Gynecology Medical Student notes describing use of contraceptives and application in the medical field. A guide on the criteria use of oral contraceptives and their indications for use.
This document discusses various methods of contraception, including their definitions, mechanisms of action, effectiveness, side effects, and other considerations. It describes barrier methods like withdrawal as well as hormonal methods like oral contraceptives, implants, injections, and intrauterine devices. For each method, it discusses how they work to prevent pregnancy, effectiveness rates, advantages and disadvantages, and medical eligibility criteria. The document provides a comprehensive overview of modern reversible contraceptive options.
benefit of contraception
unmeet need
medical eligibility
tiers of contraception
COC
POP
DMPA
Implant, Nexplanon
IUCD, interuterine device
Sterilization, Male and female
Emergency contraception: Youzups, Plan B, IUCD
Calendar methods
Adolescence
Family planning refers to methods used to prevent pregnancy and control the timing and spacing of births. Contraceptive methods include barrier methods, hormonal methods, intrauterine devices, sterilization procedures, and emergency contraception. Effective family planning counseling involves creating a private and respectful environment, engaging in two-way communication, maintaining confidentiality, and showing empathy without judgment. The document outlines various contraceptive methods, their mechanisms of action, effectiveness, advantages, and disadvantages to help counsel patients on the options best suited to their needs and circumstances.
The document discusses various topics related to contraception including:
1. Temporary contraceptive methods like pills, patches, rings, and injections act by stopping ovulation and thickening cervical mucus. They come in various hormone formulations and dosages.
2. Long-acting reversible contraceptives like IUDs and implants can provide contraception for years. IUDs with progestins can suppress ovulation while implants release progestins to thicken cervical mucus.
3. Other methods discussed include vaginal microbicides, tubal occlusion procedures, and emerging male contraceptives that aim to suppress sperm production.
The document provides a high-level overview of many common reversible contraceptive options,
This document provides an overview of various methods of family planning and contraception. It discusses hormonal methods like combined oral contraceptives and progesterone-only pills, implants, injections, and intrauterine devices. It also covers barrier methods, fertility awareness techniques, emergency contraception, and permanent sterilization options. The ideal contraceptive is described as being 100% effective, having no side effects, not interfering with intercourse, being reversible, cheap, and not requiring health personnel. However, no single method meets all these criteria, so choice depends on individual preferences and medical factors.
This document discusses various methods of contraception. It begins by explaining that contraception is important for effective pre-pregnancy care, especially for high-risk women. It then provides details on many contraceptive methods, including natural/fertility awareness methods, barrier methods, hormonal methods, and long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) methods like IUDs, implants, and injections. For each method, it discusses effectiveness rates, mechanisms of action, administration instructions, benefits, risks, and other relevant details. The document emphasizes the importance of selecting the appropriate contraceptive method based on each individual woman's needs and circumstances.
This document provides information about various contraceptive methods. It discusses natural family planning methods, mechanical methods like condoms and diaphragms, and hormonal methods like oral contraceptive pills, injectables, implants, and intrauterine devices. For each method, it covers efficacy, mechanisms of action, usage instructions, benefits, side effects, and risks. The ideal is described as a contraceptive that is safe, effective, free of side effects, available, acceptable to users, and does not impact future fertility.
Family planning: is defined as "educational, comprehensive medical or social activities and services which enable individuals, including minors, to determine freely the number and spacing of their children and to select the means by which this may be achieved.
Birth control: Birth control is the use of any practices, methods, or devices to prevent pregnancy from occurring in a sexually active woman. Also referred to as family planning, pregnancy prevention, fertility control, or contraception; birth control methods are designed either to prevent fertilization of an egg or implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterus. Birth control methods may be reversible or irreversible.
Contraception: (birth control) prevents pregnancy by interfering with the normal process of ovulation, fertilization, and implantation. There are different kinds of birth control that act at different points in the process.
Benefits of Family planning
Women/family
• Better health
• Less physical/emotional strain
• Improved quality of life
• Increased educational opportunities
• Increased economic opportunities
• More energy for household activities
• More energy for personal development and community activities
For Children:
• Better health
• More food and other resources available
• Greater opportunity for emotional support from parents
• Better opportunity for education
Factors that affect on the decision of using contraception:
• husband involvement
• Effectiveness--statistics show two numbers:
- Failure rate: no. of women per 100 who become pregnant after 1 yr. when using a birth control consistently & correctly
- Typical use failure rate: takes into account improper or inconsistent use
• Cost
• Ease of use
• Side effects
Family planning methods
• Hormone-based contraceptives
6 types
1) Oral contraceptives (pills)
2) Vaginal ring
3) Transdermal patch
4) Injected hormones
5) Hormonal implants
6) Hormonal IUDs
Oral contraceptives pills
Types of Contraceptives Pills
Combined oral contraceptives (COCs)
Most widely used
Contain both estrogen & progestagen
Triphasic pill
Levels of hormones (estrogen & progestin) fluctuate during cycle
Progestin-only pills (POPs)
Contain only a progestagen, mostly Levonorgestrel (no estrogen).
Especially suitable for breastfeeding women.
