the Ekasala, an I-shaped single rectangular hall
house, belongs to farmers or middle-class non-farmers;
(3) the Nalukettu, a courtyard house, belongs to
landlords;
• (4) the great mansion Ettuketu and Patinjarukettu
(double ettukettu) or much bigger structures, belong to
very rich landlords;
• (5) commoner houses are simple ordinary houses
scattered abundantly in the cities and villages.
14. • Literally, the local term of house--veedu--means home
and signifies no important structural arrangement.
Classical Indian architecture acknowledges a concentric
arrangement of buildings and a generic spatial structure
of the sala or hall.
• The Ekasala is a single hall house,
• dvisala a two-hall house, trisala a three-hall house, and
catusala a four-hall house/courtyard house.
• The Nalukettu is the only local term for house that
implies structural importance since it is associated with
the catusala. There are no local terms for dvisala, trisala
and ekasala, they are simply called veedu.
15.
16. (upper- left) The Ekasala of
North Kerala. Mostly they are
shingle hipped roof houses
(upper-right) The Ekasala of
South Kerala. Mostly they are
shingle bent roof houses
(bottom) The Kuttikettu or
Ekasala with courtyard
extension
17. Three Typical Expression of Nalukettu
Central Kerala (above), North Kerala (left-bottom), South Kerala (right-bottom)
18. The Nambudiri Illam
• They are concentrated primarily in Trichur,
Palghat districts in south Malabar,
• As small clusters in Kottayam, Cannanore
and some parts of North Malabar
19.
20. Description of the Nambudiri
Illam
• The illams of the affluent Nambudiri families of
Trichur are self contained complex of buildings
in a wide secluded compound.
• The complex consists of
– one or two storied Nalukettu building
– An entrance gate (Padipura)
– One or more tanks for bathing
• Optional buildings such as a Granary, a Kitchen
for feeding guests and a Shrine or a Temple
itself.
21. Description of the Nambudiri
Illam
• There are four wings Northern, Southern, Eastern and
Western.
• The built structures were on the southern and the
western wings
• The granary on the south has solid walls of laterite or
wood.
• The western block is generally raised, open hall with
columns which support the floor above. It is here that the
official ceremonies take place and the men also learn or
sleep
• The corner room at the north west is used for storage or
for sleeping
22. Description of the Nambudiri
Illam
• The kitchen with its adjacent well is always
without exception placed in the northeast corner.
Since the wind comes from the southwest in
Kerala it is the most logical position to ensure
the smoke escapes the building directly
• The northern side next to the kitchen is used for
the performance of the most important ritual of
Shredda the human ritual of pouring Ghee on
the sacred fire.
23. Description of the Nambudiri
Illam
• The puja room is located on the north or in the east next
to the kitchen.
• The practical reasons for not building on the northern
and eastern sides are to allow the escape of smoke and
to minimize the chance of an external fire.
• The corner rooms were segregated form the main
blocks. They are separated by corridors, stairwells and
doors going to the outside. These rooms are not
considered for rituals and are used as entrance rooms,
bedrooms, the delivery rooms (south east corner) or
occasionally for storage (north west corner)
24. Women Spaces:
• Women were considered inferior to men
and they were not allowed to enter into the
main courtyard except for their marriage
and at death.
• In houses with one courtyard back spaces
were added next to kitchen.
• Accesses to main pooja room and to one
or two bedrooms were only through a back
door.
25. Future expansions:
• The additions in the last century show a
slow moving towards modern times.
• Houses with more than one courtyard
were built and expanded without much
constraint as the ritual rules applied only
to the first courtyard.
26. Nair Tharavadu of Kerala:
• The Nairs are the race of people living in the state of
Kerala and constitute 16% of the state population
• The concept of the house is rural, located near paddy
fields in fenced compounds with palm, banana and other
fruit bearing trees with a well or tank for water supply.
• The Nair house is also called a Veedoo
• The tharavad houses were joint families with 30-40
members in a matriarchial system.
• The head of the tharavad was the oldest male member.
27. Description of the Nair Tharavad:
• Security and defence played a vital role in
determining the orientation, layout and future
additions.
