Cbse 10th class

1. LIFE PROCESS
CHAPTER- 6 SCINCE (CBSE CLASS 10)
By:-
TRIPURARI PRAJAPATI
M.Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY

2. Contents:
 What are life processes
 Nutrition
• Autotrophic Nutrition
• Heterotrophic Nutrition
• Nutrition in Human beings
• Nutrition in Plants.
 Respiration
 Transportation
 Excretion

3. What are life processes :
 The basic functions performed by living organisms to
maintain their life on this earth are called life processes.
Eg:
Nutrition
Respiration
Transportation
Excretion
Growth
Movement
Reproduction.

4. Energy needed for the life processes :
 All the living organisms need energy to perform various life
processes. They get this energy from food.
 Food is a kind of fuel which provides energy to all the living
organisms.
 The energy required by an organism comes from the food
that the organism eats.
 Thus food is the basic requirement of all living organisms for
obtaining energy.

5. NUTRITION :
 It is a process in which food is obtained in order to utilize it
to energy for performing various metabolic activities of the
organism.
Eg : Energy
Growth and Development
Repair of damaged tissue
 The term nutrition comes from the word nutrient.

6. Nutrients :
 The substance which an organism obtains from its
surroundings and uses it as a source of energy or for
biosynthesis of its body constituents.
Eg :
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipid/ fats
Vitamins and Minerals

7. MODES OF NUTRITION :
 Modes of nutrition means methods of producing food or
obtaining food by an organism.
Autotrophic Heterotrophic

8. 1. Autotrophic mode of nutrition :
 The word ‘auto’ means ‘self’ and ‘trophe’ means ‘nutrition’.
 Autotrophic nutrition is that mode of nutrition in which an
organism makes (or synthesized) its own food from the
simple inorganic material like carbon dioxide and water
present in the surroundings.

9. AUTOTROPHS :
Those organisms which can make their own food from carbon
dioxide and water are called autotrophs.
The autotrophic organisms contain
the green pigment called
chlorophyll which is capable
of tripping sunlight energy.
Eg: Green plants
Cyanobacteria

10. 2. Heterotrophic mode of nutrition :
 The word ‘heteros’ means ‘others’ and ‘trophe’ refers to
‘nutrition’.
 Heterotrophic nutrition is that mode of nutrition in which
an organism cannot make (or synthesize) its own food from
simple inorganic materials like carbon dioxide and water,
and depends on other organisms for its food.

11. HETEROTROPHS :
 Those organisms which cannot make their own food from
inorganic substances like carbon dioxide and water, and
depends on other organisms for their food are called
heterotrophs.
Eg:
Animals
Yeast

12. TYPES OF HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION :
Parasitic nutrition
Saprotrophic nutrition Holozoic nutrition

13. 1. Saprotrophic nutrition :
 Saprotrophic nutrition is that nutrition in which an organism
obtains its food from decaying organic matter of dead
plants, dead animals and rotten bread, etc.
 The organism having saprotrophic mode of nutrition are
called saprophytes.
 Eg: Fungi

14. 2. Parasitic nutrition :
 The parasitic nutrition is that nutrition in which an
organism derives its food from the body of another living
organism (called its host) without killing it.
 The organism which obtains the food is called a ‘parasite’
and the organism from whose body food is obtained is
called the ‘host’.
• Eg: Several fungi , ticks
Bacteria, lice
plants like Cuscuta(amarbel), leeches, tapeworms

15. 3. Holozoic nutrition :
 The holozoic nutrition is that nutrition in which an organism
takes the complex organic food material into its body by the
process of ingestion, the ingested food is then absorbed into
the body cell of the organism.
 The human beings and most of the animals have a holozoic
mode of nutrition.
Eg: Humans
Animals

16. NUTRITION IN PLANTS :
 The process by which green plants make their own food (like glucose)
from carbon dioxide and water by using sunlight energy in the presence
of chlorophyll is called photosynthesis.

17.  The food prepared by the green leaves of a plant is in the
form of simple sugar called glucose. It is then sent to the
different parts of the plant.
 The extra glucose is changed into another food called starch.
This starch is stored in the leaves of the plant.

