Contrast sensitivity is defined as the Ability to perceive slight change in luminance between regions which are not separated by definite borders or Ability to perceive sharp outlines of relatively small objects or Ability to detect separation of the area of different contrast level
It describes about the procedure of Hess charting. it serves as a great tool to understand the concepts involved. Suitable for optometry course. This is not a routine procedure but an important procedure which is used in diagnosis.
It describes about the procedure of Hess charting. it serves as a great tool to understand the concepts involved. Suitable for optometry course. This is not a routine procedure but an important procedure which is used in diagnosis.
To know Humphrey visual field analyser
To know about various types of perimetry
To identify field defect
To recognize that field defect is due to glaucoma or neurological lesion
To know that field defect is progressive or not
Interpretation of HVFA
This presentation is mainly focused on progressive addition lenses along with the brief description of single vision reading lenses ,bifocal and trifocals which are the other options available for the management of presbyopia. It also include a short description on the fitting of the PAL. PAL is the most used option worldwide for the management of presbyopia .PAL is also used in the management of progressive myopia and the studies shows it is more effective than the bifocal lenses. PAL are more effective in myopia management when the myopia comes along with the near esophoria and accommodation lag. In this modern century personalised progressive lenses are the most effective in matching the need of the patients.
Fitting an Astigmatic Patient is really a challenging.Though fitting a Toric Cornea is another challenge in CL Dispensing practice.This Slide will give you a basic considerations in RGP Toric lens.
Slit lamp biomicroscopy and illumination techniquesLoknath Goswami
It is a presentation on slitlamp for beginner, shown the parts and different illumination techniques both for eye and contact lens and it have short history
Presented By our respected teacher
Mohammad Siddique (Optometrist)
Thank You sir
Final Year Student Of Optometry at ISRA School Of Optometry
All Rights Reserved
To know Humphrey visual field analyser
To know about various types of perimetry
To identify field defect
To recognize that field defect is due to glaucoma or neurological lesion
To know that field defect is progressive or not
Interpretation of HVFA
This presentation is mainly focused on progressive addition lenses along with the brief description of single vision reading lenses ,bifocal and trifocals which are the other options available for the management of presbyopia. It also include a short description on the fitting of the PAL. PAL is the most used option worldwide for the management of presbyopia .PAL is also used in the management of progressive myopia and the studies shows it is more effective than the bifocal lenses. PAL are more effective in myopia management when the myopia comes along with the near esophoria and accommodation lag. In this modern century personalised progressive lenses are the most effective in matching the need of the patients.
Fitting an Astigmatic Patient is really a challenging.Though fitting a Toric Cornea is another challenge in CL Dispensing practice.This Slide will give you a basic considerations in RGP Toric lens.
Slit lamp biomicroscopy and illumination techniquesLoknath Goswami
It is a presentation on slitlamp for beginner, shown the parts and different illumination techniques both for eye and contact lens and it have short history
Presented By our respected teacher
Mohammad Siddique (Optometrist)
Thank You sir
Final Year Student Of Optometry at ISRA School Of Optometry
All Rights Reserved
Low vision patient have serious visual problems that have caused serious visual loss.
1. Contrast sensitivity testing and visual field testing
2. subjective testing of patients with media loss
# potential acuity meter
# interferometry
# photostress recovery test
# glare test
# color vision test
# dark adaptometry
3. objective testing of retinal loss
# USG
ERG/EOG
VISUAL ACUITY , Basics of vision assessmentssuserde6356
Visual acuity (VA) is a measure of the ability of the eye to distinguish shapes and the details of objects at a given distance. It is important to assess VA in a consistent way in order to detect any changes in vision. One eye is tested at a time.
Go to:
Indications
To provide a baseline recording of VA
To aid examination and diagnosis of eye disease or refractive error
To assess any changes in vision
To measure the outcomes of cataract or other surgery.
Go to:
Equipment
Multi-letter Snellen or E chart
Plain occluder, card or tissue
Pinhole occluder
Torch or flashlight
Patient's documentation.
Go to:
Procedure
Ensure good natural light or illumination on the chart. It is important to ensure that the person has the best possible chance of seeing and reading the test chart as treatment decisions are made based on the results of VA testing.