How hormonal contraceptives work
FSH & LH trigger ovulation
How to use oral contraceptives
This document discusses various methods of contraception, including their definitions, mechanisms of action, effectiveness, side effects, and other considerations. It describes barrier methods like withdrawal as well as hormonal methods like oral contraceptives, implants, injections, and intrauterine devices. For each method, it discusses how they work to prevent pregnancy, effectiveness rates, advantages and disadvantages, and medical eligibility criteria. The document provides a comprehensive overview of modern reversible contraceptive options.
benefit of contraception
unmeet need
medical eligibility
tiers of contraception
COC
POP
DMPA
Implant, Nexplanon
IUCD, interuterine device
Sterilization, Male and female
Emergency contraception: Youzups, Plan B, IUCD
Calendar methods
Adolescence
Family planning refers to methods used to prevent pregnancy and control the timing and spacing of births. Contraceptive methods include barrier methods, hormonal methods, intrauterine devices, sterilization procedures, and emergency contraception. Effective family planning counseling involves creating a private and respectful environment, engaging in two-way communication, maintaining confidentiality, and showing empathy without judgment. The document outlines various contraceptive methods, their mechanisms of action, effectiveness, advantages, and disadvantages to help counsel patients on the options best suited to their needs and circumstances.
The document discusses various topics related to contraception including:
1. Temporary contraceptive methods like pills, patches, rings, and injections act by stopping ovulation and thickening cervical mucus. They come in various hormone formulations and dosages.
2. Long-acting reversible contraceptives like IUDs and implants can provide contraception for years. IUDs with progestins can suppress ovulation while implants release progestins to thicken cervical mucus.
3. Other methods discussed include vaginal microbicides, tubal occlusion procedures, and emerging male contraceptives that aim to suppress sperm production.
The document provides a high-level overview of many common reversible contraceptive options,
This document provides an overview of various methods of family planning and contraception. It discusses hormonal methods like combined oral contraceptives and progesterone-only pills, implants, injections, and intrauterine devices. It also covers barrier methods, fertility awareness techniques, emergency contraception, and permanent sterilization options. The ideal contraceptive is described as being 100% effective, having no side effects, not interfering with intercourse, being reversible, cheap, and not requiring health personnel. However, no single method meets all these criteria, so choice depends on individual preferences and medical factors.
This document discusses various methods of contraception. It begins by explaining that contraception is important for effective pre-pregnancy care, especially for high-risk women. It then provides details on many contraceptive methods, including natural/fertility awareness methods, barrier methods, hormonal methods, and long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) methods like IUDs, implants, and injections. For each method, it discusses effectiveness rates, mechanisms of action, administration instructions, benefits, risks, and other relevant details. The document emphasizes the importance of selecting the appropriate contraceptive method based on each individual woman's needs and circumstances.
This document provides information about various contraceptive methods. It discusses natural family planning methods, mechanical methods like condoms and diaphragms, and hormonal methods like oral contraceptive pills, injectables, implants, and intrauterine devices. For each method, it covers efficacy, mechanisms of action, usage instructions, benefits, side effects, and risks. The ideal is described as a contraceptive that is safe, effective, free of side effects, available, acceptable to users, and does not impact future fertility.
Family planning: is defined as "educational, comprehensive medical or social activities and services which enable individuals, including minors, to determine freely the number and spacing of their children and to select the means by which this may be achieved.
Birth control: Birth control is the use of any practices, methods, or devices to prevent pregnancy from occurring in a sexually active woman. Also referred to as family planning, pregnancy prevention, fertility control, or contraception; birth control methods are designed either to prevent fertilization of an egg or implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterus. Birth control methods may be reversible or irreversible.
Contraception: (birth control) prevents pregnancy by interfering with the normal process of ovulation, fertilization, and implantation. There are different kinds of birth control that act at different points in the process.
Benefits of Family planning
Women/family
• Better health
• Less physical/emotional strain
• Improved quality of life
• Increased educational opportunities
• Increased economic opportunities
• More energy for household activities
• More energy for personal development and community activities
For Children:
• Better health
• More food and other resources available
• Greater opportunity for emotional support from parents
• Better opportunity for education
Factors that affect on the decision of using contraception:
• husband involvement
• Effectiveness--statistics show two numbers:
- Failure rate: no. of women per 100 who become pregnant after 1 yr. when using a birth control consistently & correctly
- Typical use failure rate: takes into account improper or inconsistent use
• Cost
• Ease of use
• Side effects
Family planning methods
• Hormone-based contraceptives
6 types
1) Oral contraceptives (pills)
2) Vaginal ring
3) Transdermal patch
4) Injected hormones
5) Hormonal implants
6) Hormonal IUDs
Oral contraceptives pills
Types of Contraceptives Pills
Combined oral contraceptives (COCs)
Most widely used
Contain both estrogen & progestagen
Triphasic pill
Levels of hormones (estrogen & progestin) fluctuate during cycle
Progestin-only pills (POPs)
Contain only a progestagen, mostly Levonorgestrel (no estrogen).
Especially suitable for breastfeeding women.
How hormonal contraceptives work
FSH & LH trigger ovulation
How to use oral contraceptives
The document provides information on various contraceptive methods. It discusses:
1. Temporary contraceptive methods including barrier methods (condoms, diaphragms), intrauterine devices, and hormonal contraception (oral contraceptives, injections, patches, rings).