18. PHOTOSYNTHESIS TAKES PLACE IN THE FOLLOWING THREE STEPS :
 Absorption of sunlight energy by chlorophyll.
 Conversion of light energy into chemical energy, and splitting of water
into hydrogen and oxygen by light energy.
 Reduction of carbon dioxide by hydrogen to form carbohydrates like
glucose by utilizing the chemical energy.

19. How the plants obtain carbon dioxide :
 There are large number of tiny pores called stomata on the surface
of the leaves of plants.
 The stomatal pore is
surrounded by a pair
of guard cells.
 The opening and closing
of stomatal pores is
controlled by the guard cell.

20. How the plants obtain water for photosynthesis
 The water required by the plants for photosynthesis is
absorbed by the roots of the plants from the soil through the
process of osmosis.
 The plant take material
 like nitrogen, phosphorus,
 iron and magnesium,
 etc. from the soil.

21. Site of photosynthesis : Chloroplasts

22. NUTRITION IN ANIMALS :
 Animals obtain their food from plants or other animals
 All the animals can be divided into three groups on the basis
of their food habits.
1. Herbivores
2. Carnivores
3. Omnivores.

23. 1. Herbivores :
 Those animals which eat only plants are called herbivores.
 The herbivores may eat grasses, leaves, grains, fruits or the
bark of tree.
Eg:
goat, cow,
buffalo, horse,
camel, grasshopper, etc.

24. 2. Carnivores :
 Those animals which eat only other animal as food are called
carnivores.
 Carnivores eat only the meat of other animals.
Eg: lion, tiger,
frog, vulture,
kingfisher,
lizard, wolf,
snake and hawk.

25. 3. Omnivores :
 Those animals which eat both, plants and animals
are called omnivores.
eg:
Human beings,
dog, crow,
sparrow, bear,
mynah and ant.

26. Different steps in the process of nutrition in animals :
 Ingestion: the process of taking food into the body is called
ingestion.
 Digestion: the process in which the food containing large,
insoluble molecules is broken down into small, water soluble
molecules is called digestion.
 Absorption: the process in which the digested food passes
through the intestinal wall into blood stream is called absorption.

27.  Assimilation: the process in which the absorbed food is
taken in by body cells and used for energy, growth and
repair is called assimilation.
 Egestion: the process in which the undigested food is
removed from the body is called egestion.

28. NUTRITION IN AMOEBA :
 Amoeba is a unicellular animal.
 Amoeba eats tiny plants and animals as food which float on
water in which it lives.
 The mode of nutrition in amoeba is holozoic.
 The process of obtaining food by amoeba is called phagocytosis.

29. NUTRITION IN AMOEBA :

30. NUTRITION IN PARAMECIUM :
 Paramecium is also a tiny
unicellular animal which
lives in water.
 Paramecium uses its hair
likes structures called cilia
to sweep the food particles
from water and put them
into its mouth.

31. NUTRITION IN HUMAN BEINGS:

32. peristalic movement of esophagous.

33. Salivary glands
• The salivary glands in our mouth produce saliva.
• The human saliva contains enzyme called salivary
amylase.
• Salivary amylase digests the starch (carbohydrate).

34. Stomach
 The food is churned in the stomach for about three hours. During this time
the food breaks down into still smaller pieces and forms semi solid paste.
 The stomach wall contains three tubular glands in its walls.
 The glands present in the walls of the stomach secrete gastric juice.
creates an acidic medium
Eg: Hydrochloric acid kills any bacteria
Pepsin Protein
Mucus

35. Small intestine
 The walls of small intestine contain gland which secrete intestinal juice.
• The intestinal juice contains a number of enzymes which complete the
digestion of
– Carbohydrates Glucose
– Proteins Amino acids
– Fats. Fatty acids and Glycerol.

36. Liver
 Liver secretes bile.
 Bile is a greenish yellow liquid made in the liver which is normally
stored in gall bladder.
 Bile is alkaline and performs two functions :
(i) makes the acidic food coming from the stomach alkaline.
(ii) bile salts break the fats present in the food into small globules
making it easy to digest them.

37. Pancreas
 Pancreas secretes pancreatic juice which contains digestive
enzymes
Eg: pancreatic amylase starch
Trypsin proteins
lipase emulsified fats

39. Respiration :
 The process of releasing energy from food is called respiration.
 𝒇𝒐𝒐𝒅+𝒐𝒙𝒚𝒈𝒆𝒏 →𝒄𝒂𝒓𝒃𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒐𝒙𝒊𝒅𝒆+𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓+𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚(ATP)
 ATP is substance called Adenosine
Tri-phosphate. It has a high
energy content. ATP is know
as the energy currency of cells.