If the test is done outdoors, the chart should be in bright light and the patient in the shade, with enough light to illuminate the patient's face during the test.
Explain the procedure to the patient. Tell patients that it is not a test that they have to pass, but a test to help us know how their eyes are working. Tell them not to guess if they cannot see.
Ensure that any equipment that the patient touches is clean and is cleaned between patients. Infections can be passed between patients if equipment – or the testers' hands – are not clean.
Position the patient, sitting or standing, at a distance of 6 metres from the chart. The patient can hold one end of a cord or rope of 6 metres long to ensure that the distance is maintained
Test the eyes one at a time, at first without any spectacles (if worn).
Note: Some people prefer to always test the right eye first. Others prefer to test the ‘worse’ eye first (ask the patient out of which eye they see best). This ensures that the minimum is read with the ‘worse’ eye, and more will be read with the ‘good’ eye. This means that no letters are remembered, which could make the second visual acuity appear better than it is.
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Visual acuity should be measured from a standard distance, using a standard chart with a white background
Ask the patient to cover one eye with a plain occluder, card or tissue. They should not press on the eye; this is not good for an eye that has undergone surgery. It can also make any subsequent intraocular pressure reading inaccurate and it will distort vision when the occluded eye is tested.
Ask the patient to read from the top of the chart and from left to right. If the patient cannot read the letters due to language difficulties, use an E chart. The patient is asked to point in the direction the ‘legs’ of the E are facing.
Note: there is a one in four chance that the patient can guess the direction; therefore it is recommended that the patient should correctly indicate the orientation of most letters of the same size, e.g. four out of five or five out
When light travelling in one medium falls on the surface of second medium the following three effect may occur.
1:- A part of incident light is reflected back into the same medium. This is called Reflection of light.
2:- A part of light is passes through the medium.This Is known as Refraction of light.
3:- And remaining part of the light is absorbed by the surface on which the light fall. This is known as Absorption of light.
Aberration in optics refers to a defect in a lens such that light is not focused to a point, but is spread out over some region of space, and hence an image formed by a lens with aberration is blurred or distorted.
1-IT IS A MIDDLE VASCULAR COAT OF EYEBALL.
2-IT MAINLY CONSIST OF THREE PARTS IRIS, CHOROID, CILIARY BODY.
3- CILIARY BODY CAN HOLD THE LENS AND PLAY IMPORTANT ROLE IN ACCOMODATION.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
1. UTTAR PRADESH UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
Saifai, Etawah (U.P)
Topic- Contrast Sensitivity
Presented by- Rajat Bansal Guided by - Dr Kamal Pant
B.Optom Intern HOD( Department of optometry) &
Dean (Faculty of Paramedical Sciences
Date- 23/06/2020
2. OUTLINE-
Introduction
Snellen’s Visual Acuity and Contrast Sensitivity
Contrast Sensitivity Function
Measurement of contrast Sensitivity
Benefits of C.S testing
Gratings
Types of contrast Sensitivity
Neural mechanism of contrast sensitivity
Symptoms of Low C.S.
Methods of measuring C.S.
Factors affecting Contrast Sensitivity
Study
3. Contrast
• Degree of blackness to whiteness of
target
Contrast threshold
• Smallest amount of contrast required
to see the target
Contrast sensitivity
• Reciprocal of Contrast sensitivity
4. DEFINITION
Ability to perceive slight
change in luminance between
regions which are not
separated by definite borders
Ability o perceive sharp
outlines of relatively small
objects
Ability to detect separation of
the area of different contrast
level
5. Snellen’s Visual Acuity versus Contrast sensitivity
Person may have good V.A in
Snellen’s chart due to high
contrast but low contrast in
day to day life
Vision drop in the situation of
low Contrast
C.S IS better predictor of
vision then V.A.
6. Some patient can have normal visual acuity and reduced
contrast sensitivity such as those-
Optic neuritis .
Multiple sclerosis
Parkinson’s disease
Papilloedema
Primary open angel glaucoma
Diabetic retinopathy
Compressive lesions of visual pathways
7. Contrast Sensitivity function
Subjective Measurement
Detailed contrast sensitivity measurements that include both size (spatial frequency)
and contrast
Ability to detect a low contrast pattern stimuli.