2. Permanent contraceptive methods include sterilization.
3. Oral contraceptives contain estrogen and progestin or just progestin. They prevent pregnancy primarily by suppressing ovulation and thickening cervical mucus. Side effects may include nausea, breast tenderness, and mood changes.
This document provides information on different types of oral contraceptives and how they work. It discusses combined oral contraceptives (COCs) which contain both estrogen and progesterone. COCs prevent ovulation and make implantation less likely. Their effectiveness depends on correct and consistent use. Side effects may include changes in bleeding patterns and headaches. It also discusses progestin-only pills (POPs) which contain progesterone only and work mainly by thickening cervical mucus. Injectable contraceptives like DMPA are administered through injection and provide contraception for 1-3 months by inhibiting ovulation. Implants are long-acting reversible methods involving rods inserted under the skin that release progestin.
This document provides information on different types of oral contraceptives and how they work. It discusses combined oral contraceptives (COCs) which contain both estrogen and progesterone. COCs prevent ovulation and make implantation less likely. Their effectiveness depends on correct and consistent use. Side effects may include changes in bleeding patterns and headaches. It also discusses progestin-only pills (POPs) which contain progesterone only and work mainly by thickening cervical mucus. Injectable contraceptives like DMPA are administered through injection and provide contraception for 1-3 months by inhibiting ovulation. Implants are long-acting reversible methods involving rods inserted under the skin that release progestin and prevent pregnancy for 3-5
This document discusses various topics related to contraception, including epidemiological data on unintended pregnancies in the UK, types of contraception and their mechanisms of action, criteria for contraceptive use, and disease-specific contraceptive options. It provides details on natural family planning methods, barrier methods, hormonal contraceptives including combined oral contraceptives and progestogen-only methods, intrauterine devices, and sterilization procedures. Effectiveness, side effects, and other considerations are described for each contraceptive method.
This document provides information on emergency contraception (EC), including types of EC, how EC works, effectiveness, safety, side effects, instructions for clients, and follow-up care. It discusses EC options like emergency contraceptive pills containing levonorgestrel or the Yuzpe regimen, and copper IUDs. EC is very safe and reduces risk of pregnancy by 75% or more. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, and irregular bleeding. Proper use and follow-up guidance is outlined. Post-abortion and postpartum family planning is also summarized.
This document discusses various hormonal contraceptive methods. It describes combined oral contraceptives (containing estrogen and progestin), progestogen-only contraceptives including the progestogen-only pill, implants containing etonogestrel, progestogen-only injectables such as depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, and the levonorgestrel intrauterine system. The methods are compared in terms of their mechanisms of action, administration, effectiveness, side effects, and contraindications. Combined oral contraceptives are highlighted as the most commonly used reversible contraceptive worldwide.
This document provides information about various contraceptive methods including hormonal contraceptives, intrauterine devices (IUDs), barrier methods, and permanent methods. It discusses classifications of contraceptives, mechanisms of action, use instructions, effectiveness, advantages and disadvantages of common methods like combined oral contraceptive pills, progestin-only pills, IUDs, implants, male condoms, and more. Key details about different hormonal formulations and the importance of proper use for maximizing effectiveness are also summarized.
This document provides information on various contraceptive methods including male and female condoms, diaphragms, spermicides, and oral contraceptives. It describes how each method works, effectiveness rates, proper use instructions, who can use each method, and potential side effects. The document is intended to educate about contraceptive options and their safe and effective use to prevent unwanted pregnancy and transmission of STIs.
The document provides information about family planning and hormonal contraception for high-risk patients. It discusses:
1) Contraceptive methods including hormonal options like pills, injections, implants and IUDs. Combined oral contraceptives contain estrogen and progestin while progestin-only pills contain no estrogen.
2) Guidelines for prescribing contraception for those with medical conditions. Conditions are categorized from no restriction to unacceptable health risks. Clinical judgement is required.
3) Detailed information about combined oral contraceptives including how they work, benefits, side effects, prescribing considerations for different patient populations, and what to do if pills are missed. High-risk patients require careful consideration of risks and
Emergency contraception refers to methods used to prevent pregnancy after unprotected intercourse. The main methods are:
1. Levonorgestrel ECPs (LNG-ECPs) which are pills taken within 72 hours in a single or two doses.
2. Ulipristal acetate ECPs (UPAECPs) which is a single pill taken within 120 hours.
3. Copper IUD which can be inserted within 7 days and is over 99% effective.
It is important to note the effectiveness varies based on the method used and time elapsed since intercourse. Managing side effects like nausea is also important when using ECPs.
This document provides information on various contraceptive methods, including:
- Hormonal methods such as oral contraceptive pills, injectables like DMPA, and implants.
- Barrier methods like condoms, diaphragms, and spermicides.
- Intrauterine devices (IUDs) including copper and hormonal IUDs.
- Surgical methods like tubal ligation and vasectomy.
It discusses the types of each method, how they work, effectiveness, side effects, benefits, and other important details about family planning options. Counseling approaches and medical eligibility criteria for contraceptives are also covered.