• The courtyard and the wings surrounding it from
the basic module
• The house type is classified by the number of
such modules
– Nallukettu – four chambers
– Ettukettu – eight chambers
• Padinarkettu – sixteen chambers
28. Description of the Nair Tharavad:
• The number of courtyards and the house
annexes are an indication of the social standing
and the wealth of the family.
• The principles of siting, spatial arrangement of
rooms, choice of building materials,
measurements and construction details were
based on Vastu Vidhya and Tachhushastram
• Nine house types are identified on the basis of
courtyards and enclosing wings
• 14 house classifications according to primary
building materials
29. Spatial Configuration
• It is self contained and introvert complex of buildings
each enclosing an open to sky courtyard.
• The central courtyard is the focal point of the house
• The main rooms are located on the western wing
• Rooms on the northern side are used for cooking
• The rooms on the southern sides are used for the daily
household activities
• Steep pyramidal roofs with a 45 degree pitch, deep
overhangs, shaded verandas and cross ventilation are a
response to intense sun, heavy rainfall and humidity.
30. NALUKETTU - ENTRANCE NALUKETTU - COURTYARD
NALUKETTU - VIEW OF POND NALUKETTU - LIVING AREA
32. Temples of kerela
• Temples in Kerala used to be called in earlier times as
mukkalvattom. Later they came to be called ambalam or
kshetram or sometimes tali.
• Temple architecture in Kerala is different from that of
other regions in India. Largely dictated by the geography
of the region that abounds in forests blessed with the
bounties of the monsoons, the structure of the temples in
Kerala is distinctive.
• The Kerala temple has srikovil as its main core, which
usually stands in east-west axis and the plan may be
square, rectangular, circular, elliptical ground plan.
33.
34.
35. • The central sanctum of a Keralite
temple is referred to as the Sree
Kovil.
• It is surrounded by a cloistered
prakara, pierced at one or more
cardinal points with a gopuradwara.
• The cloistered prakaram has a
namaskara mandapam located
directly in front of the sanctum. This
prakaram also houses subsidiary
shrines.
• A kitchen is located in the south
eastern corner of ths cloistered
prakaram.
• The mukha mandapam is
integrated with the gopura entrance.
The flagstaff or dwaja stambham is
located outside of the mukha
mandapam .
• The balipitham may be located in
the mukhamandapam or in the outer
courtyard. The outer prakaram or
courtyard houses other subshrines,
and optionally a temple tank.
36.
37. • The Kuttambalam or the theater hall of the
Keralite temple is located either as a part of the
inner prakara, on the south east corner facing
north, or as a separate hall outside the
innermost prakaram, either facing into the
temple or facing north. This has a stage, raised
from the rest of the floor, and a backstage area.
This is the site of the performance of Kathakali
or Chakkiyar koothu recitals. Thus the
kuttambalam plays a role in educating visitors on
the rich legends of the Indian cultural fabric.
38. • The roofs are steep and pointed, and covered with
copper sheets. The Kerala roof resembles those found in
the Himalayan regions and those in East Asia.
• The shape of the roof is in accordance with the plan of
the sanctum below. With a circular plan, one sees a
conical roof, while with a square plan the roof is
pyramidal.
• The roof is constructed with wood and is covered with
copper plates. Most of the temples seen in Kerala today,
have undergone several phases of renovation, given the
perishable nature of the construction materials.
39. • The superstructure as a conspicuous example,
shows an accurate usage of indigenous raw
materials like timber and tiles to go with the
climate conditions.
• Vast majority of temples have their bases built of
granite, the walls made either of wood, bricks
and stucco, or laterite; the sloping
superstructure made of wooden planks, tiles or
sheet metal on timber frames, are adopted to
suit the high rainfall of the region.
40. Temple and Domestic Architecture
• Unlike the other architectural traditions in the
mainland the design of Kerala temples shows a
close similarity with the domestic architecture of
the region.
• The surviving Nair houses have many structural
elements like raised foundations, wall and
ceiling carvings, steeply sloping roofs, etc., that
are reminiscent of temple architecture.
• The building materials used in the sacred and
domestic architecture, viz., timber, laterite, brick
and stucco are also the same, and thus create
identical textural surfaces.