Give more accurate representation of the eye Visual performance.
Depend upon spatial frequency which is given in cycles/degree.
CSF has a peak value of 1 to 8 cycles/degree.
8. The shape of the contrast sensitivity function varies with factors:
Luminance
Target size
Grating motion
Grating shape
9. Measurement of Contrast Sensitivity
Michelson Formula
Lmax – Lmin/ Lmax+Lmin
Where, Lmax = Luminance of lighter surface
Lmin = Luminance of darker surface
Weber’s Formula
(Lb-Lt) / (Lb+Lt)
Where, Lb=Luminance of background
Lt= Luminance of target
Note- Weber’s contrast used in calculating the contrast of letters
10. Benefits of C.S testing
early detection of serious eye diseases
It also offers important information in the fitting of contact
lens
Contrast sensitivity testing assists in more precise
assessments of patients prior to surgery and post-
operatively.
measuring more subtle vision losses due to problems with
spectacle lenses and contact lenses
11. Grating-
Equidistant & parallel lines or bars
One adjacent pair of light and dark bars makes up one cycle
Sine Wave Gratings Square Wave Gratings
These gratings are
lacking in sharp borders
square-wave gratings have
characteristics like a square
such as sharp edges.
13. SPATIAL CONTRAST SENSITIVITY
Detection of striped pattern at various levels of contrast and spatial frequency.
Sine wave gratings of parallel light and dark bands.
Width of the bar is defined as spatial frequency
High spatial frequency- narrow bars.
low spatial frequency- wide bars.
The spatial frequency increases exponentially
from left to right.
The contrast also varies logarithmically from
100% at the bottom to about 0.5% at the top
14. TEMPORAL CONTRAST SENSITIVITY
Temporal contrast sensitivity is measured with gratings that reverse contrast at various
rates over time. (Modulation depth)
here contrast sensitivity function is generated for the time related processing in the visual
system by presenting a uniform target field modulated sinusoidal in time.
Both the system provides more complete and systemic data on the status of visual
performance.
15. Neural mechanism of contrast sensitivity
Campbell and Green gave the concepts that the retina is not uniform.
Fovea is specialized for high acuity and is responsible for high spatial frequencies.
In the retinal periphery, only low frequency channels are represented.
For coarse grating ,central and peripheral retina have equal CS, but larger the retina is
stimulated greater is the CS.
Thus CS is reduced in peripheral retinal diseases & use of low frequency grating provide
rapid check of peripheral retinal function.
16. What are
symptoms of
low C.S ?
Have
problems
with night
driving,
Missing
gestures
Their eyes may
become tired
when they
or watch
television
inability to
see traffic
lights
Not being able
to see spots on
clothes,
counters, or
dishes
May require
extra light to
read
17. Methods for measurement of Contrast
Sensitivity
Baliey
Lovie
Chart
Pelli
Robson
Chart
Vector
vision
charts
Ardens
Gradings
Vision
contrast
gradings
Regan
Chart
Cambrid
ge low
contrast
grading
FACT
charts
18. What are the points we kept in mind before
testing Contrast Sensitivity?
19. Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity charts
It is simply of quickly measured and provides a reliable measurement of low spatial
frequency contrast sensitivity ( 0.5 – 2 cycles)
Most widely used
Method:
Sit the patient 1m from the chart with his or her correction if needs
Occlude one eye or with both eye
With both eyes result high with 0.15 log units
Asked patient to read lowest letter that can see
20. Letters of the same size but with
reducing contrast
Each chart has 6 letters in each row
organized into two triplets of varying
contrast.
Illumination- 85 cd/mm2 - 3 degree at
1 meter distance
The score recorded by the faintest
triplet out of which at least 2 letters
are correctly identified
Record the contrast sensitivity score
in log units Results
21.
22.
23. Cambridge Low Contrast Gratings-
rapid and simple screening test for contrast sensitivity.
Performed at a distance of 6m.
It comprises of 12 pair of plates consisting of stripes of varying contrast.
First one is for demonstration and rest are for the proper testing and are numbered
from 1-10.