This document discusses various methods of contraception, including their mechanisms of action, advantages, and disadvantages. It describes temporary contraceptive methods like barrier methods (condoms), hormonal methods (oral contraceptive pill, injectables, implants), intrauterine devices, and emergency contraception. It also discusses permanent sterilization methods like vasectomy and tubal ligation. The ideal contraceptive is described as widely acceptable, inexpensive, simple to use, safe, highly effective, and requiring minimal effort. Failure rates for different contraceptive methods during the first year of use are also provided for comparison.
Hormonal contraception refers to birth control methods that act on the endocrine system. Almost all methods are composed of steroid hormones, although in India one selective estrogen receptor modulator is marketed as a contraceptive.
This document discusses oral hormonal contraceptives, including combined oral contraceptive pills and progestogen-only pills. Combined pills contain estrogen and progestogen and work primarily by suppressing ovulation. They are highly effective at preventing pregnancy but must be taken correctly every day. Progestogen-only pills contain only progestogen and work mainly by thickening cervical mucus; they are less effective than combined pills. Both have benefits but also require strict use and have potential side effects. The document seeks to address common myths about contraceptive pills.
The document discusses various contraceptive methods including hormonal contraceptives like oral contraceptive pills, contraceptive patches, vaginal rings, injections, implants, IUDs, barrier methods, fertility awareness methods, and permanent sterilization. It provides details on how each method works, effectiveness, risks, benefits, and considerations for use. Hormonal contraceptives are generally the most effective reversible methods but can have side effects while barrier methods and fertility awareness require more user effort but have fewer health risks. Permanent sterilization is also discussed.
This document discusses various methods of contraception, including hormonal and barrier methods. It describes combined oral contraceptives containing estrogen and progestin, as well as progestin-only pills, injections, implants, IUDs, and barrier methods. The hormonal methods primarily work by suppressing ovulation and thickening cervical mucus. Barrier methods like condoms, diaphragms, and spermicides must be used correctly during intercourse. Natural family planning tracks fertility signs like basal body temperature and cervical mucus. Each method has advantages and potential side effects discussed in the document.
This document summarizes various contraceptive methods. It discusses hormonal contraceptives like combined oral contraceptives (COCs), progestogen-only pills, injectables, implants, and IUDs. It covers their mechanisms of action, effectiveness, benefits, side effects, proper use, and contraindications. Non-hormonal methods like condoms are also briefly mentioned. The document emphasizes the importance of counseling patients to help them choose the most appropriate contraceptive method based on their individual needs, risks, and preferences.
This document provides information on various forms of emergency contraception. It discusses the Yuzpe method, levonorgestrel, copper IUDs, and ulipristal acetate. For each method, it covers mechanisms of action, effectiveness, appropriate usage, side effects, limitations, and clinical considerations. The document aims to educate health professionals on the options available for emergency contraception and factors to consider when recommending a method.
The document provides information on various contraceptive methods. It discusses:
1. Temporary contraceptive methods including barrier methods (condoms, diaphragms), intrauterine devices, and hormonal contraception (oral contraceptives, injections, patches, rings).
2. Permanent contraceptive methods include sterilization.
3. Oral contraceptives contain estrogen and progestin or just progestin. They prevent pregnancy primarily by suppressing ovulation and thickening cervical mucus. Side effects may include nausea, breast tenderness, and mood changes.
This document provides information on different types of oral contraceptives and how they work. It discusses combined oral contraceptives (COCs) which contain both estrogen and progesterone. COCs prevent ovulation and make implantation less likely. Their effectiveness depends on correct and consistent use. Side effects may include changes in bleeding patterns and headaches. It also discusses progestin-only pills (POPs) which contain progesterone only and work mainly by thickening cervical mucus. Injectable contraceptives like DMPA are administered through injection and provide contraception for 1-3 months by inhibiting ovulation. Implants are long-acting reversible methods involving rods inserted under the skin that release progestin.
This document provides information on different types of oral contraceptives and how they work. It discusses combined oral contraceptives (COCs) which contain both estrogen and progesterone. COCs prevent ovulation and make implantation less likely. Their effectiveness depends on correct and consistent use. Side effects may include changes in bleeding patterns and headaches. It also discusses progestin-only pills (POPs) which contain progesterone only and work mainly by thickening cervical mucus. Injectable contraceptives like DMPA are administered through injection and provide contraception for 1-3 months by inhibiting ovulation. Implants are long-acting reversible methods involving rods inserted under the skin that release progestin and prevent pregnancy for 3-5
This document discusses various topics related to contraception, including epidemiological data on unintended pregnancies in the UK, types of contraception and their mechanisms of action, criteria for contraceptive use, and disease-specific contraceptive options. It provides details on natural family planning methods, barrier methods, hormonal contraceptives including combined oral contraceptives and progestogen-only methods, intrauterine devices, and sterilization procedures. Effectiveness, side effects, and other considerations are described for each contraceptive method.
This document provides information on emergency contraception (EC), including types of EC, how EC works, effectiveness, safety, side effects, instructions for clients, and follow-up care. It discusses EC options like emergency contraceptive pills containing levonorgestrel or the Yuzpe regimen, and copper IUDs. EC is very safe and reduces risk of pregnancy by 75% or more. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, and irregular bleeding. Proper use and follow-up guidance is outlined. Post-abortion and postpartum family planning is also summarized.