40. Breathing
 The mechanism by which organism obtain oxygen from the air and
release carbon dioxide is called breathing.
= +
RESPIRATION Breathing Oxidation of the food

41. Types of Respiration :
1. Aerobic respiration (Presence of oxygen)
2. Anaerobic respiration (Absence of oxygen)

42. Aerobic respiration
• 𝑮𝒍𝒖𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆 𝑷𝒚𝒓𝒖𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝟔CO2 +𝟔𝐻2𝑂 +𝟑𝟖𝑨𝑻𝑷
 Mitochondria are the sites of aerobic respiration in the cells.
Eg: humans dogs
cats lions
elephants cows, ect.
Glycolysis
cytoplasm
𝑂2(Kreb’s cycle)
Mitochondria

43. Anaerobic respiration
A. Alcoholic fermentation:
𝑮𝒍𝒖𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆 𝑷𝒚𝒓𝒖𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒆 2C2𝐻5𝑂𝐻 +2𝐶𝑂2 +2𝑨𝑻𝑷
B. Lactic acid Fermentation:
𝑮𝒍𝒖𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆 𝑷𝒚𝒓𝒖𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒆 2 lactic acid +2𝑨𝑻𝑷
Fermentation
Yeast
Glycolysis
Glycolysis Muscle tissue

44. Difference between Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration
Aerobic respiration takes place in the presence
of oxygen.
Anaerobic respiration takes place in the
absence of oxygen.
Complete breakdown of food occurs in aerobic
respiration.
Partial breakdown of food occurs in anaerobic
respiration.
The end products in aerobic respiration are
carbon dioxide and water.
The end products in anaerobic respiration may
be ethanol and carbon dioxide or lactic acid.
Aerobic respiration produces a considerable
amount of energy.
Much less energy is produced in anaerobic
respiration.

45. RESPIRATION IN PLANTS :
 Plants get oxygen by diffusion.

46. Respiration in roots :
 The roots of a plant take the oxygen required for respiration from the air
present in between the soil particles by the process of diffusion.
 The extensions of the epidermal
cells of a root called root hair.
 The root hair are contact
with the air in the soil.

47. Respiration in stems :
 Herbaceous plants (without woody stem): Stomata for gaseous exchange
 Woody stem: Lenticels for gaseous exchange

48. Respiration in Leaves :
 The exchange of respiratory gases in the leaves takes place by the
process of diffusion through stomata.

49. Respiration in Amoeba :
 Amoeba depends on simple diffusion of gases for breathing.
 Amoeba lives in water. The oxygen from water diffuses into the body of
amoeba through cell membrane.

50. Respiration in Earthworm :
 The earthworm exchanges the gases through its skin.
 The skin of an earthworm is quite thin and moist, and has a good blood
supply.
 Oxygen is transported to all
the cells of the earthworm
by its blood where it is used
for respiration.
 The gas exchange in a leech
also occurs through its skin.

51. Respiration in Fish :
 The fish has special organs of breathing called gills.
 The fish breathes by taking in water through its mouth and sending it over the
gills.
 When water is passes over the gills,
the gills extract dissolved oxygen
from this water.
 The extracted oxygen is absorbed
by the blood and carried to
all the parts of the fish.

52. Respiration in Humans
 BREATHING :
Breathing is the process by which air rich in oxygen is taken inside
the body of an organism and air rich in carbon dioxide is expelled
from the body.

53. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN HUMANS :
 The main organs of human respiratory system are :
Nostril
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
Bronchioles
Alveolar sac
Blood capillaries
Diaphragm.

55. TRANSPORTATION :
 In biology, transport is a life process in which a substance absorbed in
one part of the body of an organism is carried to other parts of its body.

56. TRANSPORT IN PLANT:
 substances which are to be supplied
to a plant through a transport system
are water and minerals.

