This document discusses language structure, development, and relationship to thinking. It covers: - The components of language including phonemes, morphemes, grammar, and semantics. - Stages of language development in children from babbling to multi-word sentences. Theories on language learning such as operant conditioning and innate universal grammar. - Brain areas involved in language like Broca's and Wernicke's areas, and aphasia. Animal communication systems but evidence that apes can learn some signs without truly acquiring language abilities like syntax seen in humans.

1. Thinking and Language
Chapter 9
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2. Thinking and Language
Language
 Language Structure
 Phonemes, Morphemes, grammar, syntax,
semantics.
 Language Development
 Stages
 Theories (Operant Cond. V. Universal
Grammar
 The Brain and Language
 Aphasia, Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area.
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3. Thinking and Language
 Language Influences Thinking and the
dubious nature of the linguistic
determinism
Animal Thinking and Language
 Do Animals Exhibit Language?
 The Case of the Apes
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4. Language
Language, our spoken, written, or gestured
words, the way we communicate meaning to
ourselves and others.
M. & E. Bernheim/ Woodfin Camp & Associates
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Language transmits culture.

5. Language Structure
• Phonemes
• Morphemes
• Grammar
– Semantics
– Syntax
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6. Language Development
Children learn their native languages much
before learning to add 2+2.
We learn, on average (after age 1), 3,500 words
a year, amassing 60,000 words by the time we
graduate from high school.
Motherese
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7. When do we learn language?
Babbling Stage:
Beginning at 4 months,
the infant
spontaneously utters
various sounds, like ah-
goo. Babbling is not
imitation of adult
speech.
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8. When do we learn language?
One-Word Stage: Beginning at or around the
child’s first birthday, the child starts to speak one
word at a time and is able to make family
members understand him or her. The word doggy
may mean look at the dog out there.
Holophrase
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9. When do we learn language?
Two-Word Stage: Before the 2nd year, a child
starts to speak in two-word sentences.
This form of speech is called telegraphic speech
because the child speaks like a telegram: “Go
car,” means I would like to go for a ride in the car.
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10. When do we learn language?
Longer phrases: After telegraphic speech,
children begin uttering longer phrases (Mommy
get ball) with syntactical sense, and by early
elementary school they are employing humor.
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11. When do we learn language?
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12. Explaining Language Development
1. Operant Learning: Skinner (1957, 1985)
believed that language development may be
explained on the basis of learning principles
such as association, imitation, and
reinforcement.
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13. Explaining Language Development
2. Inborn Universal Grammar: Chomsky
(1959, 1987) opposed Skinner’s ideas and
suggested that the rate of language
acquisition is so fast that it cannot be
explained through learning principles, and
thus most of it is inborn.
Universal Grammar
A Language Acquisition Device
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14. Explaining Language Development
Childhood is a critical period for fully
developing certain aspects of language.
Children never exposed to any language
(spoken or signed) by about age 7 gradually
lose their ability to master any language.
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15. Genes, Brain, & Language
Genes design the mechanisms for a
language, and experience modifies the brain.
In this way, language development is
thought to be a product of gene environment
interaction.
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16. Critical Period
Learning new languages gets harder with age.
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17. Brain areas associated with
language processing.
• Broca’s area
• Wernicke’s area
• Aphasia
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18. Thinking & Language
Language and thinking intricately intertwine.
Rubber Ball/ Almay
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19. Language Influences Thinking
Linguistic Determinism: Whorf (1956) suggested
that language determines the way we think.
For example, he noted that the Hopi people do not
have the past tense for verbs. Therefore, the Hopi
cannot think readily about the past.
Sense of self and language.
Conclusion: Thought processes and language
interact. 19

20. Thinking in Images
To a large extent thinking is language-based.
When alone, we may talk to ourselves.
However, we also think in images.
We don’t think in words:
1. When we open the hot water tap.
2. When we are riding our bicycle.
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21. Images and Brain
Imagining a physical activity activates the same
brain regions as when actually performing the
activity.
Jean Duffy Decety, September 2003
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22. Language and Thinking
Traffic runs both ways between language and
thinking.
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23. Animal Thinking & Language
Do animals have a language?
They do communicate……
Honey bees communicate by dancing. The dance
moves clearly indicate the direction of the nectar.
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24. The Case of Apes
Gardner and Gardner (1969) used
American Sign Language (ASL) to train
Washoe, a chimp, who learned 181 signs
by the age of 32.
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25. Syntax Comprehension
Some pygmy chimpanzees can develop even greater
vocabularies and perhaps semantic nuances in learning a
language (Savage-Rumbaugh, 1993).
Kanzi (shown below) developed vocabulary for hundreds
of words and phrases.
Copyright of Great Ape Trust of Iowa
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26. But Can Apes Really Talk?
1. Apes acquire their limited vocabularies with a
great deal of difficulty, unlike children who
develop vocabularies at amazing rates.
2. Chimpanzees can make signs to receive a
reward, just as a pigeon who pecks at the key
receives a reward. However, pigeons have not
learned a language.
3. Chimpanzees use signs meaningfully but lack
human syntax.
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27. Conclusions
If we say that animals can use meaningful
sequences of signs to communicate a capability
for language, our understanding would be
naive… Steven Pinker (1995) concludes, “chimps
do not develop language.”
This is especially so when we define language as
verbal or signed expression of complex
grammar.
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