This document discusses various hormonal contraceptive methods. It describes combined oral contraceptives (containing estrogen and progestin), progestogen-only contraceptives including the progestogen-only pill, implants containing etonogestrel, progestogen-only injectables such as depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, and the levonorgestrel intrauterine system. The methods are compared in terms of their mechanisms of action, administration, effectiveness, side effects, and contraindications. Combined oral contraceptives are highlighted as the most commonly used reversible contraceptive worldwide.
This document provides information about various contraceptive methods including hormonal contraceptives, intrauterine devices (IUDs), barrier methods, and permanent methods. It discusses classifications of contraceptives, mechanisms of action, use instructions, effectiveness, advantages and disadvantages of common methods like combined oral contraceptive pills, progestin-only pills, IUDs, implants, male condoms, and more. Key details about different hormonal formulations and the importance of proper use for maximizing effectiveness are also summarized.
This document provides information on various contraceptive methods including male and female condoms, diaphragms, spermicides, and oral contraceptives. It describes how each method works, effectiveness rates, proper use instructions, who can use each method, and potential side effects. The document is intended to educate about contraceptive options and their safe and effective use to prevent unwanted pregnancy and transmission of STIs.
The document provides information about family planning and hormonal contraception for high-risk patients. It discusses:
1) Contraceptive methods including hormonal options like pills, injections, implants and IUDs. Combined oral contraceptives contain estrogen and progestin while progestin-only pills contain no estrogen.
2) Guidelines for prescribing contraception for those with medical conditions. Conditions are categorized from no restriction to unacceptable health risks. Clinical judgement is required.
3) Detailed information about combined oral contraceptives including how they work, benefits, side effects, prescribing considerations for different patient populations, and what to do if pills are missed. High-risk patients require careful consideration of risks and
Emergency contraception refers to methods used to prevent pregnancy after unprotected intercourse. The main methods are:
1. Levonorgestrel ECPs (LNG-ECPs) which are pills taken within 72 hours in a single or two doses.
2. Ulipristal acetate ECPs (UPAECPs) which is a single pill taken within 120 hours.
3. Copper IUD which can be inserted within 7 days and is over 99% effective.
It is important to note the effectiveness varies based on the method used and time elapsed since intercourse. Managing side effects like nausea is also important when using ECPs.
This document provides information on various contraceptive methods, including:
- Hormonal methods such as oral contraceptive pills, injectables like DMPA, and implants.
- Barrier methods like condoms, diaphragms, and spermicides.
- Intrauterine devices (IUDs) including copper and hormonal IUDs.
- Surgical methods like tubal ligation and vasectomy.
It discusses the types of each method, how they work, effectiveness, side effects, benefits, and other important details about family planning options. Counseling approaches and medical eligibility criteria for contraceptives are also covered.
This document discusses various methods of contraception, including their mechanisms of action, advantages, and disadvantages. It describes temporary contraceptive methods like barrier methods (condoms), hormonal methods (oral contraceptive pill, injectables, implants), intrauterine devices, and emergency contraception. It also discusses permanent sterilization methods like vasectomy and tubal ligation. The ideal contraceptive is described as widely acceptable, inexpensive, simple to use, safe, highly effective, and requiring minimal effort. Failure rates for different contraceptive methods during the first year of use are also provided for comparison.
Hormonal contraception refers to birth control methods that act on the endocrine system. Almost all methods are composed of steroid hormones, although in India one selective estrogen receptor modulator is marketed as a contraceptive.
This document discusses oral hormonal contraceptives, including combined oral contraceptive pills and progestogen-only pills. Combined pills contain estrogen and progestogen and work primarily by suppressing ovulation. They are highly effective at preventing pregnancy but must be taken correctly every day. Progestogen-only pills contain only progestogen and work mainly by thickening cervical mucus; they are less effective than combined pills. Both have benefits but also require strict use and have potential side effects. The document seeks to address common myths about contraceptive pills.
The document discusses various contraceptive methods including hormonal contraceptives like oral contraceptive pills, contraceptive patches, vaginal rings, injections, implants, IUDs, barrier methods, fertility awareness methods, and permanent sterilization. It provides details on how each method works, effectiveness, risks, benefits, and considerations for use. Hormonal contraceptives are generally the most effective reversible methods but can have side effects while barrier methods and fertility awareness require more user effort but have fewer health risks. Permanent sterilization is also discussed.
This document discusses various methods of contraception, including hormonal and barrier methods. It describes combined oral contraceptives containing estrogen and progestin, as well as progestin-only pills, injections, implants, IUDs, and barrier methods. The hormonal methods primarily work by suppressing ovulation and thickening cervical mucus. Barrier methods like condoms, diaphragms, and spermicides must be used correctly during intercourse. Natural family planning tracks fertility signs like basal body temperature and cervical mucus. Each method has advantages and potential side effects discussed in the document.
This document summarizes various contraceptive methods. It discusses hormonal contraceptives like combined oral contraceptives (COCs), progestogen-only pills, injectables, implants, and IUDs. It covers their mechanisms of action, effectiveness, benefits, side effects, proper use, and contraindications. Non-hormonal methods like condoms are also briefly mentioned. The document emphasizes the importance of counseling patients to help them choose the most appropriate contraceptive method based on their individual needs, risks, and preferences.