57. Transport system:
 The plants have two transport systems :
1. Xylem carries water and minerals
2. Phloem carries the food materials

58. Ascent of sap (Xylem)
Transport of water and minerals from root to upward direction against
Gravity via xylem tissue.
Vessels
Tracheids
Fibres
Parenchyma

59. Translocation
 Upward and downward movement of food material (Glucose) via phloem.
 Utilises ATP
Sieve tube
Companion cell
Phloem parenchyma
phloem Fibres

60. Transport in Animals
Circulatory System :
Blood Blood vessels Heart
Arteries Auricle Ventricle
Plasma Blood cells
Veins
RBC WBC Platelets Capillaries

61. Plasma
 The colourless liquid part of blood is called plasma.
 Plasma contains 90% water and other dissolved
substances such as proteins, digested food, common salt,
waste products (like carbon dioxide and urea), and
hormones.
 Plasma carries all these dissolved substances from one
part to another part in the body.
 Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are
immersed in this liquid called plasma.

62. Red blood cells
 Red blood cells are red in colour due to the
presence of red pigment called haemoglobin
inside them.
 Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs
to all the cells of the body.
 Red blood cells also carries carbon dioxide
from body tissues to the lungs.
 Red blood cells are circular in shape and do
not have nuclei.

63. White blood cells :
 White blood cells fight infections and protects us from diseases.
 Some white blood cells can eat up the germs (like bacteria) which cause diseases.
 Other white blood cells make chemicals known as antibodies to fight against
infections. Antibodies are responsible for providing immunity in our body.
 White blood cells are either spherical
in shape or irregular in shape.
 All the white blood cells have a nucleus.

64. Platelets :
 Platelets re tiny fragments of special
cells formed in the bone marrow.
 Platelets do not have nuclei.
 Platelets helps in the coagulation of
blood (or clotting of blood) in a cut
or wound.

65. FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD :
• Blood carries oxygen from the lungs to different parts of the body.
• Blood carries carbon dioxide from the body cells to the lungs for
breathing out.
• Blood carries digested food from the small intestine to all the parts of
the body.
• Blood carries hormones from the endocrine glands to different organs of
the body.
• Blood carries a waste product called urea from liver to the kidneys for
excretion in urine.
• Blood protects the body from diseases.
• Blood regulates blood temperature.

66. Heart

69. Lymphatic system :
 There is another type of fluid also involved in transportation.
 This is called lymph or tissue fluid. Through the pores present in
the walls of capillaries some amount of plasma, proteins and
blood cells escape into intercellular spaces in the tissues to form
the tissue fluid or lymph.
 It is similar to the plasma of blood but colourless and contains less
protein. Lymph drains into lymphatic capillaries from the
intercellular spaces, which join to form large lymph vessels that
finally open into larger veins.
 Lymph carries digested and absorbed fat from intestine and drains
excess fluid from extra cellular space back into the blood.

70. EXCRETION:
 The process of removal of toxic waste from the body of an organism is
called excretion.

71. Excretion in plants:
 The main waste products produced by plants are carbon
dioxide, water vapour and oxygen.
 The gaseous wastes of respiration and photosynthesis in
plants are removed through the stomata in leaves and
lenticels in stems and released to the air.
 The plant also store some of the waste products in their
body parts.
 The plants get rid of these wastes by shedding of leaves,
peeling of bark and falling of fruits.
 Some of the plant wastes get stored in the fruits of the
plants in the form of solids bodies called raphides. These
wastes are removed when the fruit get detached from the
plant.

72. Excretion in Humans:
excretory systems :
two kidneys
two ureters
bladder
urethra.

73. kidney
 The kidneys are bean shaped organs towards the back of our body just above the waist.
 The blood in our body is constantly passing through our kidney.
 The renal artery brings in the dirty blood into the kidneys.
 The function of kidneys is to remove the poisonous substance urea, other waste salts and excess
water from the blood and excretes them in the form of yellowish liquid called urine.
 The cleaned blood is carried away from the kidneys by the renal vein.
 The ureters, one from each kidney, opens into urinary bladder.
 The bladder is a bag which stores urine till the time we go to the toilet.
 The urethra is a tube. The urine collected in the bladder is passed out from the body through the
urethra.

74.  Each kidney is made up
of a large number of
excretory units called
nephrons.
 The nephron has a cup
shaped bag its upper
end which is called
Bowman’s capsule. The
lower end of Bowman’s
capsule is tube shaped
and it is called a tubule.

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