The plates are changed sequentially starting from plate 1 till the patient fails to
respond.
Then a new series is begun starting 4 plates prior to where the patient failed to
respond.
Four such series are completed and the score of each series is noted (numbered
as per the number of plate read) and added.
The final total value is converted into contrast sensitivity from the provided table.
24.
25. Functional Acuity Contrast Testing(FACT)
FACT charts were developed by Dr. Arthur Ginsburg.
FACT comprises of a chart with sine-wave gratings of varying contrast as well as
varying spatial frequencies.
It is an accurate and comprehensive grating chart that tests functional visual acuity.
This test is performed at a distance of 10 feet.
The chart tests five spatial frequencies (sizes) and nine levels of contrast
The Contrast varies in a row, decrease from left to right
Spatial frequencies increase as one move down the various columns from top to
bottom.
26. The patient determines the last grating seen for each row (A, B, C, D and E) and
reports the orientation of the grating: right, up or left.
The last correct grating seen for each spatial frequency is plotted on a contrast
sensitivity curve.
27. The Arden Plates Test
Introduced in 1978.
Studied at 57 cm
Consists of a booklet containing 7 plates(1 screening, 6
diagnostic) with spatial frequency increasing from 0.2 cpd
to 6.4 cpd
Each grating is oriented vertically
The contrast changes from top to bottom lowest at the top
and highest at the bottom
Score 1-20 for each plate
28. Bailey Lovie Chart
Low contrast acuity testing & acuity
testing in presence of glare.
Each row has same no. of symbols &
constant spacing is used between
rows & letters.
Chart is logarithmic based & visual
acuity is based on log of minimum
angle of resolution or logMAR.
29. CSV-1000 E
It is widely used in the world
This test provides four rows of sine-
wave gratings
The test distant 2.5 meters
these gratings test the spatial
frequencies of 3,7,12,and 18
cycles/degree
Good for evaluation eye disease
30. CSV 1000 S—Used for
cataract evaluation
CSV 1000- RS-- Used for screening
refractive surgery patient
Used to evaluate both C.S
And Contrast acuity
CSV 1000 LAN C—Used for
illiterate person
CSV 1000 – 1.5 Food and
drug administration clinical
trials
32. What can be done about poor contrast sensitivity?
yellow filter to improve your ability to discern
contrast.
anti-reflective coating,
wave front lenses sometimes can improve
contrast sensitivity and night vision.
In some cases, custom or wave front
LASIK can reduce higher-order aberrations
and improve contrast sensitivity.
premium intraocular lenses (IOLs) that have
been designed with wave front technology
Eyewear with specially tinted
lenses can improve contrast.
Shown here is the Anime style
with yellow lenses, by Gunnar
Optiks
33. STUDY
Measurements were made at distance (with Vistech charts), at near (with Arden
gratings), and with a pinhole to control pupil size.
Under all conditions, when visual acuity was reduced by spherical lenses, there
was a loss of contrast sensitivity over a broad range of spatial frequencies.
There occurs a definite decrease in contrast sensitivity with increasing age
Marmor MF, Gawande A Eeffectof visual blur on contrast sensitivity. Clinical
implication. Ophthalmology 1988 Jan;95(1):139-43.
34. References-
Marmor MF, Gawande A Eeffectof visual blur on contrast sensitivity. Clinical
implication. Ophthalmology 1988 Jan;95(1):139-43.
Wilkins, Arnold et al. (1988). Age-related norms for the Cambridge Low Contrast
Gratings, including details concerning their design and use. Clinical Vision Sciences. 2.
201-212
Channa A. Do the Pelli Robson and test chart 2000 Xpert demonstrate comparable
contrast sensitivity results. Br Ir Orthopt J. 2014: 11:28-33
Thakur S, et al. Assessment of contrast sensitivity by Spaeth Richman contrast sensitivity
test and Pelli Robson chart test in patient with varying severity of glaucoma. Eye (Lond)
2018 Aug 32(8).
https://www.slideshare.net/laxmieyeinstitute/contrast-sensitivity
https://www.slideshare.net/vishysrivastava/visual-aquity-and-contrast-sensitivity