This document provides information on various forms of emergency contraception. It discusses the Yuzpe method, levonorgestrel, copper IUDs, and ulipristal acetate. For each method, it covers mechanisms of action, effectiveness, appropriate usage, side effects, limitations, and clinical considerations. The document aims to educate health professionals on the options available for emergency contraception and factors to consider when recommending a method.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
5. 5
Factors affecting choice of method
Whether or not a
method:
is permanent or
reversible
is effective
is inexpensive
is perceived to be safe
is easy to obtain
is easy to use and
discontinue
has frequent or
undesirable side effects
6. 6
Factors affecting choice cont’d
can be used while
b/feeding
protects against STIs
requires partner
cooperation
must be used each time
the couple have sexual
intercourse
7. 7
‘Contraceptive Method Mix’
Refers to the variety of contraceptives
available to clients through a family planning
programme
8. 8
Combined oral contraceptives
(COCs)
Consists of oestrogen (E) and progestin (P)
Monophasic pills - same dose of E/P all through the
course
Biphasic pills - fixed dose or E/P & more P in the last
14/7
Triphasic pills - variable dose of E/P
Sequential pills - fixed dose of E, No P for first 7/7
then P for 14/7
9. 9
Mechanism of action
- COCs
Prevents ovulation by inhibiting
gonadotrophin secretion via an effect on both
pituitary and hypothalamic centres
The progestin suppresses LH secretion (&
thus prevents ovulation, while the
oestrogenic agent suppresses FSH secretion
(& thus prevents the selection and
emergence of a dominant follicle
10. 10
Efficacy of COC
Typical usage is associated with a 3.0%
failure rate during the first year of use
Efficacy decreases significantly when the
oestrogen component is removed
11. 11
Absolute contraindications to COC
use
thrombophlebitis,
thromboembolic
disorders, CVA,
coronary occlusion
markedly impaired liver
function
known or suspected
breast cancer
undiagnosed abnormal
vaginal bleeding
known or suspected
pregnancy
smokers over the age
of 35 years
12. 12
Relative contraindications to COC
use
Migraine headaches
Hypertension
H/O gestational
diabetes
Elective surgery
Epilepsy
H/O obstructive
jaundice in pregn
Sickle cell disease or
sickle C disease
Diabetes mellitus
Gall bladder disease
13. 13
Clinical problems associated with
COCs
Breakthrough bleeding
Amenorrhoea
weight gain
Acne
Ovarian cysts
Drugs that affect
efficacy
Migraine headaches
14. 14
Non-Contraceptive Benefits of
OCs
These can broadly be grouped into two main
categories:
Benefits that incidentally accrue when OC is
specifically utilized for contraception &;
Benefits that result from the use of OCs to
treat problems or disorders
15. 15
Non contraceptive incidental
benefits of OCs
effective contraception
less endometrial cancer
less ovarian cancer
fewer ectopic pregns.
more regular menses
less PID
less rheumatoid arthritis
increased bone density
~ less endometriosis
~ less benign breast disease
~ fewer ovarian cysts
16. 16
OC as treatment
DUB
dysmenorrhoea
mittelschmerz
endometriosis
prophylaxis
acne & hirsutism
hormone therapy for
hypothalamic
amenorrhoea
control of bleeding
~ functional ovarian
cysts
~ premenstrual
syndrome
17. 17
Pill taking
Effective contraception is present during the
first cycle of pill use, provided the pills are
started no later than the 5th day of the cycle
and no pills are missed
18. 18
Missed Pills
If a woman misses 1 pill, she should take that
pill as soon as she remembers and take the
next pill as usual. No back-up is needed.
If she misses 2 pills in the first two weeks,
she should take two pills on each of the next
two days, and back-up for the next 7 days
19. 19
Missed pills cont’d
If 2 pills are missed in the third week, or if
more than 2 active pills are missed at any
time, another form of contraception should
be used as back-up immediately and for 7
days or start a new pack with back-up for 7
days
20. 20
The Progestin-Only Pill (POP)
Minipill
The minipill contains a small dose of
progestational agent (25% of that in COC)
and must be taken daily, in a continuous
fashion
21. 21
Mechanism of Action - POP
The contraceptive effect is more dependent
upon endometrial and cervical mucus effects,
since the gonadotrophins are not consistently
suppressed
The endometrium involutes and becomes
hostile to implantation and the cervical
mucus becomes thick and impermeable
22. 22
POP cont’d
There are no significant metabolic effects
(lipid levels, CHO metabolism and
coagulation factors remain unchanged)
There is an immediate return to fertility upon
discontinuation
Failure rates range form 1.1 to 9.6% per 100
women in the first year of use
23. 23
POP cont’d
Pill taking
The minipill should be started on the first day
of menses and a back-up method must be
used for the first 7 days
The pill should be taken at the same time of
the day
If more than 3 hours late in taking a pill, a
back-up method should be used for 48 hours
24. 24
Problems associated with POP
POP have unpredictable
effect on ovulation
40% of patients can
expect to have normal
ovulatory cycles
40% short irregular
cycles
20% total lack of cycles
ranging from irregular
bleeding to spotting and
amenorrhoea
development of
functional cysts
levonorgestrel minipill
may be associated with
acne
25. 25
POP
There are two situations where excellent
efficacy is achieved:
In lactating women, the contribution of the
minipill is combined with prolactin-induced
suppression of ovulation adding up to very
effective protection
In women over age 40, reduced fecundity
adds to the minipill’s effects.
26. 26
Implant contraception -
NORPLANT
Progestin circulating at levels 1/4 to 1/10th of
those in COC, prevents conception by
suppressing ovulation and thickening cervical
mucus to inhibit sperm penetration
Side effects include changes in menstrual
pattern, weight gain, headache, and effects
on mood
27. 27
NORPLANT
consists of 6 capsules
34mm in length, 2.4
mm outer diameter,
containing 36 mg
crystalline
levonorgestrel.
the 6 capsules contain
a total of 216 mg of
levonorgestrel which is
very stable
the capsules release ~
80 micro grams of
levonorgestrel per 24
hours during the first 6-
12 months of use
once inserted have an
effective life of 5 years
28. 28
The mechanism of action
Suppression at both the hypothalamic and
pituiatry LH surge necessary for ovulation
The constant level of progestin has a marked
effect on the cervical mucus
Suppression of the estradiol-induced cyclic
maturation of the endometrium and
eventually causes atrophy
29. 29
Disadvantages of NORPLANT
disruption of bleeding
patterns in up to 80% of
users
implants must be
inserted and removed
in a surgical procedure
by trained personnel
implants can be visible
under the naked eye
does not protect
against STI/HIV
acne
30% of pregnancies are
ectopic
30. 30
Absolute contraindications
active thrombophlebitis
or thromboemboilc
phenomena
undiagnosed genital
bleeding
acute liver disease
benign or malignant
liver tumours
known or suspected
breast cancer
31. 31
IMPLANON
A single implant 4 cm long contains 60 mg of
3-keto desogestrel
The hormone is released at a rate of about
60 micro grams per day
Is designed to provide contraception for 2-3
years
Efficacy and side effects are similar to those
or NORPLANT
32. 32
Jadelle
Two rods containing 75mg LNG crystals embedded
in a coplolymer and encased in silastic tubing
Rods are 43mm long and 2.5mm wide
Lasts for 5 years
Rods are easier and more convenient to insert and
remove
Norplant and Jadelle are bioequivalent over 5 years
of use
33. 33
Injectable Contraception:
Depo-Provera
Comes as microcrystals, suspended in an
aqueous solution
Correct dose is150 mg IM (gluteal or deltoid)
every 3 months
Relies on higher peaks of progestin to inhibit
ovulation and thicken cervical mucus. The
progestin level is high enough to block the
LH surge
34. 34
Depo-Provera
cont’d
The injection should be given within the first
5 days of the current menstrual cycle,
otherwise a back-up method is necessary for
2 weeks
The injection must be given deeply in muscle
by the Z-track technique and not massaged
35. 35
Depo-Provera
Advantages
easy to use, no daily or
coital acton required
safe no serious health
effects
effective as sterilization,
IUCD & implant
contraception
free from eostrogen
related problems
private use not
detectable
enhances lactation
has noncontraceptive
benefits
39. 39
IUDS
Mechanism of Action
The mechanism of action is the production of
an intrauterine environment that is
spermicidal
Ovulation is not affected nor is the IUD an
abortifacient
40. 40
Efficacy of IUDS
The actual failure rate in the first year is
approximately 3%, with a 10% expulsion
rate, and a 15% rate of removal, mainly for
bleeding and pain.
The non medicated IUDs never have to be
replaced
41. 41
Timing of IUD insertion
An IUD can be safely inserted at any time
after delivery, abortion or during the
menstrual cycle
The IUD can also be inserted at Caesarean
section
42. 42
IUD Use
and Medical conditions
a woman with a H/O
ectopic pregn can use a
copper IUD or the
Levonorgestrel IUD
a progestin releasing
IUD should be
considered for women
with bleeding disorder
women at risk of
bacterial endocarditis
should receive
prophylactic antibiotics
at insertion & removal
current, recent, or
recurrent PID is a
contraindication for IUD
use
43. 43
Pregnancy with IUD in situ
Spontaneous abortion - 40-50%, IUDs
should be removed if pregnancy is
diagnosed and the strings are visible
Septic abortion - there is no evidence that
there is an increased risk of septic abortion if
pregn occurs, other than with the Dalkon
Shield
Pre-term labour and birth - incidence is
increased 4-fold
44. 44
Barrier methods
Have been the most widely used contraceptive
technique throughout recorded history.
Spermicides - 21% failure rate
Cervical cap - 18-28%
Sponge - 18%
Diaphragm - 18%
Condom - 12%
45. 45
Periodic abstinence
Is keyed to the observation of naturally
occurring signs and symptoms of the fertile
phase of the menstrual cycle.
It takes into account the viability of sperm in
the female reproductive tract and the life
span of the ovum
46. 46
Methods of Periodic abstinence
Rhythm of Calender method
Cervical Mucus method
Symptothermal method
47. 47
Periodic abstinence
Periodic abstinence is associated with good
efficacy when used correctly and consistently
and the following rules are observed:
No intercourse during mucus days
No intercourse within 3days after peak
fecundity
No intercourse during times of stress
48. 48
Withdrawal
Involves removal of the penis from the
vagina before ejaculation takes place
1st year failure rate - 18%
Some sperm may be released before
ejaculation
Is a better method than using no method at
all
49. 49
Lactational Amennorrhoea Method
(LAM)
High concentrations of prolactin work at both
central and ovarian sites to produce
lactational amenorrhoea and anovulation
Elevated levels of prolactin inhibit the
pulsatile secretion of GnRH
50. 50
LAM
Only amenorrhoeic women who
exclusively breastfeed at regular intervals,
including at nighttime, during the first 6
months have the contraceptive protection
equivalent to that provided by oral
contraception
51. 51
LAM
With menstruation or after 6 months, the risk
of ovulation increases
Supplemental feeding increases the risk of
ovulation (and pregnancy) even in
amenorrheic women
Total protection against pregnancy is
achieved by exclusively b/feeding for 10
weeks
52. 52
B/feeding and Contraception
The rule of 3s
In the presence of FULL b/feeding, a
contraceptive method should be used
beginning in the 3rd postpartum month
With PARTIAL b/feeding or NO b/feeding, a
contraceptive method should begin during
the 3rd postpartum week
53. 53
B/feeding and Contraception
Oral contraception even in low doses
diminishes the quantity and quality of breast
milk
Depo-provera does not affect breast feeding
54. 54
B/feeding and Contraception
cont’d
Periodic abstinence cannot be used with a
great deal of confidence
Barrier methods are an excellent choice for
motivated couples
IUDs can be inserted after vaginal or C/S
56. 56
Advantages of female sterilization
Very effective-failure one in 200
Permanent
Nothing to remember
No interference with sex
Increased enjoyment-no worries
No effect on milk
No health reisks
Can be done soon after birth
57. 57
Disadvantages
Painful for few days
Uncommon complications of surgery
– Infection
– Internal infection and bleeding
– anaesthetic risks
– Death
– Ectopic
– Requires trained staff
– Reversal difficult and expensive
– No protection against STI
– No method of proving effectiveness
59. 59
Advantages of vasectomy
Very effective-failure 1/700
Permanent
Nothing to remember after 20 ejaculations or
3 months
No interference with sex
Increased enjoyment
No apparent longterm health risks
60. 60
Easier to perform,less expensive
Able to test for efectiveness at any time
61. 61
disadvantages
Complications of surgery
– Discomfort for 2-3 days
– Pain in scrotum
– Brief feeling of faintness
– Bleeding
– Blood clots in scrotum
Requires someone trained
Not immediately effective-unless after 20
ejaculations or 3/12
63. 63
Reversal of Sterilization
Pregnancy rates correlate with the length of
remaining tube, a length of 4 cm or more is
optimal
Pregnancy rates are lowest with
electrocoagulation, and reach 70-80% with
clips, rings and surgical methods such as the
Pomeroy
About 2 per 1000 women will eventually
undergo tubal anastomosis
65. 65
Medical methods for the Male
Hormonal contraception is inherently a
difficult physiological problem, because
unlike cyclic ovulation in the female,
spermatogenesis is continuous
66. 66
Medical methods for the Male
Sex steroids reduce testosterone synthesis
which leads to loss of libido and development
of female 2o sexual characteristics. Sperm
counts are not reduced adequately
GnRH analogues also decrease endogenous
synthesis of testosterone, and supplemental
testosterone must be provided
67. 67
Medical methods for the Male
Gossypol a derivative of cotton seed oil,
effectively decreases sperm counts to
contraceptive levels, by incapacitating the
sperm producing cells
The pills are taken daily for 2 months until
sperm are no longer observed in the
ejaculate, and then weekly
Fertility returns to normal 3 months after
discontinuation
68. 68
Emergency Contraception
Emergency contraception methods can
prevent pregnancy after unprotected
intercourse, method failure or incorrect
method use
Can help reduce unplanned pregnancies,
many of which result in unsafe abortion
70. 70
Oral contraceptive pills
Emergency contraceptive pills use the same
ingredients as regular contraceptives
Should be initiated ideally within 3 days (72
hours) of unprotected intercourse
Should be taken in two doses 12 hours apart
71. 71
COC
Each of the two doses of COC should
contain at least 100 ug (0.10 mg) Ethinyl
Estradiol (EE) and 500 ug (0.50 mg)
Levonorgestrel
72. 72
COC
PC-4, Eugoynon 50, Neogynon, Noral, Nordiol,
Ovidon, Ovral, Ovran
Two tablets per dose: each tablet contains
50 ug EE & either 0.25mg or 0.50 mg
levonorgestrel
73. 73
COC
LoFemenal, Microgynon 30, Nordette, Ovral L,
Rigevidon
Four tablets per dose: each tablet contains
30 ug EE & either 0.15 mg or 0.30 mg
Levonorgestrel
74. 74
POP
Each of the two doses of POP contraceptives
should contain at least 0.75 mg
Levonorgestrel
75. 75
POP
Ovrette - 20 tablets per dose, each tablet
contains 0.0375 mg Levonorgestrel
Microlut, Microval, Norgestron - 25 tablets
per dose, each tablet contains 0.03mg
Levonorgestrel
76. 76
IUCDs
Copper T and others
Insertion within 120 hours (five days) of
unprotected intercourse